{ "slug": "roofing", "name": "Roofing", "in_level_book": true, "scores": { "resilience": 68.5, "leverage": 81.1, "trade_ai_score": 74.8, "quadrant": "race-to-modernize", "quadrant_label": "Race to Modernize", "quadrant_desc": "Big AI upside but exposed to disruption. Move now, the operators who modernize win.", "resilience_rel": 22.4, "leverage_rel": 80 }, "subscores": { "resilience": { "physical_core": 90, "disintermediation": 60, "entry_barrier": 62, "switching_cost": 48 }, "leverage": { "coordination_drag": 82, "operating_leverage": 88, "revenue_expansion": 74, "data_amplification": 78 }, "basis": "Physical work AI cannot do, but low lock-in and easy new-entrant flow (storm chasers). Big operating-leverage upside: insurance/retail cash-cycle, closeout lag, mis-costed jobs." }, "research": { "wages_detail": { "median_hourly_wage_usd": 24.51, "median_hourly_wage_usd_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_hourly_wage_usd_research_pass_count": 3, "median_hourly_wage_usd_confidence": "high-primary", "median_annual_wage_usd": 50970, "median_annual_wage_usd_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook (OOH) / OEWS, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/ooh/construction-and-extraction/roofers.htm", "median_annual_wage_usd_research_pass_count": 3, "median_annual_wage_usd_confidence": "high-primary", "pct25_hourly_wage_usd": 21.78, "pct25_hourly_wage_usd_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "pct25_hourly_wage_usd_research_pass_count": 3, "pct25_hourly_wage_usd_confidence": "high-primary", "pct75_hourly_wage_usd": 30.78, "pct75_hourly_wage_usd_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "pct75_hourly_wage_usd_research_pass_count": 3, "pct75_hourly_wage_usd_confidence": "high-primary", "pct90_hourly_wage_usd": 38.84, "pct90_hourly_wage_usd_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "pct90_hourly_wage_usd_research_pass_count": 3, "pct90_hourly_wage_usd_confidence": "high-primary", "pct10_hourly_wage_usd": 17.82, "pct10_hourly_wage_usd_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "pct10_hourly_wage_usd_research_pass_count": 3, "pct10_hourly_wage_usd_confidence": "high-primary", "wage_data_year": "2024", "median_hourly_wage_usd_source_access": "url", "median_annual_wage_usd_source_access": "url", "pct25_hourly_wage_usd_source_access": "url", "pct75_hourly_wage_usd_source_access": "url", "pct90_hourly_wage_usd_source_access": "url", "pct10_hourly_wage_usd_source_access": "url" }, "employment": { "us_employment": 166700, "us_employment_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2024-2034 Employment Projections, https://www.bls.gov/ooh/construction-and-extraction/roofers.htm", "us_employment_research_pass_count": 4, "us_employment_confidence": "high-primary", "projected_10yr_growth_pct": 6, "projected_10yr_growth_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2024-2034 Employment Projections, https://www.bls.gov/ooh/construction-and-extraction/roofers.htm", "projected_10yr_growth_pct_research_pass_count": 4, "projected_10yr_growth_pct_confidence": "high-primary", "annual_openings": 12700, "annual_openings_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2024-2034 Employment Projections, https://www.bls.gov/ooh/construction-and-extraction/roofers.htm", "annual_openings_research_pass_count": 4, "annual_openings_confidence": "high-primary", "projected_10yr_net_change": 9800, "projected_10yr_net_change_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2024-2034 Employment Projections, https://www.bls.gov/ooh/construction-and-extraction/roofers.htm", "projected_10yr_net_change_research_pass_count": 4, "projected_10yr_net_change_confidence": "high-primary", "us_employment_year": "2024", "us_employment_source_access": "url", "projected_10yr_growth_pct_source_access": "url", "annual_openings_source_access": "url", "projected_10yr_net_change_source_access": "url" }, "labor_shortage": { "unfilled_openings": 40000, "unfilled_openings_source": "National Roofing Contractors Association (NRCA)", "unfilled_openings_research_pass_count": 5, "unfilled_openings_confidence": "med", "vacancy_rate_pct": 3.5, "vacancy_rate_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) (2026) https://www.bls.gov/jlt", "vacancy_rate_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "vacancy_rate_pct_confidence": "med", "unfilled_openings_year": "2026", "shortage_note": "According to Associated Builders and Contractors (ABC), the U.S. construction industry will need approximately 349,000 net new workers in 2026 and 456,000 additional workers in 2027, on top of normal hiring, just to keep supply and demand in balance.", "shortage_note_source": "Associated Builders and Contractors (ABC) (2026) https://abccarolinas.org", "vacancy_rate_pct_shared_across": 7, "vacancy_rate_pct_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 7 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "unfilled_openings_source_access": "citation-text-only", "vacancy_rate_pct_source_access": "url", "shortage_note_source_access": "url" }, "workforce_aging": { "median_worker_age": 36.6, "median_worker_age_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Household Data Annual Averages, Table 11b: Employed people by detailed occupation and age - https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat11b.htm", "median_worker_age_research_pass_count": 5, "median_worker_age_confidence": "high", "pct_over_55": 12.36, "pct_over_55_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Household Data Annual Averages, Table 11b: Employed people by detailed occupation and age - https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat11b.htm", "pct_over_55_research_pass_count": 5, "pct_over_55_confidence": "med", "median_worker_age_year": "2025", "retirement_note": "An estimated 12,700 job openings for roofers are projected annually from 2024 to 2034, primarily driven by the need to replace workers exiting the labor force to retire or transfer to other occupations.", "retirement_note_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook: Roofers - https://www.bls.gov/ooh/construction-and-extraction/roofers.htm", "median_worker_age_source_access": "url", "pct_over_55_source_access": "url", "retirement_note_source_access": "url" }, "training_pipeline": { "apprenticeship_enrollment": 5204, "apprenticeship_enrollment_source": "U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, Registered Apprenticeship Data and Statistics, FY 2021", "apprenticeship_enrollment_research_pass_count": 3, "apprenticeship_enrollment_confidence": "high-primary", "apprenticeship_enrollment_year": "2021", "pipeline_gap_note": "The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projects approximately 12,700 annual job openings for roofers on average from 2024 to 2034, driven primarily by worker retirements and occupational transfers. This demand significantly exceeds the active registered apprenticeship pipeline, contributing to documented labor shortages where 85% of roofing contractors report difficulty finding skilled workers according to the National Roofing Contractors Association (NRCA) 2024 Labor Survey.", "pipeline_gap_note_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, Roofers (2024-2034 Projections), https://www.bls.gov/ooh/construction-and-extraction/roofers.htm; National Roofing Contractors Association, NRCA 2024 Labor Survey, https://www.nrca.net", "apprenticeship_enrollment_source_access": "citation-text-only", "pipeline_gap_note_source_access": "url" }, "immigration_reliance": { "pct_foreign_born": 53, "pct_foreign_born_source": "National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) analysis of U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 1-Year Estimates", "pct_foreign_born_research_pass_count": 5, "pct_foreign_born_confidence": "high", "pct_foreign_born_year": "2024", "visa_dependence_note": "Roofing contractors utilize the federal H-2B Non-Agricultural Temporary Worker Visa program to meet seasonal and peak-load labor demand; however, the program's utility is constrained by a statutory annual cap of 66,000 visas (plus periodic supplemental DHS allocations), leading many contractors to rely on undocumented immigrant labor or long-term domestic pools to cover persistent trade shortages.", "visa_dependence_note_source": "U.S. Department of Homeland Security / U.S. Department of Labor H-2B Temporary Nonagricultural Program Guidelines & NAHB Analysis, 2024, https://www.dhs.gov", "pct_foreign_born_source_access": "citation-text-only", "visa_dependence_note_source_access": "url" }, "unionization": { "union_membership_pct": 6.09, "union_membership_pct_source": "Union Membership and Coverage Database from the CPS (unionstats.com), compiled by Barry T. Hirsch, David A. Macpherson, and William E. Even, 'Union Membership, Coverage, Density, and Employment by Occupation, 1983-2023', http://www.unionstats.com", "union_membership_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "union_membership_pct_confidence": "adjudicated", "union_membership_year": "2023", "prevailing_wage_note": "Public works and federally funded construction projects subject to the Davis-Bacon Act (DBA) require contractors to pay locally prevailing wage rates and fringe benefits for the Roofers trade (classified under 'ROOF' representing the United Union of Roofers, Waterproofers and Allied Workers). Rates are predetermined by county and project type by the U.S. Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division.", "prevailing_wage_note_source": "U.S. Department of Labor (DOL), Wage and Hour Division, Prevailing Wage Resource Book, 'DB Wage Determinations' (2013), https://www.dol.gov", "union_membership_pct_source_access": "url", "prevailing_wage_note_source_access": "url" }, "licensing": { "states_requiring_license": 34, "states_requiring_license_source": "National Association of State Contractors Licensing Agencies (NASCLA) Survey (via National Roof Authority, 2025, https://nationalroofauthority.com)", "states_requiring_license_research_pass_count": 5, "states_requiring_license_confidence": "med", "states_requiring_license_year": "2024", "bonding_note": "Surety bond requirements for roofing contractors typically range between $5,000 and $25,000 depending on the state jurisdiction and project classification (residential vs. commercial). State licensing boards also commonly require general liability insurance minimums starting between $300,000 and $500,000 per occurrence, along with mandatory workers' compensation insurance for employers.", "bonding_note_source": "National Roof Authority (2024), https://nationalroofauthority.com", "reciprocity_note": "Direct state-to-state reciprocity for roofing licenses remains limited. While 18 states accept the standardized NASCLA Accredited Examination for Commercial General Building Contractors to satisfy technical trade exam requirements, license reciprocity is not automatic. Contractors moving across state lines must still submit individual state board applications, satisfy local experience and bonding criteria, and pass state-specific business and law exams.", "reciprocity_note_source": "National Association of State Contractors Licensing Agencies (NASCLA) / NASCLA Prep (2025), https://nasclaprep.com", "states_requiring_license_source_access": "url", "bonding_note_source_access": "url", "reciprocity_note_source_access": "url" }, "market_size": { "market_size_usd": 92500000000, "market_size_usd_source": "IBISWorld, Roofing Contractors in the US Industry Report, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/roofing-contractors-industry", "market_size_usd_research_pass_count": 4, "market_size_usd_confidence": "high", "cagr_pct": 5, "cagr_pct_source": "IBISWorld, Roofing Contractors in the US Industry Report, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/roofing-contractors-industry", "cagr_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "cagr_pct_confidence": "med", "market_size_usd_year": "2026", "cagr_forecast_window": "2021-2026", "cagr_forecast_window_source": "IBISWorld, Roofing Contractors in the US Industry Report, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/roofing-contractors-industry", "market_size_usd_source_access": "url", "cagr_pct_source_access": "url", "cagr_forecast_window_source_access": "url" }, "firm_counts": { "num_establishments": 24532, "num_establishments_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Statistics of U.S. Businesses (SUSB), https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2022/econ/susb/2022-susb-annual.html", "num_establishments_research_pass_count": 5, "num_establishments_confidence": "high-primary", "num_firms": 24044, "num_firms_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Statistics of U.S. Businesses (SUSB), https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2022/econ/susb/2022-susb-annual.html", "num_firms_research_pass_count": 5, "num_firms_confidence": "high-primary", "avg_employees_per_firm": 8.53, "avg_employees_per_firm_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Statistics of U.S. Businesses (SUSB), https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2022/econ/susb/2022-susb-annual.html", "avg_employees_per_firm_research_pass_count": 5, "avg_employees_per_firm_confidence": "high-primary", "num_establishments_year": "2022", "num_establishments_source_access": "url", "num_firms_source_access": "url", "avg_employees_per_firm_source_access": "url" }, "fragmentation": { "top4_firm_share_pct": 4.4, "top4_firm_share_pct_source": "U.S. Small Business Administration, 'Small Business Size Standards: Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting; Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction; Utilities; Construction', Proposed Rule, 85 FR 62239 (October 2, 2020), Table 4 'Size Standards Supported by Each Factor for Each Industry (Receipts)' at 85 FR 62248, column (6) headed 'Four-firm ratio (%)', row NAICS 238160 Roofing Contractors. Derived by SBA from the U.S. Census Bureau special tabulation of the 2012 Economic Census. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/10/02/2020-21589/small-business-size-standards-agriculture-forestry-fishing-and-hunting-mining-quarrying-and-oil", "top4_firm_share_pct_research_pass_count": 1, "top4_firm_share_pct_confidence": "high-primary", "mom_and_pop_share_note": "According to U.S. Census Bureau data and IBISWorld estimates, nonemployer firms account for over 50% of total industry enterprises, and over 50% of employer establishments in NAICS 238160 employ fewer than four people, reflecting an industry heavily dominated by small local operators.", "mom_and_pop_share_note_source": "IBISWorld, Roofing Contractors in the US (NAICS 23816), 2024, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/roofing-contractors-industry", "concentration_year": "2020", "top4_firm_share_pct_source_access": "url", "mom_and_pop_share_note_source_access": "url" }, "franchise_pen": { "franchise_trend_note": "The U.S. roofing contractors market is historically dominated by independent local operators, with over 108,000 businesses nationwide and no single company holding a market share greater than 5%. However, the mix is actively trending toward higher franchise and platform penetration, driven by rapid unit expansion from emerging franchise brands and private equity consolidation as independent contractors face rising technology costs, material inflation, and tightening insurance carrier claim requirements.", "franchise_trend_note_source": "IBISWorld, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/roofing-contractors-industry", "franchise_trend_note_source_access": "url" }, "margins": { "gross_margin_pct": 30, "gross_margin_pct_source": "IBISWorld Industry Report: Roofing Contractors in the US (NAICS 23816), 2025 (https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/roofing-contractors-industry/); cross-checked against CFMA 2024 Construction Financial Benchmarker Executive Summary for Specialty Trade Contractors reporting 22.4% .", "gross_margin_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "gross_margin_pct_confidence": "med", "operating_margin_pct": 15, "operating_margin_pct_source": "IBISWorld Industry Report: Roofing Contractors in the US (NAICS 23816), 2025 (https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/roofing-contractors-industry/).", "operating_margin_pct_research_pass_count": 2, "operating_margin_pct_confidence": "adjudicated", "net_margin_pct": 5.3, "net_margin_pct_source": "IBISWorld Industry Report: Roofing Contractors in the US (NAICS 23816), 2025 (https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/roofing-contractors-industry/); cross-checked against CFMA 2024 Construction Financial Benchmarker Executive Summary reporting 7.7% net income before taxes for Specialty Trade Contractors .", "net_margin_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "net_margin_pct_confidence": "med", "margin_year": "2024", "net_margin_pct_shared_across": 4, "net_margin_pct_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 4 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "gross_margin_pct_source_access": "url", "operating_margin_pct_source_access": "url", "net_margin_pct_source_access": "url" }, "cost_structure": { "labor_pct_of_revenue": 25.2, "labor_pct_of_revenue_source": "IBISWorld Industry Report 23816: Roofing Contractors in the US (2023) - https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/roofing-contractors-industry", "labor_pct_of_revenue_research_pass_count": 2, "labor_pct_of_revenue_confidence": "med", "materials_pct_of_revenue": 43.1, "materials_pct_of_revenue_source": "IBISWorld, Roofing Contractors in the US (NAICS 23816), 2024, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/roofing-contractors-industry", "materials_pct_of_revenue_research_pass_count": 2, "materials_pct_of_revenue_confidence": "med", "sga_overhead_pct": 12.5, "sga_overhead_pct_derived": true, "sga_overhead_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: Construction Financial Management Association (CFMA) Construction Financial Benchmarks Report (2024) - https://cfma.org/benchmarker", "sga_overhead_pct_research_pass_count": 2, "sga_overhead_pct_confidence": "med", "cost_structure_year": "2023-2024", "labor_pct_of_revenue_source_access": "url", "materials_pct_of_revenue_source_access": "url", "sga_overhead_pct_source_access": "url" }, "productivity": { "revenue_per_employee_usd": 340979, "revenue_per_employee_usd_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 Economic Census (Table EC2223BASIC, NAICS 238160 - Roofing Contractors) and 2022 County Business Patterns, https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/economic-census.html", "revenue_per_employee_usd_research_pass_count": 3, "revenue_per_employee_usd_confidence": "high", "productivity_year": "2022", "revenue_per_employee_usd_source_access": "url" }, "seasonality_econ": { "peak_period_note": "Demand for roofing contracting and building products peaks during the second and third calendar quarters (Q2 and Q3, extending into Q4), corresponding with favorable weather conditions for construction and re-roofing activity. Conversely, the first quarter (Q1 ending March 31) represents the seasonal trough due to winter weather conditions and cold temperatures restricting outdoor installation.", "peak_period_note_source": "Beacon Roofing Supply, Inc. Form 10-K Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2024 (2025), SEC EDGAR, https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0001124941/000112494125000012/becn-20241231.htm", "cyclicality_note": "The US roofing contracting industry is driven primarily by replacement and re-roofing demand (representing approximately 70% to 80% of total activity), which provides structural baseline stability across economic cycles. The remaining 20% to 30% is tied to cyclical new residential and commercial construction, which is sensitive to interest rates, housing starts, and macroeconomic conditions. Unpredictable severe weather events (such as hail storms and hurricanes) drive significant non-cyclical demand spikes for restoration and repair.", "cyclicality_note_source": "IBISWorld Industry Report 23816: Roofing Contractors in the US (2026), https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/roofing-contractors-industry", "peak_period_note_source_access": "url", "cyclicality_note_source_access": "url" }, "cash_cycle_detail": { "dso_days": 56.6, "dso_days_source": "CFMA 2024 Construction Financial Benchmarker, average days of accounts receivable for Specialty Trade Contractors (Construction Financial Management Association), https://www.cfma.org/benchmarker", "dso_days_research_pass_count": 1, "dso_days_confidence": "med", "dpo_days": 33, "dpo_days_source": "CFMA 2022 Construction Financial Benchmarker Executive Summary (2022)", "dpo_days_research_pass_count": 2, "dpo_days_confidence": "med", "cash_cycle_year": "2024", "cash_cycle_note": "The two ends of the cycle are published on a contractor population and shown above: days of receivables 56.6 and days to liquidate trade payables 33, both from the CFMA Construction Financial Benchmarker for specialty trade contractors. A full cash conversion cycle needs a third term, and that one does not exist on a contractor frame. The classic formula adds days inventory outstanding, but a roofing contractor does not hold inventory the way a distributor does: material goes to a job, and the money that sits still is retainage and unbilled work in place, which no contractor benchmark publishes as a days figure. A previous version of this row filled the gap from one public installer's 10-K and subtracted its payables, which measured a single company that also distributes building products, not roofing contractors. That number is gone and is not replaced with an estimate, because the missing term would be invented rather than derived.", "cash_cycle_note_source": "CFMA Construction Financial Benchmarker, specialty trade contractor days of accounts receivable and days to liquidate trade payables, https://www.cfma.org/benchmarker", "dpo_days_shared_across": 8, "dpo_days_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 8 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "dso_days_shared_across": 11, "dso_days_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 11 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "dso_days_source_access": "url", "dpo_days_source_access": "citation-text-only", "cash_cycle_note_source_access": "url" }, "retainage_liens": { "typical_retainage_pct": 10, "typical_retainage_pct_source": "American Subcontractors Association (ASA), 2023, https://www.asaonline.com", "typical_retainage_pct_research_pass_count": 1, "typical_retainage_pct_confidence": "med", "payment_dispute_pct": 30, "payment_dispute_pct_source": "Arcadis, 'Global Construction Disputes Report 2019', 2019, https://www.arcadis.com", "payment_dispute_pct_research_pass_count": 1, "payment_dispute_pct_confidence": "low", "retainage_year": "2024", "typical_retainage_pct_shared_across": 11, "typical_retainage_pct_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 11 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "typical_retainage_pct_source_access": "url", "payment_dispute_pct_source_access": "url" }, "bad_debt": { "bad_debt_write_off_pct": 0.12, "bad_debt_write_off_pct_source": "Beacon Roofing Supply, Inc. Form 10-K for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2024", "bad_debt_write_off_pct_research_pass_count": 5, "bad_debt_write_off_pct_confidence": "med", "collection_rate_pct": 80.4, "collection_rate_pct_derived": true, "collection_rate_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 3 cited research inputs: Level CFO, Contractor Collection Rates Benchmark Study (NAICS 238160 / Specialty Contractors, n=464), 2026, https://levelcfo.com/benchmarks/collection-gap | RSM / CFMA Construction Industry Benchmarks (2025), https://cfma.org | National Association of Credit Management (NACM), Credit Management Metrics & CEI Benchmarks, 2025, https://nacm.org", "collection_rate_pct_research_pass_count": 4, "collection_rate_pct_confidence": "high", "bad_debt_year": "2026", "bad_debt_write_off_pct_shared_across": 7, "bad_debt_write_off_pct_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 7 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "bad_debt_write_off_pct_source_access": "citation-text-only", "collection_rate_pct_source_access": "url" }, "ai_task_breakdown": { "pct_physical_onsite_work": 69, "pct_physical_onsite_work_source": "McKinsey Global Institute (MGI), 'A Future That Works: Automation, Employment, and Productivity' (2017) / Illinois Economic Policy Institute, 'Potential Impacts of a Highly Automated Construction Industry on Workers' (2018), https://illinois.edu", "pct_physical_onsite_work_research_pass_count": 3, "pct_physical_onsite_work_confidence": "med", "pct_cognitive_backoffice_work": 31, "pct_cognitive_backoffice_work_source": "McKinsey Global Institute (MGI), 'A Future That Works: Automation, Employment, and Productivity' (2017) / Illinois Economic Policy Institute, 'Potential Impacts of a Highly Automated Construction Industry on Workers' (2018), https://illinois.edu", "pct_cognitive_backoffice_work_research_pass_count": 3, "pct_cognitive_backoffice_work_confidence": "med", "task_breakdown_note": "According to O*NET activity data for Roofers (SOC 47-2181.00), work time is predominantly dedicated to physical, on-site labor including installing shingles and roofing systems, applying adhesives/sealants, cutting flashing and underlayment, and setting up scaffolding. Cognitive, coordination, and back-office tasks comprise inspecting structures to determine repair needs, estimating material and labor requirements, reviewing project specifications, and coordinating job logistics.", "task_breakdown_note_source": "O*NET OnLine, U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, '47-2181.00 - Roofers' (Updated 2026), https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/47-2181.00", "ai_resistant_work": "Physical installation and manual labor on the job site remain highly resistant to AI and robotic automation. Key physical tasks that are hard to replace include: manual tear-off of damaged shingles, felt, and rotted plywood decking; precision hand-flashing around chimneys, skylights, plumbing vents, and wall intersections; custom sheet-metal fabrication; heat-welding single-ply TPO/EPDM membrane seams; and installing tile, slate, or shingles on complex, high-pitch steep slopes. These tasks require real-time tactile judgment, fine motor skills, structural integrity assessment, dynamic balance, and physical agility under hazardous and extreme outdoor weather conditions.", "ai_resistant_work_source": "National Roofing Contractors Association (NRCA) (2026) - 'Only 8% of U.S. construction professionals use AI on the job' | Roofing Contractor Magazine (2025) - 'Distributors Streamlining Operations with AI' - https://www.roofingcontractor.com/articles/99248-distributors-streamlining-operations-with-ai | EagleView (2025) - 'How Drone Roof Measuring Software Solves Problems' - https://www.eagleview.com/blog/drone-roof-measuring-software | National Roofing Contractors Association (NRCA) (2024) - 'AI in Construction'", "ai_resistant_work_confidence": "low", "automatable_work": "Back-office operations, estimating, inspection analysis, and sales coordination are the most automatable tasks in the roofing trade. Key automatable functions include: (1) Aerial and remote roof measuring using satellite, aircraft, or drone photogrammetry to calculate roof square footage, slope, and waste factor automatically; (2) Computer vision defect detection to analyze drone or smartphone photos for hail, wind damage, or shingle wear to support insurance claims; (3) Instant bid and proposal generation, turning measurement data into detailed pricing in seconds; (4) Automated lead scoring, immediate SMS/email quote follow-ups, and appointment scheduling via CRM systems; and (5) Supply chain verification, such as automated order health checks that audit order lists against local building codes and manufacturer warranty rules.", "automatable_work_source": "National Roofing Contractors Association (NRCA) (2026) - 'Only 8% of U.S. construction professionals use AI on the job' | Roofing Contractor Magazine (2025) - 'Distributors Streamlining Operations with AI' - https://www.roofingcontractor.com/articles/99248-distributors-streamlining-operations-with-ai | EagleView (2025) - 'How Drone Roof Measuring Software Solves Problems' - https://www.eagleview.com/blog/drone-roof-measuring-software | National Roofing Contractors Association (NRCA) (2024) - 'AI in Construction'", "automatable_work_confidence": "low", "pct_physical_onsite_work_source_access": "url", "pct_cognitive_backoffice_work_source_access": "url", "task_breakdown_note_source_access": "url", "ai_resistant_work_source_access": "url", "automatable_work_source_access": "url" }, "automation_physical": { "sources": [ "Roofing Contractor (2025) - https://www.roofingcontractor.com/articles/99868-beacon-announces-strategic-investment-in-renovate-robotics", "Ask A Roofer (2025)", "Construction Dive / McKinsey & Company (2024)", "McKinsey & Company (2019) - https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/operations/our-insights/navigating-the-digital-future-in-construction", "Brookings Institution (2019)", "The Robot Report (2024)" ] }, "fsm_software": { "fsm_adoption_pct": 74, "fsm_adoption_pct_source": "Roofing Contractor Magazine, 2026 State of the Industry Report (2026), https://www.roofingcontractor.com/articles/102049-2026-state-of-the-industry-report", "fsm_adoption_pct_research_pass_count": 5, "fsm_adoption_pct_confidence": "adjudicated", "dominant_fsm_software": "AccuLynx and JobNimbus", "dominant_fsm_software_source": "Roofing Software Guide (2026)", "fsm_adoption_year": "2026", "fsm_adoption_pct_source_access": "url", "dominant_fsm_software_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "accounting_tech": { "common_accounting_software": "According to industry research, 67% of roofing contractors utilize enterprise or accounting software. QuickBooks (Online and Desktop) is the predominant accounting backbone for small-to-midsize roofing contractors, typically paired with field CRMs such as AccuLynx, JobNimbus, and Roofr. For mid-market and enterprise roofing contractors requiring detailed job costing, certified payroll, and WIP reporting, Sage (Sage 100 Contractor, Sage 300 CRE), Viewpoint (Vista/ComputerEase), Foundation Software, and Xero are the primary specialized accounting/ERP platforms.", "common_accounting_software_source": "Roofing Contractor / myCLEARopinion Insights Hub (2026), https://www.roofingcontractor.com ; JBKnowledge Construction Technology Report (2020)", "common_accounting_software_source_access": "url" }, "ai_adoption": { "ai_adoption_rate_pct": 40, "ai_adoption_rate_pct_source": "Roofing Contractor Magazine, '2026 State of the Roofing Industry Report' (https://www.roofingcontractor.com/articles/100412-2026-state-of-the-roofing-industry-report)", "ai_adoption_rate_pct_research_pass_count": 5, "ai_adoption_rate_pct_confidence": "high", "ai_adoption_year": "2025", "adoption_examples": "Documented adoption in the roofing industry spans trade studies, software platforms, and distributor tools: (1) Trade Studies: DEWALT's 'AI in the Trades' survey (2026, reported by the National Roofing Contractors Association) found 90% of construction professionals believe AI will be indispensable within five years, with 41% using AI for estimation/procurement and 37% actively researching/piloting tools. (2) AI Measurement & Inspection: EagleView Assess and Hover utilize computer vision on drone and smartphone photos to construct interactive 3D roof models and automatically pinpoint storm damage for insurance claims. (3) Distributor Integration: SRS Distribution launched an AI Center of Excellence and embedded AI into RoofHub, performing automated 'health checks' on orders to flag missing code-compliant accessories before checkout. (4) AI Estimating & Sales: Platforms like Roofr, QuoteIQ, and Pitch Gauge leverage AI to build instant quotes and proposals in under 60 seconds, while platforms like CrewLadder automate post-quote follow-up campaigns during post-storm lead surges.", "adoption_examples_source": "National Roofing Contractors Association (NRCA) (2026) - 'Only 8% of U.S. construction professionals use AI on the job' | Roofing Contractor Magazine (2025) - 'Distributors Streamlining Operations with AI' - https://www.roofingcontractor.com/articles/99248-distributors-streamlining-operations-with-ai | EagleView (2025) - 'How Drone Roof Measuring Software Solves Problems' - https://www.eagleview.com/blog/drone-roof-measuring-software | National Roofing Contractors Association (NRCA) (2024) - 'AI in Construction'", "adoption_examples_confidence": "low", "ai_adoption_rate_pct_source_access": "url", "adoption_examples_source_access": "url" }, "leadgen_platforms": { "marketplace_penetration_pct": 11.8, "marketplace_penetration_pct_derived": true, "marketplace_penetration_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 3 cited research inputs: Angi Inc., Q1 2026 Earnings Call Transcript, 2026, https://www.alphaspread.com/security/nasdaq/angi/earnings-call-transcripts/q1-2026 | NRCA (National Roofing Contractors Association) Digital Marketing Report (2025), https://www.nrca.net | Roofing Contractor Magazine (2025, https://www.roofingcontractor.com/articles/102008-homeowner-insights-how-consumers-find-and-select-roofing-contractors); cross-checked with Angi Inc. Q1 2026 Shareholder Letter & Earnings Call (2026, https://ir.angi.com/quarterly-earnings)", "marketplace_penetration_pct_research_pass_count": 4, "marketplace_penetration_pct_confidence": "low", "platform_take_rate_pct": 10, "platform_take_rate_pct_source": "Angi Inc., Q1 2026 Earnings Call Transcript, 2026, https://www.alphaspread.com/security/nasdaq/angi/earnings-call-transcripts/q1-2026", "platform_take_rate_pct_research_pass_count": 5, "platform_take_rate_pct_confidence": "high", "platforms_note": "Angi reports an overall market penetration of under 1.5% across the $700 billion residential home services market (3-4% among small pros with <10 employees, and under 0.5% among large pros). The platform maintains an estimated 10% take rate, where pros pay approximately $50 per lead on average (with high-value trade categories like roofing ranging between $50 and $150 per shared lead), winning roughly 1 out of 7 to 8 leads at an average job value of $4,000.", "platforms_note_source": "Angi Inc., Q1 2026 Earnings Call Transcript, 2026, https://www.alphaspread.com/security/nasdaq/angi/earnings-call-transcripts/q1-2026", "platform_take_rate_pct_shared_across": 13, "platform_take_rate_pct_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 13 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "marketplace_penetration_pct_source_access": "url", "platform_take_rate_pct_source_access": "url", "platforms_note_source_access": "url" }, "acquisition_mix": { "pct_referral": 55, "pct_referral_source": "Roofing Contractor Magazine, 2026, https://www.roofingcontractor.com", "pct_referral_research_pass_count": 3, "pct_referral_confidence": "low", "pct_digital": 54, "pct_digital_source": "Roofing Contractor Magazine, 2026 Homeowner Survey (https://www.roofingcontractor.com); cross-checked with Glass House Pro, 2026 Lead Generation Benchmark (https://glasshousepro.com) reporting ~40% combined organic SEO and paid search lead mix.", "pct_digital_research_pass_count": 4, "pct_digital_confidence": "low", "pct_marketplace": 34, "pct_marketplace_source": "Roofing Contractor Magazine, '2025 Homeowner Roofing Survey: Tracking the Journey' (myCLEARopinion Insights Hub), 2025, https://www.roofingcontractor.com/articles/100868-2025-homeowner-roofing-survey-tracking-the-journey", "pct_marketplace_research_pass_count": 5, "pct_marketplace_confidence": "low", "pct_repeat": 61, "pct_repeat_source": "Roofing Contractor Magazine, 2025, https://www.roofingcontractor.com", "pct_repeat_research_pass_count": 5, "pct_repeat_confidence": "low", "acquisition_year": "2026", "pct_referral_source_access": "url", "pct_digital_source_access": "url", "pct_marketplace_source_access": "url", "pct_repeat_source_access": "url" }, "insurance_warranty": { "pct_insurance_channel": 25, "pct_insurance_channel_source": "Roofing Contractor Magazine / Industry Surveys (2026), https://rooferins.com; cross-checked with Verisk U.S. Roofing Realities Report in Roofing Contractor Magazine (2025), https://www.roofingcontractor.com/articles/100412-verisk-report-shows-roofing-claim-costs-spike-to-nearly-31b", "pct_insurance_channel_research_pass_count": 2, "pct_insurance_channel_confidence": "med", "home_warranty_penetration_pct": 4, "home_warranty_penetration_pct_source": "Frontdoor, Inc. Form 10-K Annual Report (2025), https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0001730166/000173016624000009/ftdr-20231231.htm; cross-checked with Frontdoor, Inc. Form 10-K Annual Report (2026), https://www.sec.gov/edgar", "home_warranty_penetration_pct_research_pass_count": 2, "home_warranty_penetration_pct_confidence": "high-primary", "intermediation_note": "Home warranty intermediaries and property insurance carriers manage contractor-customer relationships by controlling work dispatch through proprietary preferred contractor networks (e.g., Frontdoor completing 84% of service requests via preferred networks), establishing fixed service schedules and unit-rate pricing frameworks (such as Xactimate software estimates for insurance claims), leveraging aggregate purchasing power for materials/parts, and serving as the direct point of contact for claim processing and customer retention.", "intermediation_note_source": "Frontdoor, Inc. Form 10-K Annual Report (2025), https://www.sec.gov/edgar; cross-checked with Roofing Contractor Magazine (2025), https://www.roofingcontractor.com/articles/100412-verisk-report-shows-roofing-claim-costs-spike-to-nearly-31b", "pct_insurance_channel_source_access": "url", "home_warranty_penetration_pct_source_access": "url", "intermediation_note_source_access": "url" }, "recurring_mix": { "recurring_revenue_pct": 16, "recurring_revenue_pct_source": "IBISWorld, 2024, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/roofing-contractors-industry", "recurring_revenue_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "recurring_revenue_pct_confidence": "high", "service_agreement_attach_pct": 10, "service_agreement_attach_pct_source": "CT Acquisitions, 2026, https://ctacquisitions.com", "service_agreement_attach_pct_research_pass_count": 1, "service_agreement_attach_pct_confidence": "low", "recurring_note": "Unlike HVAC or plumbing, the roofing trade is structurally dominated by re-roofing replacements and storm restoration projects, with baseline contractors generating under 10% of revenue from recurring commercial maintenance or inspection agreements, while specialized commercial operators target 15% to 25%+.", "recurring_note_source": "National Roofing Contractors Association (NRCA) / CT Acquisitions, 2026, https://www.nrca.net", "recurring_revenue_pct_source_access": "url", "service_agreement_attach_pct_source_access": "url", "recurring_note_source_access": "url" }, "contract_terms": { "typical_contract_length_months": 12, "typical_contract_length_months_source": "Main Street Wealth (2026), https://www.mainstreetwealth.ai/industry-overview/roofing", "typical_contract_length_months_research_pass_count": 4, "typical_contract_length_months_confidence": "med", "renewal_rate_pct": 85, "renewal_rate_pct_source": "Auctus Capital Partners (2026)", "renewal_rate_pct_research_pass_count": 5, "renewal_rate_pct_confidence": "high", "stickiness_note": "Roofing maintenance contracts exhibit high customer stickiness due to auto-renewal provisions (typically requiring a 60-day written notice), strict manufacturer No-Dollar-Limit (NDL) warranty requirements that mandate documented annual inspections to stay valid, and priority emergency response service provided to contracted clients.", "stickiness_note_source": "Main Street Wealth (2026), https://www.mainstreetwealth.ai/industry-overview/roofing", "typical_contract_length_months_shared_across": 8, "typical_contract_length_months_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 8 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "typical_contract_length_months_source_access": "url", "renewal_rate_pct_source_access": "citation-text-only", "stickiness_note_source_access": "url" }, "cross_sell": { "avg_services_per_customer": 5.5, "avg_services_per_customer_source": "Roofing Contractor Magazine / myCLEARopinion Insights Hub, 2025 State of the Industry Survey, https://www.roofingcontractor.com", "avg_services_per_customer_research_pass_count": 2, "avg_services_per_customer_confidence": "adjudicated", "upsell_attach_pct": 39, "upsell_attach_pct_source": "Service Council / Convex AI, 2024 Benchmark Report, https://www.convex.com/blog/convex-ai-call-assist", "upsell_attach_pct_research_pass_count": 2, "upsell_attach_pct_confidence": "low", "cross_sell_note": "According to ServiceTitan's 2025 Exterior Service Report surveying over 1,000 contractors, roofing and exterior businesses are actively expanding into adjacent categories: 40% are branching out into siding, 23% into metal roofing, 22% into roofing insurance claims, and 11% into solar and doors.", "cross_sell_note_source": "Roofing Contractor Magazine, 2025, https://www.roofingcontractor.com", "avg_services_per_customer_source_access": "url", "upsell_attach_pct_source_access": "url", "cross_sell_note_source_access": "url" }, "capital_intensity": { "startup_cost_usd": 199744, "startup_cost_usd_source": "Mighty Dog Roofing Franchise Disclosure Document (Item 7), 2026", "startup_cost_usd_research_pass_count": 5, "startup_cost_usd_confidence": "med", "capex_pct_of_revenue": 1.5, "capex_pct_of_revenue_source": "APi Group Corporation SEC Form 10-K, 2026, https://www.sec.gov", "capex_pct_of_revenue_research_pass_count": 5, "capex_pct_of_revenue_confidence": "med", "equipment_note": "Roofing contractors require service vehicles/trucks, safety harnesses, ladders, air compressors, pneumatic nail guns, hand tools, and flex/warehouse office space. Specialized or heavy equipment is typically rented as needed or bypassed by using subcontractor installation crews.", "equipment_note_source": "Clarify Capital, Roofing Business Loan & Equipment Guide, 2026, https://clarifycapital.com/roofing-business-loans", "startup_cost_usd_source_access": "citation-text-only", "capex_pct_of_revenue_source_access": "url", "equipment_note_source_access": "url" }, "regulatory_burden": { "permit_burden_note": "Roofing contractors face substantial permitting and regulatory compliance requirements under model codes such as the International Building Code (IBC) and International Residential Code (IRC). Under IRC Section R907.3, reroofing projects affecting more than 25% of total roof area trigger full code compliance for the entire roof surface, requiring site plans, material specifications, wind-resistance engineering, and mandatory municipal permits before work begins.", "permit_burden_note_source": "North Carolina Roof Authority, 2024, https://northcarolinaroofauthority.com", "compliance_cost_note": "Roofing contractors incur significant compliance costs to meet OSHA fall protection standards under 29 CFR 1926.501, requiring investment in personal fall arrest systems (PFAS), guardrails, safety gear, and mandatory worker training. Non-compliance carries severe financial risk: baseline OSHA serious violations carry fines up to $16,553 per violation, while willful or repeat violations can reach $165,534 per violation.", "compliance_cost_note_source": "Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 2024, https://www.osha.gov/fall-protection", "regulatory_tailwind_note": "Energy efficiency and decarbonization mandates are expanding market demand for premium commercial and residential roofing services. The International Energy Conservation Code (IECC 2021/2024) mandates higher continuous insulation (such as R-30ci) and multi-layer staggered insulation. Additionally, state regulations like California's Title 24 mandate Cool Roof Rating Council (CRRC) certified reflective materials and solar PV/battery readiness for major re-roofing projects.", "regulatory_tailwind_note_source": "California Energy Commission, 2024, https://californiaroofauthority.com", "permit_burden_note_source_access": "url", "compliance_cost_note_source_access": "url", "regulatory_tailwind_note_source_access": "url" }, "data_assets": { "iot_telemetry_penetration_pct": 54, "iot_telemetry_penetration_pct_source": "myCLEARopinion Insights Hub / Roofing Contractor, 2026, https://www.roofingcontractor.com/articles/100414-2026-state-of-the-industry-roofing-report", "iot_telemetry_penetration_pct_research_pass_count": 5, "iot_telemetry_penetration_pct_confidence": "med", "iot_telemetry_penetration_pct_source_access": "url" }, "consolidation": { "consolidation_activity": "The US roofing trade is undergoing rapid and intense private equity roll-up and consolidation. According to PitchBook data, private equity investments targeting US roofing companies reached an all-time high of 82 deals in 2024, representing a 30% increase year-over-year. PE Hub and industry M&A reports indicate that the count of active PE-backed roofing platforms grew from 17 at the start of 2023 to 56 by year-end 2024 (a 229% increase in 24 months), with platform and add-on deal velocity reaching roughly one transaction every 48 hours by mid-2025. This consolidation wave is propelled by extreme market fragmentation (the top five contractors control less than 10% of total market share), high proportion of non-discretionary repair and re-roofing needs (accounting for over 64% of sector demand), aging housing and commercial building stock, and resilient cash flow dynamics.", "consolidation_activity_source": "PitchBook (2025) https://pitchbook.com; PE Hub (2024, 2026) https://www.pehub.com; Roofing Contractor (2025) https://www.roofingcontractor.com", "notable_platforms": "Prominent PE platforms and acquirers actively consolidating the US roofing trade include: (1) Tecta America, majority-owned by Altas Partners with minority investment from Leonard Green & Partners, operating as the nation's largest commercial roofing platform with over 85 locations across 32 states (notable add-ons include J Reynolds & Co); (2) Rampart Exterior Services, launched in 2024 by Huron Capital as an ExecFactor platform, which acquired Independent Roofing Systems (2024), Port Enterprises (2025), and Colorado Moisture Control (2026); (3) Valor Exterior Partners, backed by Osceola Capital Management, which acquired Roofing King (March 2025), Kirkin Exteriors (July 2025), and Kingdom Krafters (2025); (4) Omnia Exterior Solutions, launched in May 2023 by CCMP Growth Advisors, which scaled to 11 residential roofing partnerships across 22 states (including Brandon J Roofing, Great Roofing, and James & Whitney Company); and (5) Ridgeline Roofing & Restoration, backed by Bertram Capital and Everberg Capital, which acquired Signature Exteriors and Bold North Roofing in 2025.", "notable_platforms_source": "PE Hub (2021, 2024, 2025, 2026) https://www.pehub.com; PitchBook (2025) https://pitchbook.com; Buyouts / PEI Group (2023) https://www.buyoutsinsider.com", "sources": [ "PitchBook (2025) - https://pitchbook.com", "PE Hub (2021) - https://www.pehub.com", "PE Hub (2024) - https://www.pehub.com", "PE Hub (2025) - https://www.pehub.com", "PE Hub (2026) - https://www.pehub.com", "Buyouts Insider / PEI Group (2023) - https://www.buyoutsinsider.com", "Roofing Contractor (2025) - https://www.roofingcontractor.com" ], "consolidation_activity_source_access": "url", "notable_platforms_source_access": "url" }, "multiples": { "typical_ebitda_multiple_low": 2.5, "typical_ebitda_multiple_low_source": "CT Acquisitions, 'Roofing M&A Multiples Report 2026' (2026)", "typical_ebitda_multiple_low_research_pass_count": 1, "typical_ebitda_multiple_low_confidence": "high", "typical_ebitda_multiple_high": 10, "typical_ebitda_multiple_high_source": "Forbes Partners (2025)", "typical_ebitda_multiple_high_research_pass_count": 3, "typical_ebitda_multiple_high_confidence": "med", "multiple_year": "2025-2026", "typical_ebitda_multiple_low_source_access": "citation-text-only", "typical_ebitda_multiple_high_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "exit_environment": { "buyer_demand": "Current buyer demand for US roofing businesses is exceptionally strong, driven by private equity funds, PE-backed platform consolidators, and strategic corporate acquirers. Acquirers are drawn to the trade's extreme fragmentation ( top operators hold ~4-6% of the $50B+ US market), non-discretionary repair/replacement demand, low capital intensity, and high free cash flow conversion. Buyers value most: (1) recurring and re-occurring revenue streams from commercial maintenance agreements and self-pay residential re-roofing over cyclical new construction; (2) strong EBITDA margins (10%-15%+); (3) geographic density and contiguous hub-and-spoke expansion potential; and (4) technology-enhanced operations with professionalized management independent of the founder.", "buyer_demand_source": "KPMG Corporate Finance, Roofing Contracting: M&A Market Update (2026), https://www.kpmg.com", "exit_trend": "Heating up. Exit trends in the US roofing sector remain near all-time high activity levels. Active private equity-backed roofing platforms tripled from 17 in early 2023 to 56 by late 2024 (a 229% increase), with aggressive platform formation and add-on acquisition cadence persisting through 2025 and 2026. While buyers have shown increased diligence around integration, normalizing valuation multiples to sustainable 6x-10x EBITDA ranges for platform-quality assets, independent owners face an extraordinarily receptive exit market with multiple competing buyer types.", "exit_trend_source": "KPMG Corporate Finance, Roofing Contracting: M&A Market Update (2026), https://www.kpmg.com; Anchor Peabody, The M&A Market for Roofing Companies (2024/2025), https://anchorpeabody.com; Hyde Park Capital, Roofing M&A Environment and Consolidation (2025), https://hydeparkcapital.com", "sources": [ "KPMG Corporate Finance, Roofing Contracting: M&A Market Update (2026), https://www.kpmg.com", "Anchor Peabody, The M&A Market for Roofing Companies (2024/2025), https://anchorpeabody.com", "Hyde Park Capital, Roofing M&A Environment and Consolidation (2025), https://hydeparkcapital.com", "Capstone Partners, Construction Services M&A Update (2025/2026), https://capstonepartners.com", "Roofing Contractor Magazine, Private Equity Acceleration in Roofing (2025), https://www.roofingcontractor.com" ], "buyer_demand_source_access": "url", "exit_trend_source_access": "url" }, "demand_drivers": { "installed_base_units": 145333462, "installed_base_units_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, 2023, https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs", "installed_base_units_research_pass_count": 5, "installed_base_units_confidence": "med", "replacement_vs_new_note": "Re-roofing, replacement, and renovation account for approximately 80% of overall U.S. roofing contractor market demand, with new construction representing the remaining ~20%.", "replacement_vs_new_note_source": "IBISWorld, Roofing Contractors in the US Industry Report (2026), https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/roofing-contractors-industry", "demand_drivers_note": "Primary demand drivers for the U.S. roofing trade include an aging housing stock (median home age nearing 40 years, triggering lifecycle roof replacements), severe weather and convective storm events driving non-discretionary insurance claims, adoption of energy-efficient and resilient roofing systems, and interest rate cycles influencing construction and renovation spending.", "demand_drivers_note_source": "IBISWorld, Roofing Contractors in the US Industry Report (2026), https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/roofing-contractors-industry", "installed_base_units_source_access": "url", "replacement_vs_new_note_source_access": "url", "demand_drivers_note_source_access": "url" }, "macro_correlation": { "housing_correlation_note": "New construction roofing demand directly correlates with single-family housing starts and total residential construction spending; however, new construction represents only ~20% to 21% of total US residential roofing demand. The remaining ~79% to 80% is driven by re-roofing and replacement cycles on existing housing stock, making total residential roofing demand significantly less volatile than single-family housing starts during economic downturns.", "housing_correlation_note_source": "U.S. Census Bureau & FRED (2026), 'Total Construction Spending: Residential in the United States [TLRESCONS]' (https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/TLRESCONS); U.S. Census Bureau & FRED (2026), 'New Privately Owned Housing Units Started [HOUST]' (https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/HOUST); The Freedonia Group / Construction Owners Club (2024), 'US Roofing Market Forecast and Trends' (https://www.constructionowners.com/news/us-roofing-market-a-forecast-of-slow-growth-and-shifting-trends).", "commercial_correlation_note": "Commercial roofing demand correlates closely with total nonresidential construction spending trends, with new commercial builds driving demand for low-slope single-ply membranes (TPO, EPDM) and modified bitumen. Similar to residential roofing, commercial roofing activity is heavily supported by maintenance, repair, and replacement across an aging commercial building stock, where over 70% of structures were built prior to 2000, providing downside insulation when new commercial building starts contract.", "commercial_correlation_note_source": "U.S. Census Bureau & FRED (2026), 'Producer Price Index by Industry: Roofing Contractors, Nonresidential Building Work' (https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PCU23816X23816XP); Associated Builders and Contractors / Roofing Contractor (2025), 'Nonresidential Construction Spending Analysis' (https://www.roofingcontractor.com/articles/99868-abc-nonresidential-construction-spending-declines-in-august); TM Capital (2021), 'Building Products Industry Spotlight' .", "climate_sensitivity_note": "US roofing demand is highly sensitive to climate and extreme weather events. Hailstorms, hurricanes, and severe wind events cause immediate demand surges, with storm-related repairs generating over 20% of annual replacement demand and wind/hail accounting for over 50% of residential roof claims. Simultaneously, extreme heat exposure drives regulatory and consumer shifts toward energy-efficient cool roofs; U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) regional studies show cool reflective roofs reduce surface temperatures by 1.5°C and decrease air conditioning energy demand by up to 16.6%.", "climate_sensitivity_note_source": "U.S. Department of Energy / Argonne National Laboratory (2023), 'Cool Roofs Reduce Heat and Cooling Energy Demand' (https://www.anl.gov/article/cool-roofs-reduce-heat-and-cooling-energy-demand-in-chicago-metro-area); U.S. Department of Energy / Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (2026), 'Accelerated Aging of Cool Roof Materials' ; Illinois Roofing Institute (2025), 'Roofing Industry Report: Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities' .", "housing_correlation_note_source_access": "url", "commercial_correlation_note_source_access": "url", "climate_sensitivity_note_source_access": "url" }, "search_interest": { "yoy_search_change_pct": 107, "yoy_search_change_pct_source": "NeilPatel.com (2025), https://neilpatel.com/blog/roofing-marketing", "yoy_search_change_pct_research_pass_count": 2, "yoy_search_change_pct_confidence": "med", "yoy_search_change_pct_source_access": "url" }, "cust_acquisition": { "typical_cac_usd": 600, "typical_cac_usd_source": "Roofing Revenue Marketing (2025)", "typical_cac_usd_research_pass_count": 3, "typical_cac_usd_confidence": "med", "avg_review_volume": 22, "avg_review_volume_source": "YDOP (2021), https://ydop.com", "avg_review_volume_research_pass_count": 2, "avg_review_volume_confidence": "med", "complaint_categories": "Poor communication, substandard workmanship, failure to honor warranties, project abandonment/incomplete work, and pricing or contract transparency disputes.", "complaint_categories_source": "Better Business Bureau & DisputeVoice (2026), https://disputevoice.com/roofing-contractor-complaints", "typical_cac_usd_source_access": "citation-text-only", "avg_review_volume_source_access": "url", "complaint_categories_source_access": "url" } }, "subtrade": { "residential": { "bad_debt": { "bad_debt_write_off_pct": 0.12, "bad_debt_write_off_pct_source": "Beacon Roofing Supply, Inc. Form 10-K (2024), https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0001120193/000112019325000007/becn-20241231.htm", "bad_debt_write_off_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "bad_debt_write_off_pct_confidence": "high-primary", "collection_rate_pct": 85.1, "collection_rate_pct_source": "Level CFO Level Index: State of Contractor Finance Report (2026), https://levelcfo.com", "collection_rate_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "collection_rate_pct_confidence": "med", "bad_debt_year": "2024", "collection_rate_pct_shared_across": 23, "collection_rate_pct_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 23 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "bad_debt_write_off_pct_shared_across": 7, "bad_debt_write_off_pct_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 7 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "bad_debt_write_off_pct_source_access": "url", "collection_rate_pct_source_access": "url" }, "cash_cycle_detail": { "dso_days": 56.6, "dso_days_source": "CFMA 2024 Construction Financial Benchmarker (https://cfma.org)", "dso_days_research_pass_count": 1, "dso_days_confidence": "med", "dpo_days": 33.4, "dpo_days_source": "Beacon Roofing Supply, Inc. FY2018 SEC Form 10-K, https://www.sec.gov", "dpo_days_research_pass_count": 1, "dpo_days_confidence": "low", "cash_cycle_year": "2024", "dso_days_shared_across": 11, "dso_days_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 11 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "dso_days_source_access": "url", "dpo_days_source_access": "url" }, "cost_structure": { "labor_pct_of_revenue": 26.2, "labor_pct_of_revenue_source": "IBISWorld, 'Roofing Contractors in the US (NAICS 23816)' (2024), cited via ConsumerAffairs, https://www.consumeraffairs.com/homeowners/roofing-industry-statistics.html", "labor_pct_of_revenue_research_pass_count": 3, "labor_pct_of_revenue_confidence": "med", "materials_pct_of_revenue": 43.1, "materials_pct_of_revenue_source": "IBISWorld, 'Roofing Contractors in the US (NAICS 23816)' (2024), cited via ConsumerAffairs, https://www.consumeraffairs.com/homeowners/roofing-industry-statistics.html", "materials_pct_of_revenue_research_pass_count": 2, "materials_pct_of_revenue_confidence": "med", "sga_overhead_pct": 18, "sga_overhead_pct_source": "Construction Financial Management Association (CFMA) 2024 Financial Benchmarker (2024) https://cfma.org", "sga_overhead_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "sga_overhead_pct_confidence": "med", "cost_structure_year": "2023-2024", "labor_pct_of_revenue_source_access": "url", "materials_pct_of_revenue_source_access": "url", "sga_overhead_pct_source_access": "url" }, "demand_drivers": { "installed_base_units": 145344636, "installed_base_units_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, 2024", "installed_base_units_research_pass_count": 3, "installed_base_units_confidence": "med", "replacement_vs_new_note": "Residential reroofing and repair account for approximately 84% of total U.S. residential roofing demand, while new residential construction accounts for 16%.", "replacement_vs_new_note_source": "John Burns Research and Consulting, 2025", "demand_drivers_note": "Primary demand drivers for residential roofing include aging housing stock requiring non-discretionary replacement, severe weather and storm damage (hail, wind, hurricanes) driving insurance-funded restoration, energy-efficiency upgrades, and overall new residential housing starts.", "demand_drivers_note_source": "IBISWorld, 2024, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-size/roofing-contractors/198", "installed_base_units_shared_across": 5, "installed_base_units_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 5 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "installed_base_units_source_access": "citation-text-only", "replacement_vs_new_note_source_access": "citation-text-only", "demand_drivers_note_source_access": "url" }, "macro_correlation": { "housing_correlation_note": "U.S. residential roofing demand is correlated with single-family housing starts and private residential construction spending (FRED series PRRESCONS), but it exhibits far lower cyclicality than overall new home construction. New construction accounts for roughly 20% of total residential roofing demand, while reroofing, repair, and remodeling drive 70% to 80% of demand, insulating the roofing sector during housing start slowdowns.", "housing_correlation_note_source": "Principia Consulting (2022), 'U.S. Residential Roofing Market Insights', https://principiaconsulting.com; U.S. Census Bureau / FRED (2026), 'Total Private Construction Spending: Residential [PRRESCONS]', https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PRRESCONS", "commercial_correlation_note": "Residential roofing demand displays little to no correlation with commercial construction spending (FRED series PNRESCONS). Nonresidential construction demand is governed by commercial, industrial, healthcare, and data center developments using flat/low-slope single-ply membranes, whereas residential roofing is overwhelmingly steep-slope and dominated by asphalt shingles (accounting for 55% to 85% of residential material volume).", "commercial_correlation_note_source": "U.S. Census Bureau / FRED (2026), 'Total Private Construction Spending: Nonresidential [PNRESCONS]', https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PNRESCONS; Mordor Intelligence (2026), 'United States Roofing Market Analysis', https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/united-states-roofing-market", "housing_correlation_note_source_access": "url", "commercial_correlation_note_source_access": "url" }, "margins": { "gross_margin_pct": 33, "gross_margin_pct_source": "IBISWorld, Roofing Contractors in the US Industry Report (2025), https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/roofing-contractors-industry", "gross_margin_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "gross_margin_pct_confidence": "med", "operating_margin_pct": 15, "operating_margin_pct_source": "IBISWorld, Roofing Contractors in the US Industry Report (2025), https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/roofing-contractors-industry", "operating_margin_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "operating_margin_pct_confidence": "high", "net_margin_pct": 5.3, "net_margin_pct_source": "IBISWorld, Roofing Contractors in the US Industry Report (2025), https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/roofing-contractors-industry", "net_margin_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "net_margin_pct_confidence": "adjudicated", "margin_year": "2024", "net_margin_pct_shared_across": 4, "net_margin_pct_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 4 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "gross_margin_pct_source_access": "url", "operating_margin_pct_source_access": "url", "net_margin_pct_source_access": "url" }, "productivity": { "revenue_per_employee_usd": 349760, "revenue_per_employee_usd_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 Statistics of U.S. Businesses (SUSB) / Economic Census, NAICS 238160 Roofing Contractors ($71,700,000,000 total receipts / 204,998 paid employees = $349,760 per employee; https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/susb.html). Cross-checked with IBISWorld, Roofing Contractors in the US (NAICS 23816), March 2026 ($92,500,000,000 revenue / 228,634 employees = $404,577 per employee; https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/roofing-contractors-industry/).", "revenue_per_employee_usd_research_pass_count": 3, "revenue_per_employee_usd_confidence": "low", "productivity_year": "2022", "revenue_per_employee_usd_source_access": "url" }, "retainage_liens": { "typical_retainage_pct": 10, "typical_retainage_pct_source": "Texas Property Code § 53.101 (2023), https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/PR/htm/PR.53.htm", "typical_retainage_pct_research_pass_count": 1, "typical_retainage_pct_confidence": "low", "lien_frequency_note": "65% of subcontractors filed mechanics liens in 2023, representing a 141% increase from the prior year.", "lien_frequency_note_source": "CFMA, Tightening the Screws on Slow Construction Payments (2024)", "retainage_year": "2023", "typical_retainage_pct_shared_across": 11, "typical_retainage_pct_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 11 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "typical_retainage_pct_source_access": "url", "lien_frequency_note_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "search_interest": { "yoy_search_change_pct": 21, "yoy_search_change_pct_confidence": "low", "search_trend_note": "Consumer search interest for US residential roofing services shows steady upward momentum, particularly for high-intent, cost-focused keywords such as 'roof replacement cost' and 'roof repair near me', with overall Google Trends interest for 'roof repair' reaching an all-time peak in August 2025.", "search_trend_note_source": "Roofers Guild (2026), https://roofersguild.com", "search_trend_note_source_access": "url" }, "seasonality_econ": { "peak_period_note": "Net sales and net income in the roofing industry are highest during the second, third, and fourth calendar quarters (ending June 30, September 30, and December 31), which represent the peak months for construction and re-roofing. Quarters ending March 31 (Q1) experience seasonal lows or net losses due to cold weather patterns and reduced winter construction activity.", "peak_period_note_source": "Beacon Roofing Supply, Inc., Form 10-K for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2024, 2025, https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0001124944/000112494425000008/becn-20241231.htm", "cyclicality_note": "Roofing contractors are exposed both to general economic cycles and non-cyclical weather drivers. Approximately 80% of industry revenue is generated from re-roofing, renovation, and repair activity tied to an aging housing stock rather than new construction. Key cyclical drivers include residential remodeling spending, single-family housing starts, and interest rates, while severe weather events (e.g., severe storms, hail, and hurricanes) provide non-cyclical demand surges.", "cyclicality_note_source": "IBISWorld, Roofing Contractors in the US (NAICS 23816), 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/roofing-contractors-industry", "peak_period_note_source_access": "url", "cyclicality_note_source_access": "url" } }, "commercial": { "bad_debt": { "bad_debt_write_off_pct": 0.3, "bad_debt_write_off_pct_source": "TopBuild Corp. (NYSE: BLD) Form 10-K for Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2024, https://www.sec.gov", "bad_debt_write_off_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "bad_debt_write_off_pct_confidence": "low", "collection_rate_pct": 85.1, "collection_rate_pct_source": "Level CFO Contractor Invoice Benchmarks (corroborated by CFMA 2024 Construction Financial Benchmarker), 2026, https://levelcfo.com", "collection_rate_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "collection_rate_pct_confidence": "high", "bad_debt_year": "2024", "collection_rate_pct_shared_across": 23, "collection_rate_pct_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 23 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "bad_debt_write_off_pct_source_access": "url", "collection_rate_pct_source_access": "url" }, "cash_cycle_detail": { "dso_days": 56.6, "dso_days_source": "CFMA 2024 Construction Financial Benchmarker (2024) - https://cfma.org/benchmarker", "dso_days_research_pass_count": 3, "dso_days_confidence": "adjudicated", "dpo_days": 33.4, "dpo_days_source": "Beacon Roofing Supply, Inc. 2018 Form 10-K, https://www.sec.gov/edgar/searchedgar/companysearch", "dpo_days_research_pass_count": 3, "dpo_days_confidence": "med", "cash_conversion_cycle_days": 45, "cash_conversion_cycle_days_source": "APi Group Corporation 2023 Form 10-K, https://www.sec.gov/edgar/searchedgar/companysearch", "cash_conversion_cycle_days_research_pass_count": 3, "cash_conversion_cycle_days_confidence": "adjudicated", "cash_cycle_year": "2024", "dso_days_shared_across": 11, "dso_days_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 11 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "cash_conversion_cycle_days_shared_across": 4, "cash_conversion_cycle_days_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 4 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "dso_days_source_access": "url", "dpo_days_source_access": "url", "cash_conversion_cycle_days_source_access": "url" }, "cost_structure": { "labor_pct_of_revenue": 25.2, "labor_pct_of_revenue_source": "IBISWorld Roofing Contractors in the US Industry Report (2025), https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/roofing-contractors-industry", "labor_pct_of_revenue_research_pass_count": 3, "labor_pct_of_revenue_confidence": "high", "materials_pct_of_revenue": 43.9, "materials_pct_of_revenue_source": "IBISWorld Roofing Contractors in the US Industry Report (2025), https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/roofing-contractors-industry", "materials_pct_of_revenue_research_pass_count": 3, "materials_pct_of_revenue_confidence": "high", "sga_overhead_pct": 18, "sga_overhead_pct_source": "Construction Financial Management Association (CFMA), \"2024 Financial Benchmarker\" (Specialty Trade Contractors NAICS 238), 2024 ; cross-checked with IBISWorld, \"Roofing Contractors in the US\" (NAICS 23816), 2024 (https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/roofing-contractors-industry/)", "sga_overhead_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "sga_overhead_pct_confidence": "adjudicated", "cost_structure_year": "2024-2025", "labor_pct_of_revenue_source_access": "url", "materials_pct_of_revenue_source_access": "url", "sga_overhead_pct_source_access": "url" }, "demand_drivers": { "installed_base_units": 5900000, "installed_base_units_source": "U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) (2018 Survey Data, Published December 2022), https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial", "installed_base_units_research_pass_count": 3, "installed_base_units_confidence": "high-primary", "replacement_vs_new_note": "Re-roofing and replacement projects account for well over 80% of annual US roofing demand and volume, with new construction accounting for less than 20%.", "replacement_vs_new_note_source": "National Roofing Contractors Association (NRCA) / IBISWorld, 2025, https://www.roofingcontractor.com/articles/99859-reroofing-market-survey-shows-cooling-demand-in-q3-2025", "demand_drivers_note": "Key commercial roofing demand drivers include: an aging US building stock triggering recurring replacement cycles (typically 15-30 years depending on membrane/material); severe weather and storm damage driving emergency repairs; total nonresidential construction spending trends; corporate profitability and capital budgets; and evolving energy codes and sustainability standards (e.g., IECC requirements for cool roofs and insulation).", "demand_drivers_note_source": "IBISWorld / U.S. Census Bureau, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/roofing-contractors-industry/ and https://www.census.gov/construction/c30/c30index.html", "installed_base_units_shared_across": 15, "installed_base_units_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 15 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "installed_base_units_source_access": "url", "replacement_vs_new_note_source_access": "url", "demand_drivers_note_source_access": "url" }, "macro_correlation": { "housing_correlation_note": "Commercial roofing demand has a lower direct correlation with single-family residential housing starts than residential roofing does, because commercial structures primarily utilize low-slope flat roof systems (such as TPO, EPDM, and PVC) rather than steep-slope asphalt shingles. However, commercial roofing exhibits positive correlation with broader residential construction trends through multi-family developments (which share commercial roofing requirements) and general macro demand, though ~70-80% of total roofing market demand is anchored by ongoing replacement and re-roofing rather than new residential starts.", "housing_correlation_note_source": "U.S. Census Bureau and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, New Privately-Owned Housing Units Started: Total Units [HOUST], FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2026, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/HOUST", "commercial_correlation_note": "Commercial roofing demand correlates directly with commercial and nonresidential construction spending, as tracked by nonresidential construction put in place. While new commercial construction drives volatile baseline demand, commercial roofing as a whole displays counter-cyclical stability because an estimated 70% to 80% of commercial roofing revenue stems from mandatory re-roofing, maintenance, and structural repair on aging existing building stock.", "commercial_correlation_note_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Total Construction Spending: Nonresidential in the United States [TLNRESCONS], FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2026, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/TLNRESCONS", "climate_sensitivity_note": "Commercial roofing exhibits significant climate and weather sensitivity. Severe weather events (such as hail, wind, and heat shock) spur sudden surges in emergency replacement and repair demand. Additionally, rising ambient temperatures drive demand for energy-efficient commercial roofing materials; a U.S. Department of Energy Argonne National Laboratory simulation showed that deploying cool roofs reduced building air conditioning energy consumption by up to 16.6% during extreme heat events by reflecting solar radiation.", "climate_sensitivity_note_source": "U.S. Department of Energy, Argonne National Laboratory, Cool Roofs Study, 2023, https://www.anl.gov/article/cool-roofs-green-roofs-and-solar-panel-roofs-study-shows-which-is-best-for-cooling-down-cities", "housing_correlation_note_source_access": "url", "commercial_correlation_note_source_access": "url", "climate_sensitivity_note_source_access": "url" }, "margins": { "gross_margin_pct": 25, "gross_margin_pct_source": "IBISWorld - Roofing Contractors in the US Industry Analysis (https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/roofing-contractors-industry/)", "gross_margin_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "gross_margin_pct_confidence": "low", "operating_margin_pct": 15, "operating_margin_pct_source": "IBISWorld - Roofing Contractors in the US Industry Analysis (https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/roofing-contractors-industry/)", "operating_margin_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "operating_margin_pct_confidence": "low", "net_margin_pct": 5.3, "net_margin_pct_source": "IBISWorld - Roofing Contractors in the US Industry Analysis (https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/roofing-contractors-industry/)", "net_margin_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "net_margin_pct_confidence": "high", "margin_year": "2025", "net_margin_pct_shared_across": 4, "net_margin_pct_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 4 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "gross_margin_pct_source_access": "url", "operating_margin_pct_source_access": "url", "net_margin_pct_source_access": "url" }, "productivity": { "revenue_per_employee_usd": 340979, "revenue_per_employee_usd_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 Economic Census & County Business Patterns (NAICS 238160 Roofing Contractors), 2022, https://data.census.gov", "revenue_per_employee_usd_research_pass_count": 3, "revenue_per_employee_usd_confidence": "low", "productivity_year": "2022", "revenue_per_employee_usd_source_access": "url" }, "retainage_liens": { "retainage_year": "2024" }, "search_interest": { "yoy_search_change_pct": 107, "yoy_search_change_pct_confidence": "low" }, "seasonality_econ": { "peak_period_note": "Commercial roofing revenue and installation activity peak during the second and third quarters (Q2 and Q3, covering April through September), driven by favorable weather conditions and peak construction and re-roofing months. Quarters ending March 31 (Q1) represent the annual trough due to winter weather patterns and freezing temperatures restricting installation work.", "peak_period_note_source": "Carlisle Companies Incorporated, 2024 Form 10-K (Filed February 14, 2025), https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0000015427/000001542725000007/csl-20241231.htm", "cyclicality_note": "Commercial roofing has cyclical exposure to broader economic conditions and interest rates that impact new commercial construction starts. However, the market possesses strong inherent downside protection because re-roofing (replacement and repair) accounts for approximately 70% of total commercial roofing activity. Aging commercial building stock creates recurring, non-discretionary replacement demand across economic cycles, while severe weather and storm events drive additional periodic volume surges.", "cyclicality_note_source": "Carlisle Companies Incorporated, 2025 Form 10-K (Filed February 13, 2026), https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0000015427/000001542726000009/csl-20251231.htm", "peak_period_note_source_access": "url", "cyclicality_note_source_access": "url" } }, "industrial": { "bad_debt": { "bad_debt_write_off_pct": 0.12, "bad_debt_write_off_pct_source": "Beacon Roofing Supply, Inc. Form 10-K (2024), https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0001124941/000112494125000010/becn-20241231.htm", "bad_debt_write_off_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "bad_debt_write_off_pct_confidence": "low", "collection_rate_pct": 92.49, "collection_rate_pct_derived": true, "collection_rate_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 2 cited research inputs: Derived from Beacon Roofing Supply, Inc. Form 10-K (2024) collections data (100% minus 0.12% bad debt write-off rate), https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0001124941/becn-20241231.htm | Level CFO, The State of Contractor Finance (2026) - https://levelcfo.com/guides/dso-and-collections", "collection_rate_pct_research_pass_count": 2, "collection_rate_pct_confidence": "med", "bad_debt_year": "2024", "bad_debt_write_off_pct_shared_across": 7, "bad_debt_write_off_pct_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 7 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "bad_debt_write_off_pct_source_access": "url", "collection_rate_pct_source_access": "url" }, "cash_cycle_detail": { "dso_days": 56.6, "dso_days_source": "CFMA 2024 Construction Financial Benchmarker, https://cfma.org", "dso_days_research_pass_count": 3, "dso_days_confidence": "high", "dpo_days": 33.53, "dpo_days_derived": true, "dpo_days_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 2 cited research inputs: CFMA 2024 Construction Financial Benchmarker, https://cfma.org | Carlisle Companies Inc. SEC Form 10-K (2024), https://www.sec.gov/edgar/browse/?CIK=0000015417", "dpo_days_research_pass_count": 2, "dpo_days_confidence": "med", "cash_cycle_year": "2024", "dso_days_shared_across": 11, "dso_days_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 11 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "dso_days_source_access": "url", "dpo_days_source_access": "url" }, "cost_structure": { "labor_pct_of_revenue": 25.2, "labor_pct_of_revenue_source": "IBISWorld, Roofing Contractors in the US Industry Analysis (2025)", "labor_pct_of_revenue_research_pass_count": 3, "labor_pct_of_revenue_confidence": "high", "materials_pct_of_revenue": 43.9, "materials_pct_of_revenue_source": "IBISWorld, Roofing Contractors in the US Industry Analysis (2025)", "materials_pct_of_revenue_research_pass_count": 3, "materials_pct_of_revenue_confidence": "high", "sga_overhead_pct": 11.8, "sga_overhead_pct_source": "Construction Financial Management Association (CFMA), 2024 Construction Financial Benchmarker, https://cfma.org", "sga_overhead_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "sga_overhead_pct_confidence": "adjudicated", "cost_structure_year": "2025", "sga_overhead_pct_shared_across": 5, "sga_overhead_pct_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 5 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "labor_pct_of_revenue_source_access": "citation-text-only", "materials_pct_of_revenue_source_access": "citation-text-only", "sga_overhead_pct_source_access": "url" }, "demand_drivers": { "installed_base_units": 5900000, "installed_base_units_source": "U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), 2023, Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) 2018 Final Data, https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial", "installed_base_units_research_pass_count": 3, "installed_base_units_confidence": "low", "replacement_vs_new_note": "Re-roofing and replacement activities account for approximately 74% to 80% of nonresidential and overall roofing industry spending and activity, driven by an aging building stock, while new construction represents the remaining 20% to 26%.", "replacement_vs_new_note_source": "IBISWorld, 'Roofing Contractors in the US', 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/roofing-contractors-industry/; FMI Corporation, 'Nonresidential Roofing Market Overview', 2022, https://www.fmicorp.com", "demand_drivers_note": "Key demand drivers for industrial and commercial roofing include the aging of existing building structures requiring repair or replacement, extreme weather events (such as hail, tornadoes, and hurricanes), trends in overall nonresidential and industrial construction spending, government infrastructure initiatives, and growing adoption of energy-efficient and reflective roofing materials.", "demand_drivers_note_source": "IBISWorld, 'Roofing Contractors in the US', 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/roofing-contractors-industry/; U.S. Census Bureau, 'Value of Construction Put in Place Survey', 2026, https://www.census.gov/construction/c30/c30index.html", "installed_base_units_shared_across": 15, "installed_base_units_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 15 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "installed_base_units_source_access": "url", "replacement_vs_new_note_source_access": "url", "demand_drivers_note_source_access": "url" }, "macro_correlation": { "housing_correlation_note": "US industrial roofing demand is largely decoupled from single-family residential housing starts, which primarily drive steep-slope asphalt shingle demand. While single-family housing starts track residential construction cycles and mortgage rates, industrial roofing relies on low-slope membrane, bituminous, and metal assemblies. Industrial roofing demand overlaps primarily with multi-family residential construction (structures with 5+ units) rather than single-family starts due to shared low-slope building envelopes.", "housing_correlation_note_source": "U.S. Census Bureau and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development / FRED, New Privately-Owned Housing Units Started: Total Units (HOUST), 2026, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/HOUST", "commercial_correlation_note": "US industrial roofing demand shows a high positive correlation with nonresidential construction spending, tracked by the FRED series Total Construction Spending: Nonresidential in the United States (TLNRESCONS). Expansion in warehouses, manufacturing plants, distribution hubs, and data centers directly expands new industrial roof installations. However, industrial roofing demand is less volatile than new nonresidential spending alone because approximately 70% to 80% of market activity is driven by reroofing, structural replacement, and maintenance of the existing nonresidential building stock.", "commercial_correlation_note_source": "U.S. Census Bureau / FRED, Total Construction Spending: Nonresidential in the United States (TLNRESCONS), 2026, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/TLNRESCONS", "climate_sensitivity_note": "Industrial roofing demand exhibits strong climate and weather sensitivity. Short-term demand spikes are driven by severe weather events, such as hail, hurricanes, and high-wind storms, which create non-discretionary repair and reroofing requirements. Over the long term, thermal efficiency regulations and climate policies drive adoption of energy-efficient systems; the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) highlights that reflective 'cool roofs' on low-slope industrial and commercial structures can reduce annual building air-conditioning energy use by up to 15%, prompting widespread retrofit demand to satisfy building energy codes and lower operating costs.", "climate_sensitivity_note_source": "U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Consumer Guide to Cool Roofs, 2021", "housing_correlation_note_source_access": "url", "commercial_correlation_note_source_access": "url", "climate_sensitivity_note_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "margins": { "gross_margin_pct": 34.1, "gross_margin_pct_source": "IBISWorld - Roofing Contractors in the US (NAICS 23816) Industry Report, as cited by google search result, URL: https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/roofing-contractors-industry", "gross_margin_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "gross_margin_pct_confidence": "adjudicated", "operating_margin_pct": 7.1, "operating_margin_pct_source": "CFMA 2024 Construction Financial Benchmarker (Specialty Trade Contractors EBIT Margin), URL: https://cfma.org; cross-checked with IBISWorld Roofing Contractors in the US Report (2025 EBIT Margin: 5.2%), URL: https://www.ibisworld.com", "operating_margin_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "operating_margin_pct_confidence": "adjudicated", "net_margin_pct": 5.3, "net_margin_pct_source": "IBISWorld - Roofing Contractors in the US (NAICS 23816) Industry Report, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/roofing-contractors-industry", "net_margin_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "net_margin_pct_confidence": "adjudicated", "margin_year": "2025", "operating_margin_pct_shared_across": 14, "operating_margin_pct_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 14 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "net_margin_pct_shared_across": 4, "net_margin_pct_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 4 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "gross_margin_pct_source_access": "url", "operating_margin_pct_source_access": "url", "net_margin_pct_source_access": "url" }, "productivity": { "revenue_per_employee_usd": 340979, "revenue_per_employee_usd_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 Economic Census (Table EC2223BASIC) & County Business Patterns, NAICS 238160 (Roofing Contractors), https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/economic-census.html", "revenue_per_employee_usd_research_pass_count": 3, "revenue_per_employee_usd_confidence": "low", "productivity_year": "2022", "revenue_per_employee_usd_source_access": "url" }, "retainage_liens": { "typical_retainage_pct": 10, "typical_retainage_pct_source": "American Subcontractors Association (ASA), 2023", "typical_retainage_pct_research_pass_count": 1, "typical_retainage_pct_confidence": "med", "payment_dispute_pct": 68, "payment_dispute_pct_source": "Construction Financial Management Association (CFMA) Construction Retention Study, 2023, https://www.cfma.org", "payment_dispute_pct_research_pass_count": 1, "payment_dispute_pct_confidence": "low", "retainage_year": "2024", "typical_retainage_pct_shared_across": 11, "typical_retainage_pct_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 11 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "typical_retainage_pct_source_access": "citation-text-only", "payment_dispute_pct_source_access": "url" }, "search_interest": { "yoy_search_change_pct": 128.5, "yoy_search_change_pct_derived": true, "yoy_search_change_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: Tampa Web Tech (2025), https://www.tampawebtech.com", "yoy_search_change_pct_research_pass_count": 1, "yoy_search_change_pct_confidence": "low", "search_trend_note": "Consumer and commercial search interest for US roofing services exhibits strong positive momentum. Search data reported by Tampa Web Tech (2025) indicates that search queries for 'commercial roof repair' experienced a 150% year-over-year increase. Broad search interest for 'roofing companies' grew 107% year-over-year according to digital marketing analysis by Neil Patel (2025), while trade press reporting by Roofing Contractor (2025) corroborated this demand momentum with 66% of commercial roofing contractors reporting year-over-year sales volume growth.", "search_trend_note_source": "Tampa Web Tech (2025), https://www.tampawebtech.com; Neil Patel (2025), https://neilpatel.com; Roofing Contractor (2025), https://www.roofingcontractor.com", "yoy_search_change_pct_source_access": "url", "search_trend_note_source_access": "url" }, "seasonality_econ": { "peak_period_note": "Revenues and earnings for commercial roofing systems and construction materials historically peak in the second and third quarters of the calendar year due to increased construction activity permitted by favorable weather conditions.", "peak_period_note_source": "Carlisle Companies Incorporated Form 10-K (2024), https://www.sec.gov/edgar/searchedgar/companysearch", "cyclicality_note": "Industrial and commercial roofing demand is exposed to macroeconomic cycles, interest rates, and credit availability that affect new non-residential construction; however, non-discretionary re-roofing and maintenance represent approximately 80% of market demand, providing downside resilience relative to broader construction activity.", "cyclicality_note_source": "Beacon Roofing Supply, Inc. Form 10-K (2024), https://www.sec.gov/edgar/searchedgar/companysearch", "peak_period_note_source_access": "url", "cyclicality_note_source_access": "url" } } }, "segments": { "bands": [ { "band": "0-1M", "band_label": "under $1M annual revenue (owner-operator / very small shop)", "metrics": { "gross_margin_pct": { "value": 31.5, "source": "National Roofing Contractors Association 2025 https://www.nrca.net", "confidence": "high", "basis": "Midpoint of median gross margin band (28%-35%) for small residential replacement roofing contractors", "source_access": "url" }, "dso_days": { "value": 56.6, "source": "Construction Financial Management Association 2024 https://www.cfma.org", "confidence": "low", "basis": "Average days sales outstanding across specialty trade contractors", "source_access": "url" }, "recurring_rev_pct": { "value": 10, "source": "BizMetricsHQ 2025 https://bizmetricshq.com", "confidence": "med", "basis": "Midpoint of maintenance and service agreement revenue share (5%-15%) for owner-operated roofing contractors", "source_access": "url" } } }, { "band": "1-5M", "band_label": "$1M to $5M annual revenue (small established contractor)", "metrics": { "gross_margin_pct": { "value": 28, "source": "Construction Financial Management Association (CFMA) 2024 Construction Financial Benchmarker, https://cfma.org", "confidence": "med", "basis": "Median gross profit margin for roofing specialty trade contractors", "source_access": "url" }, "collection_rate_pct": { "value": 85.1, "source": "Level CFO analysis of 464 contractors, https://levelcfo.com/benchmarks/contractor", "confidence": "low", "basis": "Median cash collected as a percentage of amounts billed, n=464 companies", "source_access": "url" }, "dso_days": { "value": 56.6, "source": "Construction Financial Management Association (CFMA) 2024 Construction Financial Benchmarker, https://cfma.org", "confidence": "low", "basis": "Average days sales outstanding across construction and specialty trade contractors", "source_access": "url" }, "recurring_rev_pct": { "value": 5, "source": "BizMetricsHQ 2026 Roofing Contractor Financial Benchmarks, https://bizmetricshq.com", "confidence": "high", "basis": "Share of total revenue from maintenance agreements and service contracts for $1M-$5M roofing contractors", "source_access": "url" } } }, { "band": "5-20M", "band_label": "$5M to $20M annual revenue (mid-market, multi-crew)", "metrics": { "gross_margin_pct": { "value": 37.5, "source": null, "confidence": "high", "basis": "Gross profit margin midpoint of 35% to 40% range for mid-market roofing contractors ($2M to $30M revenue tier)", "source_access": "missing" }, "collection_rate_pct": { "value": 85.1, "source": "Level CFO analysis of 464 contractors, https://levelcfo.com/benchmarks/contractor", "confidence": "low", "basis": "Median cash collected as a percentage of amounts billed, n=464 companies", "source_access": "url" }, "dso_days": { "value": 55.2, "source": "CFMA Construction Financial Benchmarker (2025) https://cfma.org", "confidence": "low", "basis": "Average days in accounts receivable (DSO) for Specialty Trade contractors", "source_access": "url" } } }, { "band": "20M+", "band_label": "over $20M annual revenue (large / regional / PE-backed)", "metrics": { "gross_margin_pct": { "value": 25, "source": "IBISWorld 2025 Roofing Contractors Industry Analysis via IL Roofing Institute (https://ilroofinginstitute.com)", "confidence": "high", "basis": "Average gross profit margin for commercial roofing contractor projects", "source_access": "url" }, "collection_rate_pct": { "value": 85.1, "source": "Level CFO analysis of 464 contractors, https://levelcfo.com/benchmarks/contractor", "confidence": "low", "basis": "Median cash collected as a percentage of amounts billed, n=464 companies", "source_access": "url" }, "dso_days": { "value": 56.6, "source": "CFMA 2024 Construction Financial Benchmarker via DocJoist (https://docjoist.com)", "confidence": "med", "basis": "Average days sales outstanding for specialty construction contractors", "source_access": "url" }, "recurring_rev_pct": { "value": 20, "source": "Auctus Capital 2026 Commercial Roofing Valuation Analysis (https://auctuscapitalinc.com)", "confidence": "high", "basis": "Share of total revenue from recurring maintenance and service agreements in commercial roofing platforms", "source_access": "url" } } } ] }, "geo": { "states": [ { "name": "Alabama", "where": "AL", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 21.33, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -12.97, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_al.htm", "license_regime": "Alabama requires state-level licensing for roofing contractors. Residential roofing contractors undertaking jobs of $2,500 or more must be licensed by the Alabama Home Builders Licensure Board (HBLB) under the Residential Roofer tier, which requires holding a local municipal or county contractor license for at least one year. For commercial or public construction projects valued at $100,000 or more, contractors must be licensed by the Alabama Licensing Board for General Contractors (LBGC) under the Roofing and Sheet Metal Specialty classification.", "license_source": "Alabama Home Builders Licensure Board (HBLB) and Alabama Licensing Board for General Contractors (LBGC), 2024, https://hblb.alabama.gov", "bonding_requirement": "Residential roofers licensed by the Home Builders Licensure Board must post a $10,000 surety bond naming the board as obligee (Ala. Admin. Code Rule 465-X-3-.04). Commercial general contractors licensed by the LBGC must maintain general liability insurance and provide financial statements verifying net worth/capital based on requested bid limits.", "bonding_source": "Alabama Administrative Code Rule 465-X-3-.04 / Alabama Home Builders Licensure Board, 2024, https://hblb.alabama.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "In Alabama, employment for Roofers (SOC 47-2181) was estimated at 740 workers, representing an occupational density (location quotient) of 0.41 relative to the U.S. national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_al.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 21.33 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Alaska", "where": "AK", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 30.64, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 25.01, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ak.htm", "license_regime": "A state-level license is required in Alaska to operate as a roofing contractor. Licenses are issued statewide by the Division of Corporations, Business and Professional Licensing (DCBPL). Roofers are licensed as Specialty Contractors (Roofing specialty). Contractors performing work on residential structures (one- and two-family dwellings) must additionally obtain a Residential Contractor Endorsement under AS 08.18.025, which requires completing a 16-hour Arctic Engineering / Cold Climate coursework.", "license_source": "Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development - Division of Corporations, Business and Professional Licensing, 2024, https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/cbpl/ProfessionalLicensing/ConstructionContractors.aspx", "bonding_requirement": "Specialty contractors must post a minimum $10,000 surety bond (AS 08.18.071), or $20,000 if holding a residential endorsement. Under AS 08.18.101, public liability insurance minimums are $20,000 for property damage, $50,000 for bodily injury or death to one person, and $100,000 for bodily injury or death to more than one person. Workers' compensation insurance is required for all contractors with one or more employees.", "bonding_source": "Alaska Statutes Title 08, Chapter 18 (AS 08.18.071 and AS 08.18.101) / Division of Corporations, Business and Professional Licensing, 2024, https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/cbpl/ProfessionalLicensing/ConstructionContractors.aspx", "market_size_or_density_note": "Alaska had an estimated 180 employed roofers (SOC 47-2181) with a location quotient of 0.66, indicating worker density in the state is approximately 34% lower than the national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ak.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 30.64 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Arizona", "where": "AZ", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 24.01, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -2.04, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_az.htm", "license_regime": "Arizona requires a state-level contractor license administered by the Arizona Registrar of Contractors (AZ ROC) under A.R.S. Title 32, Chapter 10 for any roofing project totaling $1,000 or more in labor and materials. License classifications/tiers for roofing include Residential Roofing (R-42), Commercial Roofing (C-42), and Dual Commercial/Residential Roofing (CR-42 / KA-42). Local cities and counties do not issue separate trade licenses, though local building permits are required.", "license_source": "Arizona Registrar of Contractors (AZ ROC), 2024, https://roc.az.gov", "bonding_requirement": "State contractors must post a continuous surety bond under A.R.S. § 32-1152 scaled by projected gross volume: residential roofing bonds range from $4,250 to $15,000, and commercial specialty roofing bonds range from $2,500 to $50,000. Dual license holders must meet both requirements. Residential contractors must also contribute to the Residential Contractors Recovery Fund (or post an alternative $200,000 surety bond). Additionally, general liability insurance ($500,000 minimum for residential) and workers' compensation coverage (A.R.S. § 23-961) are mandated.", "bonding_source": "Arizona Registrar of Contractors (AZ ROC), 2024, https://roc.az.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "As of May 2023, Arizona employed 3,240 Roofers (SOC 47-2181), yielding a location quotient of 1.16 (16% above the national baseline concentration of roofing employment).", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_az.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 24.01 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Arkansas", "where": "AR", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 21.94, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -10.49, "median_wage_source": "BLS OEWS, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_ar.htm", "license_regime": "State-level regulation is required. The Arkansas Contractors Licensing Board (ACLB) under the Department of Labor and Licensing regulates contractors statewide. Performing residential roofing work over $2,000 (labor and materials) requires a Residential Roofer Registration or Home Improvement Specialty / Residential Remodeler / Builder License. Commercial roofing projects valued at $50,000 or more require a Commercial Contractor License (Restricted for projects up to $750,000, Unrestricted for any value).", "license_source": "Arkansas Contractors Licensing Board, 2024, https://www.labor.arkansas.gov/licensing/contractors-licensing-board", "bonding_requirement": "Residential Roofer Registrants must post a $15,000 surety bond. Commercial contractors require a $10,000 contractor license bond (or $200,000 to $500,000 bond in lieu of financial statements). Workers' Compensation insurance is required for all contractors with 1 or more employees.", "bonding_source": "Arkansas Contractors Licensing Board / Ark. Code § 17-25-604, 2024, https://www.labor.arkansas.gov/licensing/contractors-licensing-board", "market_size_or_density_note": "BLS OEWS reports 820 Roofers (SOC 47-2181) employed statewide in Arkansas, representing an employment density of 0.644 per 1,000 jobs (location quotient of 0.72).", "market_source": "BLS OEWS, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_ar.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 21.94 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "California", "where": "CA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 30.43, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 24.15, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ca.htm and https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472181.htm", "license_regime": "A state-level license is required in California for any roofing project with combined labor and material costs exceeding $500. Licensing is administered statewide by the Contractors State License Board (CSLB) rather than local counties or cities. Roofing contractors fall under the Class C Specialty Contractor category, specifically the C-39 Roofing Contractor classification. Applicants must document at least 4 years of journey-level experience within the last 10 years and pass both the California Law and Business Exam and the C-39 Trade Exam.", "license_source": "California Contractors State License Board (CSLB), 2024, https://www.cslb.ca.gov", "bonding_requirement": "All CSLB-licensed contractors must maintain a $25,000 contractor license bond (increased from $15,000 effective January 1, 2023, per SB 607 / B&P Code § 7071.6). Contracting businesses operating as LLCs must carry an additional $100,000 LLC employee/worker bond and general liability insurance with limits between $1,000,000 and $5,000,000 depending on personnel count. C-39 roofing contractors are also required to maintain workers' compensation insurance.", "bonding_source": "California Contractors State License Board (CSLB), 2023", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS data, California employed 18,920 roofers (SOC 47-2181) as of May 2023, representing 1.054 roofers per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 1.18. California has the second-highest total employment of roofers in the United States, behind Florida.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ca.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 30.43 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Colorado", "where": "CO", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 25.01, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 2.04, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), May 2023 OEWS State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Colorado (https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_co.htm) and May 2023 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates for SOC 47-2181 Roofers (https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472181.htm)", "license_regime": "No state-level contractor license or registration is required for roofing in Colorado. Licensing for general contractors and specialty roofing trades is managed entirely at the local municipal or county level (such as Denver, Aurora, or Boulder). State-level trade licensing under DORA is limited to electrical and plumbing trades.", "license_source": "Colorado Department of Regulatory Agencies (DORA), 2024, https://dora.colorado.gov", "bonding_requirement": "There are no state-level surety bond or liability insurance minimums mandated by a state contractor board in Colorado for roofing contractors, as licensing and bonding obligations are established by individual local city and county jurisdictions.", "bonding_source": "Colorado Department of Regulatory Agencies (DORA), 2024, https://dora.colorado.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "Colorado employs 2,920 roofers (SOC 47-2181) with a location quotient of 1.16, indicating a 16% higher concentration of roofing trade employment relative to the U.S. national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), May 2023 OEWS State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Colorado, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_co.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 25.01 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Connecticut", "where": "CT", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 29.62, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 20.85, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ct.htm (Connecticut) and https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472181.htm (National)", "license_regime": "Connecticut does not issue a roofing-specific trade license at the state level. However, statewide registration with the Connecticut Department of Consumer Protection (DCP) is required: contractors performing residential roofing projects exceeding $200 must register as Home Improvement Contractors (HIC), while contractors performing structural work on commercial/large-scale buildings exceeding statutory threshold limits (e.g., 4+ stories, 60 ft height, or 150,000 sq ft) must register as Major Contractors.", "license_source": "Connecticut Department of Consumer Protection (DCP), 2024, https://portal.ct.gov/dcp/trade-practices-division/home-improvement-for-consumers", "bonding_requirement": "Connecticut does not require a surety bond to obtain a Home Improvement Contractor registration. However, contractors must hold a minimum of $20,000 in general liability insurance, provide proof of workers' compensation insurance if employing workers, and contribute $100 to the state Home Improvement Guaranty Fund.", "bonding_source": "Connecticut Department of Consumer Protection (DCP), 2024, https://portal.ct.gov/dcp/trade-practices-division/home-improvement-for-consumers", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS May 2023 data, Connecticut had an estimated total employment of 820 Roofers (SOC 47-2181), representing approximately 0.492 roofers per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 0.55 relative to national employment density.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ct.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 29.62 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Delaware", "where": "DE", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 24.94, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 1.75, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_de.htm", "license_regime": "Delaware does not issue a state-level specialty trade license for roofing contractors. Instead, roofing contractors are regulated under Delaware's general contractor registration system, requiring registration with the Delaware Department of Labor Office of Contractor Registration and a business license from the Delaware Division of Revenue. Registration tiers are categorized by residency status (Resident Contractor vs. Non-Resident Contractor) and whether the contractor bids on state contracts.", "license_source": "Delaware Department of Labor & Division of Revenue, 2024, https://revenue.delaware.gov/contractors-resident-and-non-resident", "bonding_requirement": "In-state resident contractors have no state-level surety bond requirement. Non-resident contractors must post a surety bond equal to 6% of the contract amount for single or aggregate contracts totaling $20,000 or more per calendar year. All contractors with employees must maintain active Workers' Compensation and Unemployment Insurance coverage.", "bonding_source": "Delaware Division of Revenue, 2020", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS May 2023 estimates, Delaware employed approximately 180 roofers (SOC 47-2181), representing a density of 0.384 roofers per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 0.43.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_de.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 24.94 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Florida", "where": "FL", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 22.42, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -8.53, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Florida, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_fl.htm", "license_regime": "A state-level license is required in Florida to perform roofing contracting work, governed by the Department of Business and Professional Regulation (DBPR) Construction Industry Licensing Board. Licensing tiers consist of Certified Roofing Contractor (CCC, which permits statewide practice in any Florida county) and Registered Roofing Contractor (RG, which limits practice to specific local city/county jurisdictions where a local certificate of competency is held).", "license_source": "Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation (DBPR), Construction Industry Licensing Board, 2024", "bonding_requirement": "Roofing contractors must carry mandatory public liability insurance of at least $100,000 public liability and $25,000 property damage (under Florida Administrative Code Rule 61G4-15.003) as well as workers' compensation coverage (or an approved exemption). Additionally, applicants with a FICO credit score below 660 must post a financial responsibility surety bond or irrevocable letter of credit to meet state licensing standards.", "bonding_source": "Florida Administrative Code, Rule 61G4-15.003 Public Liability Insurance & DBPR Construction Industry Licensing Board Financial Responsibility Rules, 2024, https://www.flrules.org/gateway/ruleNo.asp?id=61G4-15.003", "market_size_or_density_note": "Florida has the highest employment level for Roofers of any U.S. state, employing 25,190 roofers (SOC 47-2181) with a Location Quotient of 2.96 and a density of 2.63 roofers per 1,000 jobs.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wages - Roofers, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472181.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 22.42 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Georgia", "where": "GA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 22.82, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -6.9, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "license_regime": "Georgia does not require a statewide trade license specifically for roofing contractors. Roofing is treated as an exempt specialty trade at the state level, though local city or county business licenses and building permits are required. Roofers may optionally obtain a Residential Basic, Residential Light Commercial, or General Contractor license through the state board.", "license_source": "Georgia State Licensing Board for Residential and General Contractors, 2024, https://sos.ga.gov/georgia-state-licensing-board-residential-and-general-contractors", "bonding_requirement": "For state-licensed residential/general contractors, general liability insurance minimums are $300,000 per occurrence for Residential Basic and $500,000 per occurrence for General Contractors and Residential Light Commercial, with Workers' Compensation required for 3 or more employees. Under O.C.G.A. § 43-41, a $25,000 surety bond may be filed to meet the board's $25,000 financial responsibility/net worth requirement.", "bonding_source": "Georgia Code O.C.G.A. § 43-41 / Georgia State Licensing Board for Residential and General Contractors, 2024, https://sos.ga.gov/georgia-state-licensing-board-residential-and-general-contractors", "market_size_or_density_note": "The Roofing Contractors industry in Georgia includes 3,758 establishment locations and employs 7,519 workers statewide.", "market_source": "IBISWorld Roofing Contractors in Georgia Industry Analysis, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 22.82 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Hawaii", "where": "HI", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 28.51, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 16.32, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS State and National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_hi.htm", "license_regime": "Hawaii requires a state-level contractor license for roofing work where total project costs (labor and materials combined) exceed $1,500, administered statewide by the Hawaii Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs (DCCA) Contractors License Board under Hawaii Revised Statutes (HRS) Chapter 444. There are no county or municipal trade license tiers. Roofing is classified as a Specialty Contractor Class C license, specifically C-42 (Roofing Contractor), with specialized sub-classifications including C-42a (Aluminum and other metal shingles), C-42b (Wood shingles and shakes), C-42c (Concrete and clay tile), C-42e (Urethane foam), and C-42g (Roof coatings).", "license_source": "Hawaii Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs (DCCA), Professional and Vocational Licensing Division, Contractors License Board, 2024, https://cca.hawaii.gov/pvl/boards/contractors", "bonding_requirement": "The DCCA Contractors License Board requires a minimum surety bond of $5,000, which may be increased up to $300,000 on a case-by-case basis depending on the contractor's financial standing and scope of work (HRS § 444-16.5). License holders must also maintain general liability insurance with minimum limits of $100,000 per person and $300,000 per occurrence for bodily injury, and $50,000 per occurrence for property damage, as well as workers' compensation insurance if they have employees.", "bonding_source": "Hawaii Revised Statutes Chapter 444 and Hawaii DCCA Contractors License Board, 2024, https://cca.hawaii.gov/pvl/boards/contractors", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to data from the Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism (DBEDT) and U.S. Census Bureau County Business Patterns, Hawaii has 99 roofing contractor establishments (NAICS 238160) employing 1,276 total industry workers with an annual payroll of $62.8 million. BLS OEWS May 2023 reports an estimated 770 occupational roofers (SOC 47-2181) employed across the state.", "market_source": "Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism (DBEDT) / U.S. Census Bureau County Business Patterns, 2023, https://dbedt.hawaii.gov", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 28.51 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Idaho", "where": "ID", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 22.23, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -9.3, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Idaho, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_id.htm", "license_regime": "Idaho does not require a state-level trade license for roofing contractors. Instead, under the Idaho Contractor Registration Act (Idaho Code § 54-5201 et seq.), any contractor undertaking construction or roofing work exceeding $2,000 in labor and materials must register with the Idaho Contractors Board within the Division of Occupational and Professional Licenses (DOPL). No state trade exam or specialty licensing tiers exist for roofers, though local city or county jurisdictions may require local permits or licenses.", "license_source": "Idaho Division of Occupational and Professional Licenses (DOPL), Idaho Contractors Board, 2024, https://dopl.idaho.gov/con", "bonding_requirement": "Idaho does not mandate a statewide surety bond for standard contractor registration. However, contractors registering with DOPL must maintain general liability insurance with a single limit minimum of $300,000 (including completed operations coverage) and maintain workers' compensation insurance or submit an official statement of exemption.", "bonding_source": "Idaho Division of Occupational and Professional Licenses (DOPL) / Idaho Code § 54-5208, 2024, https://dopl.idaho.gov/con", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS May 2023 OEWS data, Idaho had an estimated total employment of 1,130 roofers (SOC 47-2181) with a location quotient of 1.55, representing a 55% higher concentration of roofing workers relative to the national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Idaho, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_id.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 22.23 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Illinois", "where": "IL", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 30.51, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 24.48, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_il.htm", "license_regime": "A state-level license issued by the Illinois Department of Financial and Professional Regulation (IDFPR) is required under the Illinois Roofing Industry Licensing Act (225 ILCS 335). Tiers consist of: 1) Limited Roofing License (residential roofing on structures with 8 units or fewer) and 2) Unlimited Roofing License (residential, commercial, and industrial roofing). Applicants must designate a qualifying party who passes the state exam.", "license_source": "Illinois Department of Financial and Professional Regulation (IDFPR), 2024, https://idfpr.illinois.gov", "bonding_requirement": "Requires a continuous surety bond of $10,000 for a Limited Roofing License or $25,000 for an Unlimited Roofing License. Mandatory minimum insurance coverage includes $500,000 per occurrence for general liability/personal injury and $250,000 per occurrence for property damage, plus workers' compensation insurance if the contractor has employees.", "bonding_source": "Illinois Administrative Code Title 68 Section 1460 (68 Ill. Adm. Code 1460.20 & 1460.30), 2024", "market_size_or_density_note": "IBISWorld reports 4,377 roofing contractor establishment locations in Illinois employing 8,872 workers. BLS OEWS reports 6,240 employed roofers (SOC 47-2181) in Illinois with a location quotient of 1.17, indicating an occupational density 17% higher than the U.S. national average.", "market_source": "IBISWorld Roofing Contractors in Illinois Industry Report, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com / U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_il.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 30.51 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Indiana", "where": "IN", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 23.93, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -2.37, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_in.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level license is required for roofing contractors in Indiana. Roofing contractor licensing and contractor registration are administered strictly at the local city and county level (e.g., Indianapolis/Marion County or Fort Wayne/Allen County).", "license_source": "Indiana Professional Licensing Agency (IPLA) / Indiana Contractor Authority, 2024, https://indianacontractorauthority.com", "bonding_requirement": "No state-level surety bond or insurance minimums exist because Indiana does not issue a statewide roofing license. Local jurisdictions set their own requirements; for example, the City of Indianapolis requires a $10,000 surety bond and $500,000 in general liability insurance.", "market_size_or_density_note": "Indiana's roofing contractor industry includes 2,433 business establishment locations and employs approximately 7,828 workers statewide.", "market_source": "IBISWorld, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 23.93 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Iowa", "where": "IA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 22.98, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -6.24, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ia.htm", "license_regime": "Iowa does not issue a specific state trade license or require exams for roofers. Under Iowa Code Chapter 91C, any individual or business performing construction work (including roofing) who earns $2,000 or more per year must register as a Construction Contractor with the Iowa Department of Inspections, Appeals, and Licensing (DIAL). No state trade tiers exist for roofing; registration is a single general category. Municipalities (e.g., Des Moines, Cedar Rapids) may enforce local licensing or permitting requirements.", "license_source": "Iowa Department of Inspections, Appeals, and Licensing (DIAL) / Iowa Code Chapter 91C, 2024, https://dia.iowa.gov", "bonding_requirement": "In-state registered construction contractors are not subject to a state-level surety bond requirement, whereas out-of-state contractors must post a $25,000 surety bond with DIAL. All registered contractors must obtain an Iowa Unemployment Insurance account number, and those with one or more employees must carry Workers' Compensation insurance. Municipalities routinely require proof of public liability insurance (typically $500,000 minimum).", "bonding_source": "Iowa Department of Inspections, Appeals, and Licensing (DIAL) / Iowa Code Chapter 91C, 2024, https://dia.iowa.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "Iowa employed 1,080 roofers (SOC 47-2181) as of May 2023, representing 0.699 roofers per 1,000 jobs in the state and a Location Quotient (LQ) of 0.79 compared to the national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ia.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 22.98 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Kansas", "where": "KS", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 22.83, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -6.85, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Kansas, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_ks.htm", "license_regime": "Kansas does not issue a statewide occupational trade license for roofers; instead, under the Kansas Roofing Registration Act (K.S.A. 50-6,121 et seq.), all contractors offering commercial or residential roofing services for a fee must obtain a statewide Roofing Contractor Registration Certificate from the Office of the Kansas Attorney General. General contractors meeting specific statutory criteria are exempt. Trade licenses and competency exams are regulated at the local city or county level (e.g., Johnson County Class DR, Lawrence Class D, Wichita/Sedgwick County).", "license_source": "Office of the Kansas Attorney General, Kansas Roofing Registration Act (K.S.A. 50-6,121 et seq.), 2023", "bonding_requirement": "State registration with the Kansas Attorney General requires proof of commercial general liability insurance of at least $500,000 per occurrence (listing the Office of the Kansas Attorney General as certificate holder) and workers' compensation insurance (or statutory affidavit of exemption). No statewide surety bond is required for the AG registration certificate, though individual municipalities and counties may require local license or permit bonds.", "bonding_source": "Office of the Kansas Attorney General, Roofing Contractor Registration Requirements, 2023", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to the BLS OEWS May 2023 estimates, Kansas employed 810 roofers (SOC 47-2181) with an employment density of 0.575 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 0.65. State long-term projections (Projections Central / O*NET) estimate baseline employment of 1,040 roofers growing to 1,090 by 2032 (5% growth rate) with approximately 90 annual job openings.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2023 OEWS & Projections Central / O*NET OnLine 2022-2032 Projections, 2023, https://www.onetonline.org/link/localtrends/47-2181.00?st=KS", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 22.83 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Kentucky", "where": "KY", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 22.56, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -7.96, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023 (https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_ky.htm)", "license_regime": "Kentucky does not require a state-level license for roofing contractors. State trade licensing under the Department of Housing, Buildings and Construction (DHBC) is restricted to specific trades such as electrical, plumbing, and HVAC. General contracting and roofing regulation is handled at the local city and county level (e.g., Louisville Metro contractor registration). The Kentucky Roofing Contractors Association (KRCA) provides a voluntary statewide certification tier.", "license_source": "Kentucky Department of Housing, Buildings and Construction (DHBC), 2026 (https://dhbc.ky.gov)", "bonding_requirement": "There are no mandatory statewide bonding or general liability insurance minimums for roofers under state law. However, local jurisdictions set their own insurance standards for local registration (e.g., $100,000 general liability in Bowling Green). For voluntary KRCA certification, contractors must hold at least $1,000,000 in general liability insurance, maintain active workers' compensation insurance, and post a $10,000 surety bond.", "bonding_source": "Kentucky Roofing Contractors Association (KRCA) / Kentucky Department of Housing, Buildings and Construction (DHBC), 2026 (https://krca.org)", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to May 2023 OEWS data, Kentucky had an estimated employment of 1,000 Roofers (SOC 47-2181), representing a location quotient of 0.57 compared to the national average employment density.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023 (https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_ky.htm)", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 22.56 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Louisiana", "where": "LA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 20.82, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -15.06, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_la.htm", "license_regime": "State-level licensing is required in Louisiana, administered by the Louisiana State Licensing Board for Contractors (LSLBC). Tiers include Commercial License (required for commercial projects of $50,000 or more), Residential License (required for residential building/roofing projects exceeding $50,000), and Home Improvement Registration (required for residential home improvement/roofing projects valued between $7,500 and $50,000).", "license_source": "Louisiana State Licensing Board for Contractors (LSLBC), 2024, https://www.lslbc.louisiana.gov", "bonding_requirement": "LSLBC requires Residential applicants and Home Improvement registrants to maintain a minimum of $100,000 in Commercial General Liability (CGL) insurance and proof of Workers' Compensation coverage as a condition of holding an active license. Commercial applicants must demonstrate a minimum net worth of $10,000; surety bond requirements vary by project type and license classification.", "bonding_source": "Louisiana State Licensing Board for Contractors (LSLBC) Required Documents, 2024, https://www.lslbc.louisiana.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "Louisiana has 830 employed Roofers (SOC 47-2181) with a location quotient of 0.51 relative to national density.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_la.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 20.82 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Maine", "where": "ME", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 23.05, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -5.96, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023 (https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes23_me.htm and https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes23_nat.htm)", "license_regime": "No statewide roofing contractor license is required in Maine. Roofing and general construction contractors are not licensed at the state level, though local municipal business licenses or permits may be required by individual cities (such as Portland and Bangor). Under Maine Title 10, Section 1487, written contracts are required for home construction/remodeling projects exceeding $3,000.", "license_source": "Maine Office of Professional and Occupational Regulation (OPOR) / Department of Professional and Financial Regulation, 2026 (https://www.maine.gov/pfr/professionallicensing)", "bonding_requirement": "Maine has no statewide surety bond requirement or state-mandated general liability insurance minimums for roofers, as there is no state-level trade license. However, state law (Title 39-A) requires all construction employers with one or more employees to maintain workers' compensation insurance.", "bonding_source": "Maine Workers' Compensation Board / Title 39-A M.R.S.A., 2026 (https://www.maine.gov/wcb/)", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to IBISWorld, Maine has 482 roofing contractor industry locations and 1,189 industry employees. U.S. BLS OEWS May 2023 data reports 570 employed Roofers (SOC 47-2181) across Maine.", "market_source": "IBISWorld, 'Roofing Contractors in Maine' Report ME23816, 2026 (https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/) and U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS, May 2023 (https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes23_me.htm)", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 23.05 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Maryland", "where": "MD", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 26.54, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 8.28, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_md.htm", "license_regime": "State-level licensing is required for residential roofing work through the Maryland Home Improvement Commission (MHIC), a division of the Maryland Department of Labor. Anyone contracting directly with residential property owners for home improvements over $500 must hold an MHIC Contractor License, which requires passing an exam and showing two years of experience. Subcontractor licenses were eliminated in 2016, so subcontractors working under licensed MHIC contractors do not require separate state trade licenses. Commercial roofing is not regulated by a statewide trade license.", "license_source": "Maryland Home Improvement Commission (MHIC), Maryland Department of Labor, 2024, https://www.labor.maryland.gov/license/mhic", "bonding_requirement": "Effective June 1, 2024, all MHIC-licensed contractors must maintain at least $500,000 in general liability insurance. Applicants must meet personal financial solvency guidelines; those who do not meet solvency requirements must post a $20,000 or $30,000 surety bond (or $100,000 bond in lieu of financial statements). Contractors must also contribute $100 to the MHIC Guaranty Fund at initial licensure.", "bonding_source": "Maryland Home Improvement Commission (MHIC), Maryland Department of Labor, 2024, https://www.labor.maryland.gov/license/mhic", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to May 2023 BLS OEWS estimates, Maryland employed 2,660 Roofers (SOC 47-2181), with an occupational density of 0.993 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 1.12.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_md.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 26.54 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Massachusetts", "where": "MA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 33.32, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 35.94, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_ma.htm", "license_regime": "Massachusetts regulates roofing at the state level through a dual track. Contractors performing home improvement or roofing work exceeding $1,000 on owner-occupied 1-to-4 unit residential properties must obtain a Home Improvement Contractor (HIC) registration with the Office of Consumer Affairs and Business Regulation (OCABR). Supervisory authority and structural roofing work require a Construction Supervisor License (CSL) issued by the Board of Building Regulations and Standards (BBRS) / Office of Public Safety and Inspections (OPSI). CSL license tiers include Unrestricted CSL (structures under 35,000 cu ft), Restricted CSL (1- and 2-family dwellings), and Specialty CSL (Roof Covering).", "license_source": "Massachusetts Office of Consumer Affairs and Business Regulation (OCABR) / Board of Building Regulations and Standards (BBRS), 2024, https://www.mass.gov/orgs/office-of-consumer-affairs-and-business-regulation", "bonding_requirement": "State registration does not require an individual private surety bond for standard licensing; instead, HIC registrants contribute to the state Residential Contractor Guaranty Fund based on company headcount ($100 for 0-3 employees up to $500 for >30 employees, protecting homeowners up to $25,000). Contractors must maintain General Liability insurance ($1,000,000 per occurrence industry standard) and Workers' Compensation insurance, which is mandatory for all construction sole proprietors and employers under M.G.L. c. 152.", "bonding_source": "Massachusetts General Laws Chapter 142A and Chapter 152, Office of Consumer Affairs and Business Regulation, 2024", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS data, Massachusetts employed 2,450 roofers (SOC 47-2181), translating to 0.67 roofers per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 0.76. State tax analysis by UMass from Massachusetts Department of Revenue records reported 831 roofing contractor business entities (NAICS 238160) active in the state.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_ma.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 33.32 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Michigan", "where": "MI", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 24.79, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 1.14, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_mi.htm", "license_regime": "State-level licensing is required for residential roofing work on projects valued at $600 or more. The state offers two primary license tiers administered by LARA's Bureau of Construction Codes: (1) Residential Maintenance & Alteration (M&A) Contractor License with a specific Roofing trade classification, and (2) Residential Builder License (covering general residential construction and remodeling). Standalone commercial roofing is not licensed at the state level but is regulated via local building permits and codes.", "license_source": "Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs (LARA) / Bureau of Construction Codes, 2024, https://www.michigan.gov/lara", "bonding_requirement": "LARA requires general liability insurance (minimum $100,000 per occurrence) and Workers' Compensation coverage (required if employing 3+ workers or 1 employee working 35+ hours/week). The state does not require a universal state-level surety bond for standard licensing, though local municipalities (such as Detroit or Oakland County jurisdictions) independently enforce local contractor surety bonds ranging from $1,000 to $25,000.", "bonding_source": "Michigan Occupational Code (MCL § 339.2412) / Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs (LARA), 2024, https://www.michigan.gov/lara", "market_size_or_density_note": "Michigan employs 2,990 Roofers (SOC 47-2181), representing a contractor density of 0.689 roofers per 1,000 total jobs and a location quotient of 0.77 compared to the national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_mi.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 24.79 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Minnesota", "where": "MN", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 30.29, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 23.58, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_mn.htm", "license_regime": "State-level licensing is required for residential roofing contractors in Minnesota under Minn. Stat. § 326B.802, administered by the Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry (DLI). License tiers include Residential Roofer, Residential Building Contractor, and Residential Remodeler. Each licensed entity must employ a designated Qualifying Person who passes the DLI prelicensing examination. Contractors earning under $15,000 in annual gross residential contracting receipts are exempt.", "license_source": "Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry, 2024, https://www.dli.mn.gov/business/residential-contractors/who-needs-roofer-license", "bonding_requirement": "Applicants must maintain a $15,000 Residential Roofer surety bond, general liability insurance of at least $300,000 per occurrence (including at least $10,000 property damage coverage), and active Minnesota workers' compensation insurance.", "bonding_source": "Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry, 2024, https://www.dli.mn.gov/business/residential-contractors/roofer-license", "market_size_or_density_note": "Minnesota has 1,930 employed Roofers (SOC 47-2181) representing 0.672 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 0.75 relative to the national average. Statewide roofing contractor industry performance and establishment counts are tracked by IBISWorld.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_mn.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 30.29 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Mississippi", "where": "MS", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 18.47, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -24.64, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ms.htm", "license_regime": "State-level licensing is required by the Mississippi State Board of Contractors (MSBOC). State licensure is required for residential roofing projects exceeding $10,000 and commercial roofing projects exceeding $50,000. License tiers include Residential Roofing License and Commercial Roofing Specialty License (or major Building classification).", "license_source": "Mississippi State Board of Contractors (MSBOC), 2024, https://www.msboc.us", "bonding_requirement": "Commercial roofing license holders must carry general liability insurance of at least $300,000 per occurrence / $600,000 aggregate and demonstrate a minimum net worth of $20,000 on a reviewed financial statement. Residential license holders must provide proof of general liability insurance listing MSBOC as certificate holder. Employers with 5 or more employees must carry workers' compensation insurance. General surety bonds are not mandatory for state licensing but may be required on specific contracts.", "bonding_source": "Mississippi State Board of Contractors (MSBOC), 2024, https://www.msboc.us", "market_size_or_density_note": "As of May 2023, Mississippi had 460 employed workers in the Roofing trade (SOC 47-2181), with an employment density of 0.397 per 1,000 jobs (location quotient of 0.45 relative to the national average).", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ms.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 18.47 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Missouri", "where": "MO", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 23.04, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -6, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_mo.htm", "license_regime": "Missouri does not require or issue a statewide roofing contractor license or general contractor license. Licensing and contractor registration are administered locally at the municipal and county levels (such as in Kansas City and St. Louis). Businesses operating as LLCs or corporations must register with the Missouri Secretary of State.", "license_source": "Missouri Division of Professional Registration, 2026, https://pr.mo.gov", "bonding_requirement": "There are no statewide surety bond or insurance minimums set by state law due to the lack of a statewide licensing board. Insurance and bonding requirements are established locally by municipal building departments (e.g., Kansas City requires $1,000,000 general liability insurance per occurrence and workers' compensation coverage).", "bonding_source": "Missouri Division of Professional Registration, 2026, https://pr.mo.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "Missouri employs 1,960 roofers (SOC 47-2181), representing an occupational density of 0.68 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 0.76 relative to national concentration.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_mo.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 23.04 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Montana", "where": "MT", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 23.4, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -4.53, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_mt.htm", "license_regime": "Montana does not require a trade-specific state license or competency exam for roofing contractors. However, any construction contractor with employees must register with the Montana Department of Labor and Industry (DLI) under the Construction Contractor Registration (CCR) program ($70 fee, renewed biennially). Sole proprietors working without employees must instead hold an Independent Contractor Exemption Certificate (ICEC) ($125 fee). Local city or county jurisdictions may require separate municipal licenses or permits.", "license_source": "Montana Department of Labor and Industry, 2024", "bonding_requirement": "Montana does not mandate a state-level surety bond for roofing contractors (bonds are required only for specific trades like water well contractors or by local municipal jurisdictions and public works contracts). However, contractors with employees are required to carry active Montana workers' compensation insurance.", "bonding_source": "Montana Department of Labor and Industry, 2024", "market_size_or_density_note": "Montana had an estimated employment of 470 roofers (SOC 47-2181) in May 2023, with a location quotient of 1.06, reflecting an occupational concentration 6% higher than the U.S. national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_mt.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 23.4 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Nebraska", "where": "NE", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 22.09, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -9.87, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ne.htm", "license_regime": "Nebraska does not require or issue a state-level trade license for roofing contractors. Instead, under the Nebraska Contractor Registration Act, any general contractor or subcontractor performing construction work (including roofing) and earning $2,000 or more annually must register with the Nebraska Department of Labor (NDOL). State registration is an administrative compliance measure rather than a trade competency license. Trade licensing, examinations, and permits are regulated locally by individual municipal and county building departments (e.g., Omaha, Lincoln).", "license_source": "Nebraska Department of Labor, Contractor Registration, 2025, https://dol.nebraska.gov/conreg", "bonding_requirement": "At the state level, in-state contractors registered with the NDOL have no surety bond requirement, but must provide proof of Workers' Compensation insurance (ACORD 25 certificate) if they have one or more employees. Out-of-state contractors are required to file a $25,000 surety bond with the NDOL upon registration. Local municipal jurisdictions set additional bond and insurance minimums; for example, the City of Lincoln requires $500,000 per occurrence general liability insurance, and Omaha/Douglas County requires a $10,000 contractor surety bond.", "bonding_source": "Nebraska Department of Labor, Nebraska Contractor Registration Act, 2025, https://dol.nebraska.gov/conreg", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS data, Nebraska had 1,470 employed Roofers (SOC 47-2181) as of May 2023. The trade had an employment density of 1.465 jobs per 1,000 total jobs in the state and a Location Quotient (LQ) of 1.65, indicating a 65% higher concentration of roofer jobs in Nebraska than the U.S. national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ne.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 22.09 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Nevada", "where": "NV", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 25.4, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 3.63, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS (published April 2024), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nv.htm", "license_regime": "A state-level license is required across Nevada under NRS Chapter 624 administered by the Nevada State Contractors Board (NSCB). Roofing falls under Specialty License Class C-15 (Roofing and Siding) or subclassification C-15a (Roofing). Licenses are assigned monetary limits by the board based on financial strength, experience, and project scope.", "license_source": "Nevada State Contractors Board (NSCB), 2024, https://www.nvcontractorsboard.com", "bonding_requirement": "A continuous surety bond or cash deposit is required in an amount fixed by the NSCB ranging from $1,000 to $500,000 pursuant to NRS 624.270, determined by the licensee's monetary limit and financial responsibility. Proof of workers' compensation insurance is also mandatory.", "bonding_source": "Nevada State Contractors Board (NSCB), 2024, https://www.nvcontractorsboard.com", "market_size_or_density_note": "Nevada employs approximately 2,040 Roofers (SOC 47-2181), corresponding to an employment density of 1.55 roofers per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 1.38 relative to the US national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS (published April 2024), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nv.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 25.4 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "New Hampshire", "where": "NH", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 24.16, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -1.43, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics & New Hampshire Employment Security, May 2024 OEWS", "license_regime": "New Hampshire does not require a state-level license for roofing contractors or roofers. Contractor licensing and building permits are handled at the municipal level, along with standard business registration through the New Hampshire Secretary of State.", "license_source": "New Hampshire Office of Professional Licensure and Certification (OPLC), 2024 (https://www.oplc.nh.gov)", "bonding_requirement": "There are no state-level surety bond or general liability insurance requirements for roofing contractors due to the absence of a state trade license. However, state law (RSA 281-A) mandates workers' compensation insurance for all employers, and individual municipalities may enforce local bonding minimums (e.g., Manchester requires a $5,000 bond).", "bonding_source": "New Hampshire General Court / Office of Professional Licensure and Certification, RSA 281-A Workers' Compensation Law, 2024 (https://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/NHTOC/NHTOC-XXIII-281-A.htm)", "market_size_or_density_note": "In New Hampshire, the roofing contractor industry (NAICS 238160) accounts for 100 private business establishments employing 560 workers, with an industry location quotient of 0.57 relative to the national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), 2024 (https://www.bls.gov/cew/)", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 24.16 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "citation-text-only", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "New Jersey", "where": "NJ", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 29.54, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 20.52, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) State Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_nj.htm", "license_regime": "In New Jersey, roofing contractors performing residential work over $500 must register statewide as Home Improvement Contractor Businesses (HICBs) with the New Jersey Division of Consumer Affairs under the Contractors' Business Registration Act (N.J.S.A. 56:8-136 et seq. and P.L. 2023, c. 237). New Jersey does not issue a distinct trade-specific license for roofing at the state level, though local municipal licensing and building code permits may apply.", "license_source": "New Jersey Division of Consumer Affairs, 2025, https://www.njconsumeraffairs.gov", "bonding_requirement": "Home Improvement Contractor Businesses (HICBs) must maintain a minimum of $500,000 per occurrence in commercial general liability insurance and workers' compensation coverage (unless legally exempt). Under N.J.S.A. 56:8-142 (P.L. 2023, c. 237), contractors must also maintain a compliance bond / additional security: $10,000 for single contracts under $10,000 (or annual volume under $150,000); $25,000 for single contracts between $10,000-$120,000 (or annual volume $150,000-$750,000); or $50,000 for single contracts over $120,000 (or annual volume over $750,000).", "bonding_source": "New Jersey Division of Consumer Affairs, 2025, https://www.njconsumeraffairs.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to the BLS OEWS, New Jersey had an estimated 2,290 employed Roofers (SOC 47-2181) as of May 2023, with a location quotient of 0.55, indicating that employment concentration for this trade in New Jersey is roughly 55% of the national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_nj.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 29.54 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "New Mexico", "where": "NM", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 20.14, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -17.83, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - New Mexico, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nm.htm", "license_regime": "State-level contractor licensing is required in New Mexico, administered by the Construction Industries Division (CID) under the Construction Industries Licensing Act (NMSA 1978, § 60-13-1 et seq.). The primary trade classification for roofing is GS-21 (Roofing), though general building licenses (GB-2 Residential and GB-98 General Building) also cover roofing work within broader project scopes. Obtaining a GS-21 license requires a designated Qualifying Party with at least 2 years (4,000 hours) of foreman-level practical experience, passing both the GS-21 trade exam and the New Mexico Business and Law exam, and state approval.", "license_source": "New Mexico Construction Industries Division (CID) / 14.6.6 NMAC, 2022", "bonding_requirement": "New Mexico CID requires all licensed contractors to post and maintain a $10,000 contractor license surety bond (NMSA 1978, § 60-13-43). Proof of workers' compensation insurance is also required for contractors with employees.", "bonding_source": "New Mexico Statutes Annotated 1978, Section 60-13-43 (NMSA 1978, § 60-13-43) / NM Regulation and Licensing Department, 2022, https://www.rld.nm.gov/construction-industries", "market_size_or_density_note": "As of May 2023, New Mexico employed 930 Roofers (SOC 47-2181) with a location quotient of 1.23, indicating a 23% higher occupational concentration than the U.S. national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - New Mexico, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nm.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 20.14 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "New York", "where": "NY", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 29.13, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 18.85, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_ny.htm", "license_regime": "No statewide roofing contractor or general contractor license is required in New York. Trade licensing is decentralized and administered at the city and county levels (e.g., Home Improvement Contractor licenses issued by New York City DCWP, Buffalo, Nassau, Suffolk, Westchester, Rockland, and Putnam counties). State-level statutory consumer standards for residential home improvement contracts are set under New York General Business Law Article 36-A.", "license_source": "New York State Office of the Attorney General, General Business Law Article 36-A, 2023", "bonding_requirement": "Because New York does not maintain a state-level contractor licensing board, surety bond and insurance minimums are mandated by local licensing jurisdictions rather than state statute (for example, New York City DCWP requires a $20,000 surety bond or $200 Trust Fund enrollment, along with workers' compensation and general liability insurance).", "bonding_source": "NYC Department of Consumer and Worker Protection (DCWP), 2024, https://www.nyc.gov/site/dca/businesses/license-checklist-home-improvement-contractor.page", "market_size_or_density_note": "New York State employs 4,800 roofers (SOC 47-2181) according to May 2023 BLS OEWS data, with IBISWorld tracking 3,492 roofing contractor industry establishments statewide.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_ny.htm and IBISWorld Roofing Contractors in New York Industry Report, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 29.13 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "North Carolina", "where": "NC", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 22.46, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -8.36, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023 (released April 2024), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nc.htm", "license_regime": "In North Carolina, roofing contractors are not subject to a standalone trade license board; however, any construction or roofing work valued at $30,000 or more in total cost (labor and materials) requires a state General Contractor license issued by the North Carolina Licensing Board for General Contractors (NCLBGC) under the Specialty Contractor - Roofing classification or General/Residential classifications. Projects under $30,000 do not require a state-level contractor license (though local permits apply). NCLBGC licenses are issued across three project-value tiers: Limited License (projects up to $750,000), Intermediate License (projects up to $1,500,000), and Unlimited License (no dollar limit).", "license_source": "North Carolina Licensing Board for General Contractors (NCLBGC), N.C. General Statutes Chapter 87, Article 1, 2024, https://www.nclbgc.org", "bonding_requirement": "Applicants must meet working capital/net worth standards or provide a surety bond in lieu of working capital: Limited License requires $17,000 working capital or $80,000 net worth, or a $175,000 surety bond; Intermediate License requires $75,000 working capital or a $500,000 surety bond; Unlimited License requires $150,000 working capital or a $1,000,000 surety bond. Licensed contractors are required to carry general liability insurance and Workers' Compensation insurance if employing 3 or more employees.", "bonding_source": "North Carolina Licensing Board for General Contractors (NCLBGC) / N.C. General Statutes § 87-10, 2024, https://www.nclbgc.org", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS (May 2023), North Carolina employed 2,910 Roofers (SOC 47-2181), representing 0.606 per 1,000 jobs with a location quotient of 0.68 relative to the U.S. average. IBISWorld reports 9,324 total employees across the broader NC Roofing Contractors industry (NAICS 23816) as of 2026.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, OEWS May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nc.htm; IBISWorld, Roofing Contractors in North Carolina Industry Report (NAICS NC23816), 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 22.46 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "North Dakota", "where": "ND", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 23.3, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -4.94, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023 (published April 2024), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nd.htm and https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nat.htm", "license_regime": "A state-level contractor license is required for any roofing project exceeding $4,000 pursuant to North Dakota Century Code Chapter 43-07, administered by the North Dakota Secretary of State. Roofing contractors hold a general contractor license as there is no separate state-level trade license for roofing. Licenses are tiered into four classes based on per-job contract limits: Class A (contracts over $500,000), Class B (contracts up to $500,000), Class C (contracts up to $300,000), and Class D (contracts up to $100,000).", "license_source": "North Dakota Secretary of State, Contractor Licensing / NDCC Chapter 43-07, 2024", "bonding_requirement": "Under NDCC Chapter 43-07, contractors must furnish a surety bond approved by the Secretary of State: $2,000 for Class A licenses and $1,000 for Class B, C, and D licenses (Class D may furnish a personal bond with two sureties). Applicants must also provide a Certificate of General Liability Insurance naming the ND Secretary of State as certificate holder and proof of Workers' Compensation compliance through Workforce Safety & Insurance (WSI).", "bonding_source": "North Dakota Secretary of State, Schedule A - Bond for Contractor's License / NDCC Chapter 43-07, 2024", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS May 2023 data, North Dakota employs approximately 360 roofers (SOC 47-2181) with a location quotient of 0.96 relative to the national average. Industry analysis from IBISWorld indicates approximately 308 roofing contractor establishments operating in North Dakota, accounting for roughly 0.2% of state GDP.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023 (published April 2024), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nd.htm and IBISWorld, Roofing Contractors in North Dakota Industry Report, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 23.3 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Ohio", "where": "OH", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 24.53, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 0.08, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, OEWS May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_oh.htm", "license_regime": "Ohio does not require or issue a statewide license for roofing contractors. The Ohio Construction Industry Licensing Board (OCILB) regulates specific trades (electrical, HVAC, plumbing, hydronics, and refrigeration), but standalone roofing is regulated and licensed at the local municipal and county levels (e.g., Columbus, Cleveland, Cincinnati). Residential home improvement work exceeding $25 in labor and materials triggers registration with the Ohio Attorney General under ORC Chapter 4722.", "license_source": "Ohio Department of Commerce, Ohio Construction Industry Licensing Board (OCILB), 2026, https://com.ohio.gov/divisions-and-programs/industrial-compliance/boards/ohio-construction-industry-licensing-board", "bonding_requirement": "Ohio has no statewide surety bond or general liability insurance requirement for roofing contractors; bonding and liability insurance minimums are set by local municipalities (e.g., $25,000 bond in Columbus and Cleveland, $10,000 bond in Cincinnati). All employers operating in Ohio are required to carry workers' compensation coverage through the Ohio Bureau of Workers' Compensation.", "bonding_source": "Ohio Bureau of Workers' Compensation, 2026, https://www.bwc.ohio.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "The market size of the Roofing Contractors industry in Ohio is $4.5 billion in 2026, with 3,738 business establishments operating statewide.", "market_source": "IBISWorld, Roofing Contractors in Ohio - Market Size, Industry Analysis, Trends and Statistics, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 24.53 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Oklahoma", "where": "OK", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 19.71, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -19.58, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023 (published April 2024), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ok.htm", "license_regime": "Statewide registration is required in Oklahoma for all roofing contractors under the Roofing Contractor Registration Act (RCRA), administered by the Oklahoma Construction Industries Board (CIB). Registration tiers include standard Residential Roofing Contractor Registration and a Commercial Roofing Contractor Endorsement (which requires passing a trade examination).", "license_source": "Oklahoma Construction Industries Board (CIB), Roofing Contractor Registration Act Regulations, 2024", "bonding_requirement": "Oklahoma does not require a state surety bond for CIB roofing contractor registration. However, CIB mandates general liability insurance of at least $500,000 for residential roofing contractors and $1,000,000 for commercial endorsement holders, plus statutory workers' compensation insurance or proof of exemption.", "bonding_source": "Oklahoma Construction Industries Board (CIB), Roofing Contractor Insurance Requirements, 2024", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to May 2023 BLS OEWS data, Oklahoma employed 940 roofers statewide (SOC 47-2181), with a location quotient of 0.64, indicating occupational concentration in the state is 36% below the U.S. national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023 (published April 2024), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ok.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 19.71 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Oregon", "where": "OR", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 23.54, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -3.96, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Oregon, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_or.htm", "license_regime": "State-level license required. In Oregon, anyone performing construction work for compensation must hold a state license issued by the Oregon Construction Contractors Board (CCB) under ORS Chapter 701. Licensees select structure-based endorsements including Residential Specialty Contractor (RSC), Residential General Contractor (RGC), Commercial Specialty Contractor (CSC Level 1 and Level 2), and Commercial General Contractor (CGC Level 1 and Level 2).", "license_source": "Oregon Construction Contractors Board (CCB), Endorsement Categories & ORS Chapter 701, 2024", "bonding_requirement": "Surety bond minimums vary by endorsement level: Residential Specialty Contractor ($15,000-$20,000), Residential General Contractor ($20,000-$25,000), Commercial Specialty Contractor ($20,000-$50,000), and Commercial General Contractor ($20,000-$75,000). General liability insurance minimums range from $300,000 per occurrence for Residential Specialty Contractors to $500,000 per occurrence for Residential General Contractors and up to $1,000,000/$2,000,000 for Commercial General Contractors. Workers' compensation coverage is mandatory if employing workers.", "bonding_source": "Oregon Construction Contractors Board (CCB) / Oregon Revised Statutes ORS 701.081 & 701.084, 2024", "market_size_or_density_note": "Oregon employs approximately 3,690 roofers (SOC 47-2181) with a location quotient of 2.13 (1.90 jobs per 1,000 total jobs in the state), representing a trade density more than double the national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Oregon, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_or.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 23.54 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Pennsylvania", "where": "PA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 23.24, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -5.18, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_pa.htm", "license_regime": "Pennsylvania does not require a state-level trade license specifically for roofers. However, contractors performing $5,000 or more in residential home improvement work (including residential roofing) annually must register as a Home Improvement Contractor (HIC) with the Pennsylvania Office of Attorney General under the Home Improvement Consumer Protection Act (HICPA, 73 P.S. § 517.1 et seq.). Commercial roofing and trade permits are governed at the local municipal level. There are no state license tiers, as registration is a consumer protection filing rather than a trade credential.", "license_source": "Pennsylvania Office of Attorney General, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Home Improvement Consumer Protection Act (HICPA), 2024", "bonding_requirement": "Under HICPA, registered contractors must maintain minimum general liability insurance of $50,000 for personal injury and $50,000 for property damage, plus workers' compensation insurance if they employ workers. A state surety bond is not required for basic registration, although local municipalities or contractors with previous legal/registration violations may require a surety bond.", "bonding_source": "Pennsylvania Office of Attorney General, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Home Improvement Consumer Protection Act (HICPA), 2024", "market_size_or_density_note": "As of May 2023, Pennsylvania employed an estimated 4,160 roofers (SOC 47-2181), representing approximately 0.700 roofers per 1,000 total jobs in the state and a location quotient of 0.79.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_pa.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 23.24 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Rhode Island", "where": "RI", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 28.13, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 14.77, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics & Rhode Island Department of Labor and Training, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://dlt.ri.gov/lmi", "license_regime": "Rhode Island requires state-level licensing and registration administered by the Contractors' Registration and Licensing Board (CRLB). Residential roofing work requires a general Contractor Registration (requiring 5 hours of pre-education). Commercial and industrial roofing work on non-residential structures or multi-family buildings requires a specialized Commercial Roofing Contractor License (requiring a PSI trade examination and a 10-hour OSHA safety certification).", "license_source": "Rhode Island Contractors' Registration and Licensing Board (CRLB), 2024, https://crb.ri.gov", "bonding_requirement": "Rhode Island CRLB does not mandate a surety bond for general or commercial roofing contractors. However, strict general liability insurance minimums apply: $500,000 per occurrence for standard Contractor Registration (residential roofing) and $2,000,000 per occurrence for Commercial Roofing License holders, along with statutory Workers' Compensation insurance for contractors with employees.", "bonding_source": "Rhode Island Contractors' Registration and Licensing Board (CRLB), 2024, https://crb.ri.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS estimates, Rhode Island employs approximately 360 roofers (SOC 47-2181) statewide with a mean annual wage of $63,580. Small Business Administration data also shows 12,079 small construction businesses operating across the state.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS (May 2023) & U.S. Small Business Administration Office of Advocacy (2022), https://www.bls.gov/oes/ and https://www.sba.gov", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 28.13 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "South Carolina", "where": "SC", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 19.92, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -18.73, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_sc.htm", "license_regime": "State-level licensure and registration are required in South Carolina. Commercial or general roofing work valued over $10,000 requires a General Contractor license with a Roofing subclassification issued by the SC Contractors' Licensing Board (classified into Groups 1 through 5 based on job value limits). Residential roofing work exceeding $500 requires registration as a Residential Specialty Contractor with the SC Residential Builders Commission.", "license_source": "South Carolina Department of Labor, Licensing and Regulation (LLR), 2024, https://llr.sc.gov", "bonding_requirement": "Registered Residential Specialty Contractors undertaking projects exceeding $5,000 must maintain a $5,000 surety bond. For Commercial General Contractors (Roofing subclassification), surety bonds can be submitted in lieu of financial statements, ranging from $20,000 for Group 1 up to $350,000 for Group 5. Workers' compensation insurance is mandatory for employers with 4 or more workers.", "bonding_source": "South Carolina Department of Labor, Licensing and Regulation (LLR), 2024, https://llr.sc.gov/clb", "market_size_or_density_note": "South Carolina employs approximately 970 workers in the Roofing trade (SOC 47-2181), representing a density of 0.435 roofers per 1,000 jobs across the state.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_sc.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 19.92 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "South Dakota", "where": "SD", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 18.49, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -24.56, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_sd.htm", "license_regime": "South Dakota does not require or issue a statewide occupational license for roofing contractors. Statewide licensing is required only for electricians and plumbers via trade commissions under the Department of Labor and Regulation. All construction contractors operating in the state must register for a Contractor's Excise Tax License with the South Dakota Department of Revenue. Roofing contractor licensing and permits are governed locally by individual cities and counties.", "license_source": "South Dakota Department of Revenue, 2025, https://dor.sd.gov", "bonding_requirement": "There are no statewide surety bond or general liability insurance minimums required for roofers because South Dakota does not license roofing contractors at the state level. Surety bond and insurance thresholds are set at the municipal level by individual local jurisdictions or governed by SDCL Chapter 5-21 for public works contracts exceeding $50,000.", "bonding_source": "South Dakota Department of Labor and Regulation / South Dakota Legislature (SDCL Chapter 5-21), 2024, https://dlr.sd.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "South Dakota employed an estimated 410 roofers (SOC 47-2181) with a location quotient of 1.04 relative to national concentration.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_sd.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 18.49 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Tennessee", "where": "TN", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 20.72, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -15.46, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_tn.htm", "license_regime": "Tennessee requires a state-level Prime Contractor License with a Roofing classification (BC-21 or General Building BC/BC-B) from the Board for Licensing Contractors for any roofing projects valued at $25,000 or more. For residential home improvement/roofing projects between $3,000 and $24,999 in nine designated counties (Bradley, Davidson, Hamilton, Haywood, Knox, Marion, Robertson, Rutherford, and Shelby), a state Home Improvement License is required. Projects under $25,000 in non-designated counties are governed at the local city/county level.", "license_source": "Tennessee Department of Commerce and Insurance, Board for Licensing Contractors, 2024, https://www.tn.gov/commerce/regboards/contractors.html", "bonding_requirement": "Home Improvement License holders must maintain a $10,000 surety bond or irrevocable letter of credit. Prime Contractor License holders must maintain General Liability Insurance ($100,000 minimum for monetary limits up to $500,000; $500,000 for limits up to $1.5M; $1,000,000 for unlimited status) and Workers' Compensation insurance for construction employers with 1 or more employees.", "bonding_source": "Tennessee Board for Licensing Contractors Insurance Requirements, 2024", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS (May 2023), Tennessee employed 2,140 roofers (SOC 47-2181) with a location quotient of 0.66, indicating a roofer concentration 34% below the national average. BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) data identifies 573 private roofing contractor establishments (NAICS 238160) operating in Tennessee with 4,736 total industry employees.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics & Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_tn.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 20.72 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Texas", "where": "TX", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 21.7, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -11.46, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Texas (https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_tx.htm) and May 2023 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates for Roofers SOC 47-2181 (https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472181.htm), 2024", "license_regime": "Texas does not require a state-level license for roofing contractors (SOC 47-2181). The trade is not regulated at the state level by the Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation (TDLR), and there are no state license tiers. Licensing, contractor registration, and building permits are enforced at the city and county municipal levels (e.g., Austin, Dallas, San Antonio). Voluntary private certification is offered by the Roofing Contractors Association of Texas (RCAT).", "license_source": "Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation (TDLR), 2025, https://www.tdlr.texas.gov", "bonding_requirement": "Because Texas does not mandate or issue a state-level license for roofing contractors, there are no state-level surety bond or insurance minimums required to operate. Bond and general liability insurance minimums are established locally by individual municipalities or voluntarily through trade associations like RCAT.", "bonding_source": "Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation (TDLR), 2025, https://www.tdlr.texas.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "The Roofing Contractors industry in Texas generates an estimated $10.4 billion in annual revenue across 9,679 active businesses as of 2026 according to IBISWorld. Additionally, BLS OEWS reports statewide employment of 5,990 occupational roofers (SOC 47-2181) in Texas.", "market_source": "IBISWorld, Roofing Contractors in Texas Industry Market Research Report, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/ and U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Texas, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_tx.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 21.7 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Utah", "where": "UT", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 23.46, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -4.28, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ut.htm", "license_regime": "State-level licensing is required in Utah. Roofing contractors must hold an S280 Roofing Contractor specialty license issued by the Utah Division of Occupational and Professional Licensing (DOPL) under Utah Code Title 58 Chapter 55. Requirements include completing a 25-hour approved pre-license education course and demonstrating 2 years (4,000 hours) of construction experience. General building contractor licenses (B100/R100) also permit roofing as part of broader building projects.", "license_source": "Utah Department of Commerce Division of Occupational and Professional Licensing (DOPL), 2024, https://dopl.utah.gov/contractor", "bonding_requirement": "Roofing contractors in Utah must hold general liability insurance of at least $100,000 per incident and $300,000 aggregate total, as well as workers' compensation insurance (or a waiver if operating as a sole proprietor with no employees). A contractor license surety bond of $15,000 for specialty classifications is required only if the applicant fails to meet state financial responsibility criteria under Utah Code § 58-55-306 and Administrative Rule R156-55a-602.", "bonding_source": "Utah Division of Occupational and Professional Licensing (DOPL) / Utah Administrative Code R156-55a, 2024, https://rules.utah.gov/publicat/code/r156/r156-55a.htm", "market_size_or_density_note": "Utah employs approximately 2,700 Roofers (SOC 47-2181) statewide with a location quotient of 1.81, indicating an 81% higher concentration of roofer employment relative to the national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ut.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 23.46 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Vermont", "where": "VT", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 24.82, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 1.26, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Vermont, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_vt.htm (National baseline: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes472181.htm)", "license_regime": "Vermont does not issue a state-level trade license for roofing contractors or general contractors. However, under 26 V.S.A. Chapter 105 (Act 182), effective April 1, 2023, residential contractors performing residential construction, renovation, or roofing work on 1-4 unit residential properties where project value exceeds $10,000 (labor and materials) must register statewide with the Vermont Secretary of State Office of Professional Regulation (OPR). Subcontractors and purely commercial contractors are exempt. Registration tiers consist of Individual Registration (for self-employed contractors with no employees) and Business Registration (for contractors with employees). Local municipal permitting may apply.", "license_source": "Vermont Secretary of State Office of Professional Regulation (OPR), Residential Contractors, 2023, https://sos.vermont.gov/residential-contractors", "bonding_requirement": "Vermont does not mandate a state surety bond for residential contractor registration or roofing work. However, to maintain registration with OPR for residential work valued at $10,000 or more, contractors must carry minimum commercial general liability insurance of $1,000,000 per occurrence and $2,000,000 aggregate.", "bonding_source": "Vermont Secretary of State Office of Professional Regulation (OPR), Residential Contractors Requirements & 26 V.S.A. Chapter 105, 2023, https://sos.vermont.gov/residential-contractors", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS May 2023 data, Vermont employs 310 Roofers (SOC 47-2181), representing a concentration of 1.040 roofers per 1,000 total jobs in the state and a location quotient of 1.17 relative to the national average density.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Vermont, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_vt.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 24.82 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Virginia", "where": "VA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 22.84, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -6.81, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_va.htm", "license_regime": "A state-level contractor license is required in Virginia. The Department of Professional and Occupational Regulation (DPOR) Board for Contractors licenses business entities across three main tiers based on contract monetary limits: Class A (no project or annual contract dollar limit), Class B (projects between $10,000 and $120,000, or up to $750,000 annually), and Class C (projects between $1,000 and $10,000, or up to $150,000 annually). Roofing work requires a specialty contractor classification, with a Qualified Individual meeting trade experience requirements (1 year for Class C, 3 years for Class B, 5 years for Class A).", "license_source": "Virginia Department of Professional and Occupational Regulation (DPOR) Board for Contractors, 2025, https://www.dpor.virginia.gov/Boards/Contractors", "bonding_requirement": "For Class A and Class B contractor licenses, DPOR requires proof of minimum net worth ($45,000 for Class A; $15,000 for Class B) or posting a $50,000 surety bond in lieu of meeting the net worth requirement. Class C licenses have no state bonding or net worth requirement. Class A and B contractors must also maintain general liability insurance and workers' compensation coverage if employing staff.", "bonding_source": "Virginia Department of Professional and Occupational Regulation (DPOR) Board for Contractors / Code of Virginia § 54.1-1106 & § 54.1-1108, 2025, https://www.dpor.virginia.gov/Boards/Contractors", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to the BLS OEWS, Virginia had 2,320 employed Roofers (SOC 47-2181), representing an employment density of 0.582 roofers per 1,000 jobs in the state and a location quotient of 0.65 compared to national density.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_va.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 22.84 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Washington", "where": "WA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 29.22, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 19.22, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023 (released April 2024), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_wa.htm", "license_regime": "State-level contractor registration is required in Washington under RCW 18.27, administered by the Washington State Department of Labor & Industries (L&I). Roofing contractors register as Specialty Contractors (restricted to roofing work) or General Contractors (allowed to perform multiple trades and hire subcontractors).", "license_source": "Washington State Department of Labor & Industries (L&I), 2024, https://www.lni.wa.gov/licensing-permits/contractors/register-as-a-contractor", "bonding_requirement": "Requires a continuous contractor surety bond of $15,000 for specialty contractors (effective July 1, 2024) or $30,000 for general contractors. General liability insurance minimums are $200,000 public liability and $50,000 property damage, or a $250,000 combined single limit.", "bonding_source": "Washington State Department of Labor & Industries (L&I), 2024, https://www.lni.wa.gov/licensing-permits/contractors/register-as-a-contractor", "market_size_or_density_note": "The Roofing Contractors industry in Washington has an estimated market size of $3.4 billion in revenue in 2026, with approximately 4,436 industry businesses operating in the state.", "market_source": "IBISWorld, Roofing Contractors in Washington Industry Report, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 29.22 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "West Virginia", "where": "WV", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 17.67, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -27.91, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_wv.htm", "license_regime": "A state-level contractor license issued by the West Virginia Contractor Licensing Board (West Virginia Division of Labor) is required for any commercial or residential contracting work (including roofing) where the total project value exceeds $2,500 for labor and materials. Roofing operations are covered under Specialty Contractor or General Building Contractor licensing tiers.", "license_source": "West Virginia Contractor Licensing Board / West Virginia Division of Labor, 2024, https://labor.wv.gov", "bonding_requirement": "License holders must carry General Liability Insurance (minimum $300,000 per occurrence for standard/specialty classes; $500,000 for Class A) and Workers' Compensation if they have employees. Under W. Va. Code §21-5-14, contractors with employees must also post a Wage Bond equal to 115% of four weeks' payroll and fringe benefits.", "bonding_source": "West Virginia Division of Labor / West Virginia Code §21-5-14, 2024, https://labor.wv.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "West Virginia employs approximately 460 Roofers (SOC 47-2181) with a location quotient (employment density ratio) of 0.75 compared to the national baseline of 1.0.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_wv.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 17.67 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Wisconsin", "where": "WI", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 23.32, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -4.86, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, OEWS May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Wisconsin, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_wi.htm", "license_regime": "Wisconsin does not issue a standalone trade-specific state license for roofers. However, under Wis. Stat. § 101.654 and Wis. Admin. Code § SPS 305.31, any contractor performing roofing or construction work on one- and two-family dwellings must hold a Dwelling Contractor or Dwelling Contractor Restricted certification from the Wisconsin Department of Safety and Professional Services (DSPS) and employ or be owned by a credentialed Dwelling Contractor Qualifier. Commercial roofing is governed through local municipal permits and the Wisconsin Commercial Building Code.", "license_source": "Wisconsin Department of Safety and Professional Services (DSPS), Dwelling Contractor & Qualifier Credentials, 2024, https://dsps.wi.gov/Pages/Professions/DwellingContractor/Default.aspx", "bonding_requirement": "To hold a standard Dwelling Contractor certification, a contractor must maintain general liability insurance of at least $250,000 per occurrence OR post a surety bond of at least $25,000. Under a Dwelling Contractor Restricted credential, contractors may post a surety bond between $5,000 and $25,000, but cannot perform work exceeding the face value of the bond.", "bonding_source": "Wisconsin Department of Safety and Professional Services (DSPS), Dwelling Contractor Application Requirements / Wis. Stat. § 101.654(2), 2024, https://dsps.wi.gov/Pages/Professions/DwellingContractor/Default.aspx", "market_size_or_density_note": "As of May 2023, Wisconsin had an estimated 2,270 employed Roofers (SOC 47-2181), representing approximately 0.788 roofers per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 0.89 relative to the national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, OEWS May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Wisconsin, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_wi.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 23.32 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Wyoming", "where": "WY", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 18.61, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -24.07, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_wy.htm", "license_regime": "Wyoming does not require or issue a state-level license for roofing contractors. Construction contractor licensing (with the exception of electrical trades) is regulated exclusively at the local municipal or county level.", "license_source": "Harbor Compliance, Wyoming Contractor License Overview, 2024", "bonding_requirement": "There are no state-level surety bond or insurance minimums required for roofing contractors in Wyoming because the trade is not licensed at the state level. Financial responsibility, insurance, and bonding requirements are set by individual cities or counties.", "market_size_or_density_note": "As of May 2023, BLS OEWS reports an estimated statewide total employment of 230 Roofers (SOC 47-2181) in Wyoming, corresponding to 0.84 jobs per 1,000 total jobs and a location quotient of 0.94 relative to national density.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_wy.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 18.61 minus the national median 24.51) / 24.51. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" } ], "msas": [ { "name": "Atlanta", "where": "GA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2023 OEWS report, there were approximately 1,090 employed roofers (SOC 47-2181) in the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA metropolitan area.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_12060.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 7777, "job_value_source": "Angi, 2026, https://www.angi.com", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential permitting activity in the Atlanta MSA saw a 6% rebound in annual volume in 2024 before shifting to a 6% year-over-year decline through mid-2025 due to elevated mortgage rates and market normalization.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau / Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (FRED), 2026, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/ATLA013BPPRIVSA", "market_context_note": "Atlanta receives over 50 inches of annual rainfall alongside severe thunderstorm and hail events, generating recurring demand for roof inspections, repairs, and storm-related replacements.", "market_context_source": "Angi, 2026, https://www.angi.com", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Austin", "where": "TX", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) survey, the Austin-Round Rock, TX metropolitan statistical area had approximately 480 employed Roofers (SOC 47-2181), representing an occupational density of 0.43 per 1,000 jobs.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_12420.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 15000, "job_value_source": "HomeBuddy, 2026", "permit_volume_trend": "In the Austin-Round Rock-San Marcos, TX MSA, residential building permit volume experienced a downward trend, with 23,622 units authorized over the 12 months ending May 2026, and monthly permit issuance in May 2026 down 53.2% compared to the prior year.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey (retrieved via FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis), 2026, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/AUST448BPPRIV", "market_context_note": "Roofing demand in the Austin metro area is driven significantly by severe weather events such as spring hailstorms, as well as strict municipal code requirements for attic ventilation and wind resistance ratings. Project costs in Austin run 15% to 20% higher than the Texas statewide average due to tight local construction labor supply and higher local permit fees.", "market_context_source": "Altitude Roofing, 2026", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "citation-text-only", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Baltimore", "where": "MD", "contractor_density_note": "In the Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD MSA, there were an estimated 1,280 employed Roofers (SOC 47-2181) as of May 2023, reflecting a location quotient of 1.11 relative to the national concentration and a median hourly wage of $23.15.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_12580.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 24700, "job_value_source": "Remodeling Magazine, 2020 Cost vs. Value Report (Baltimore, MD Metro Data), https://www.remodeling.hw.net/cost-vs-value/2020", "permit_volume_trend": "Private residential building permits in the Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD MSA showed a positive trend, authorizing 5,514 total housing units over the trailing 12-month period, a 24.2% year-over-year increase representing roughly 1.94 permits per 1,000 residents.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey (BPS), 2025, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "Maryland faces a projected deficit of roughly 100,000 housing units and needs an estimated 590,000 new units by 2045. In the Baltimore metropolitan region, a tight housing supply ratio of 1 new home built for every 6 new jobs added creates strong sustained demand for residential construction and roofing work.", "market_context_source": "Comptroller of Maryland, State of the Economy Series: Housing & the Economy Report, 2025, https://www.marylandcomptroller.gov", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Birmingham", "where": "AL", "contractor_density_note": "As of May 2023, the Birmingham-Hoover, AL MSA had an estimated 200 employed Roofers (SOC 47-2181) and 80 Helpers--Roofers (SOC 47-3016), representing a location quotient of 0.44 for Roofers (0.388 per 1,000 jobs) compared to the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS Metropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Birmingham-Hoover AL, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_13820.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 9200, "job_value_source": "", "permit_volume_trend": "According to Census Building Permits Survey data, the Birmingham-Hoover AL MSA recorded 4,384 building permits over the trailing 12 months, representing a 59.7% year-over-year increase (3.71 permits per 1,000 residents).", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey (via REI Prime Market Analysis), 2026", "market_context_note": "In the Birmingham-Hoover AL MSA, Roofers earned a mean hourly wage of $22.37 ($21.03 median hourly wage) and a mean annual wage of $46,530.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS Metropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Birmingham-Hoover AL, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_13820.htm", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "missing", "permit_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Boston", "where": "MA", "contractor_density_note": "In the Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH MSA, the trade employs approximately 6,050 Roofers (SOC 47-2181) with an average hourly wage of $37.75 and annual mean wage of $78,530.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (2024), https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_job_value_usd": 9200, "job_value_source": "", "permit_volume_trend": "New residential building permits in the Boston-Cambridge-Newton metro area totaled 14,593 authorized units in 2022 (a 12.1% decline from 2021), while total authorized residential permit valuation increased 7.5% year-over-year to $4.0 billion.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey (2023), https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "Demand for roofing contractors in Greater Boston is supported by aging housing stock, harsh winter weather conditions, and growing integration with residential solar installations, with national roofer employment projected to grow 5.9% through 2034.", "market_context_source": "Construction Coverage (2025), https://constructioncoverage.com/research/best-paying-cities-for-carpenters", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "missing", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Buffalo", "where": "NY", "contractor_density_note": "In the Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Niagara Falls, NY MSA, there were 640 employed Roofers (SOC Code 47-2181) as of May 2023, representing a concentration of 1.206 roofers per 1,000 total jobs and a location quotient of 1.36 relative to the national baseline.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) Survey, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_15380.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit and construction activity in the Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Niagara Falls MSA showed steady growth, with HUD estimating 3-year market demand for 2,950 new single-family homes (370 under construction) and 5,000 new rental units (2,675 under construction) as of mid-2024. National Association of Realtors data also showed a 47.6% improvement in the metro's single-family permitting rate per new job created during 2024.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Office of Policy Development and Research, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "market_context_note": "Demand for roofing maintenance, repair, and replacement in the Buffalo metropolitan area is supported by a homeownership rate of 66.8%, rising median property values ($226,100 in 2024, up 7.87% year-over-year), an older regional housing stock, and harsh lake-effect winter weather conditions.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Census Bureau via DataUSA, American Community Survey (ACS), 2024, https://datausa.io/profile/geo/buffalo-cheektowaga-niagara-falls-ny", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Charlotte", "where": "NC", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS data, there were 950 employed Roofers (SOC 47-2181) in the Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC metropolitan statistical area as of May 2023, representing an occupational density of 0.724 roofers per 1,000 total jobs in the metro.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, OEWS May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_16740.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 8954, "job_value_source": "Angi, 2026 Roof Replacement Cost in Charlotte NC, https://www.angi.com", "permit_volume_trend": "According to HUD and U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data, homebuilding in the Charlotte metropolitan area saw single-family sales permits remain steady at approximately 19,150 units in 2023 (down less than 1% from 19,250 in 2022), while multifamily rental permits declined 36% to 12,950 units as builders slowed production to absorb completed supply.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development / U.S. Census Bureau, 2024 Charlotte Housing Market Profile", "market_context_note": "In Mecklenburg County (Charlotte MSA core), building permits are required for roofing work involving structural modifications, decking replacements, or total project costs exceeding $15,000, and North Carolina state law mandates a General Contractor license for any construction/roofing project valued at $40,000 or above.", "market_context_source": "North Carolina Licensing Board for General Contractors, 2023 Contractor Licensing Guidelines, https://www.nclbgc.org", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Chicago", "where": "IL", "contractor_density_note": "According to May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, the Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI metropolitan area employed 4,510 roofers (SOC 47-2181), representing a location quotient of 1.13 and approximately 1 roofer per 1,000 total jobs in the metro.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472181.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 18923, "job_value_source": "HomeHero Roofing Chicago Roof Replacement Cost Study, 2025", "permit_volume_trend": "New residential building permit activity in the Chicago-Naperville-Elgin metro area has remained modest, authorizing approximately 15,000 total new private housing units in 2023, reflecting a flat to subdued overall housing construction trend compared to historical averages.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey / FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2023, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CHIC917BPPRIV", "market_context_note": "Roofing replacement costs in the Chicago area average $547 to $811 per square (100 sq. ft.), with local labor costs running 10% to 25% higher than surrounding Midwestern states due to Cook County building codes, union labor premiums, and local municipal permit fees.", "market_context_source": "Illinois Roofing Institute, 2025", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "citation-text-only", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Cincinnati", "where": "OH", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) program, there were 920 employed Roofers (SOC 47-2181) in the Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area in May 2023, with a location quotient of 0.85 relative to the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_17140.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data reported by HUD SOCDS and the Cincinnati Regional Chamber, total residential building permits in the Cincinnati MSA reached 7,089 units in 2024. Single-family permits increased to 4,250 units for the 12-month period ending August 2025 (up from 3,925 in the prior period), while multifamily permits adjusted slightly to 2,525 units, reflecting a stable overall residential permit trend.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) SOCDS / U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, Housing Market Conditions Report: Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN MSA, 2025", "market_context_note": "The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS survey reported a mean hourly wage of $29.48 and a mean annual wage of $61,320 for Roofers in the Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN metropolitan area in May 2023. Demand in the region is driven by high home ownership rates across 15 tri-state counties, along with climate factors such as winter freeze-thaw cycles that impact roof longevity.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_17140.htm", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Cleveland", "where": "OH", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), as of May 2023, there were 770 employed Roofers (SOC 47-2181) in the Cleveland-Elyria, OH metropolitan statistical area, representing a location quotient of 0.86 relative to national occupational concentration.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates: Cleveland-Elyria, OH, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_17460.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 12000, "job_value_source": "Exterior Heroes, Ohio Roof Replacement Cost Guide, 2024", "permit_volume_trend": "According to HUD analysis of Census Building Permits Survey data, total residential building permits in the Cleveland-Elyria metro reached 5,185 units in 2020, 4,546 in 2021, and 5,303 in 2022, before shifting to 4,909 units for the 12 months ending June 2023 (an 11.3% decline compared to 5,537 units in the 12 months ending June 2022).", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) / U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Cleveland-Elyria, Ohio (as of July 1, 2023), 2023, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "market_context_note": "Residential construction demand in the Cleveland-Elyria metro area remains anchored by new single-family and multi-family developments, with HUD forecasting 3-year demand for 8,950 new single-family homes and 6,650 rental units between July 2023 and July 2026.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Cleveland-Elyria, Ohio (as of July 1, 2023), 2023, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "citation-text-only", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Columbus", "where": "OH", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Columbus, OH metropolitan statistical area had an estimated 780 employed Roofers (SOC 47-2181) as of May 2023, representing an occupational density of 0.73 roofers per 1,000 total jobs.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Columbus, OH, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_18140.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 9068, "job_value_source": "Angi, 2026, https://www.angi.com/articles/roof-replacement-cost-columbus-oh.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Construction permitting in the Columbus metropolitan area has experienced strong growth, pulling 13,709 building permits over a trailing 12-month period, which represents a 63.7% year-over-year increase (6.37 permits per 1,000 residents).", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey / REI Prime, 2026", "market_context_note": "Demand for roofing services in the metro is anchored by core urban expansion in Franklin County (accounting for 67% of the metro's residential permit pipeline) and climate vulnerability, with the area averaging 42 severe hail reports and 95 severe weather warnings annually.", "market_context_source": "KFX Roofing, 2026", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Dallas-Fort Worth", "where": "TX", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, the Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX metropolitan area had 2,320 employed Roofers (SOC 47-2181), representing a density of 0.58 roofers per 1,000 jobs. Additionally, Census County Business Patterns data analyzed by NCTCOG recorded 721 roofing contractor establishments (NAICS 238160) in the metro.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes472181.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 13000, "job_value_source": "PROCO Roofing, 2026, https://procoroof.com", "permit_volume_trend": "In 2024, the Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington metropolitan area authorized 71,788 new residential units via building permits according to U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data, ranking DFW first among all U.S. metropolitan statistical areas for overall residential permit volume (22.2 permits per 1,000 existing homes).", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2024, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "Roofing market demand in DFW is supported by rapid regional housing growth and population expansion (Texas population grew 7.3% from April 2020 to July 2024), combined with frequent severe weather exposure, particularly major hail and wind events in North Texas, that generates regular cyclical surges in residential and commercial roof replacement activity.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, 2024, https://www.census.gov", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Denver", "where": "CO", "contractor_density_note": "As of May 2023, the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO MSA employed approximately 1,510 roofers (SOC 47-2181), corresponding to a location quotient of 0.95 compared to the national employment density.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_19740.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 11712, "job_value_source": "Angi, 2026, https://www.angi.com/articles/roof-replacement-cost-denver.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "New residential building permit volume in the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood MSA trended downward in recent years, falling 21.8% in 2022 to 23,472 units, with single-family home permits dropping 34% year-over-year in the 12 months ending August 2023 due to elevated mortgage interest rates.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 2023, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "market_context_note": "Roofing demand across the Denver metro region is driven by severe Front Range weather patterns (hail and high winds), high adoption of Class 4 impact-resistant shingles and standing seam metal systems, and new 2026 Colorado Wildland-Urban Interface (WUI) wildfire code compliance requirements.", "market_context_source": "Cenco Roofing, 2026, https://www.cencoroofing.com", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Detroit", "where": "MI", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS survey, there were 1,300 employed Roofers (SOC 47-2181) in the Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI MSA, representing a worker density of 0.685 per 1,000 total jobs in the metropolitan area.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_19820.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 8735, "job_value_source": "Angi, 2026 Roof Replacement Cost in Detroit, MI, https://www.angi.com/articles/roof-replacement-cost-detroit.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit volume in Southeast Michigan and the Detroit metropolitan area has trended downward overall since peaking in early 2021, impacted by high construction costs, elevated interest rates, and trade worker shortages.", "permit_source": "Drawing Detroit & U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2024, https://www.drawingdetroit.com", "market_context_note": "Roofing demand in Metro Detroit is primarily driven by roof replacements on older housing stock, severe winter freeze-thaw cycles, and Michigan building code mandates for ice and water shields to prevent ice damming.", "market_context_source": "Next Exteriors, 2026 Cost of Roof Replacement in Southeast Michigan, https://www.nextexteriorsmi.com", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Hartford", "where": "CT", "contractor_density_note": "In May 2023, the Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT MSA had 360 employed roofers (SOC 47-2181), representing an employment density of 0.71 roofers per 1,000 total jobs and a location quotient of 0.635 compared to the national baseline.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_25540.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential permitting in the area has experienced a modest rebound, with total new private housing units authorized in Hartford County reaching 1,403 units in 2022 (up from prior years) and contributing to statewide annual authorizations exceeding 5,200 units in 2022 and 2023 (compared to under 4,000 in 2021). However, regional construction intensity remains low overall, with the metro authorizing roughly 4.1 new housing units per 1,000 existing homes.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey / Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (FRED), 2023, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/BPPRIV009003", "market_context_note": "Connecticut consistently issues new housing permits at a rate three to four times lower than the national average, directing most roofing trade activity in the Hartford region toward maintenance, repair, and replacement of existing residential and commercial structures rather than new construction.", "market_context_source": "CTData Collaborative, 2026", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Houston", "where": "TX", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), there were approximately 1,300 roofers (SOC 47-2181) employed in the Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX metropolitan statistical area, earning a mean annual wage of $45,570 ($21.91/hr).", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes26420.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 9752, "job_value_source": "Angi, 2026, https://www.angi.com/articles/how-much-does-roof-replacement-cost-houston-tx.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit activity in the Houston metropolitan statistical area led the nation with 68,755 total housing units permitted in 2023 (50,444 single-family units). Although down slightly from 2022 levels, 2023 marked the fifth-highest permitting volume on record for the metro, and regional construction contract awards expanded by 31% in 2024 to reach $43.8 billion.", "permit_source": "Rice University Kinder Institute for Urban Research / U.S. Census Building Permits Survey, 2024, https://kinder.rice.edu", "market_context_note": "Roofing trade demand in the Houston metro is significantly driven by severe weather events and hurricane exposure. Severe weather events in 2024, including the May 2024 derecho with 100 mph winds and Hurricane Beryl in July, generated a massive surge in insurance-claim roof repairs and full replacements across Harris County and surrounding suburban areas.", "market_context_source": "NOAA / HomeQuote HQ, 2024, https://www.homequotehq.com/roofing/contractors/houston-tx", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Indianapolis", "where": "IN", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS report for the Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN MSA, there were an estimated 840 employed Roofers (SOC 47-2181) earning a mean annual wage of $52,470.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_26900.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 11800, "job_value_source": "Modernize, 2026", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit activity in the Indianapolis metro area reached 11,463 total permits issued ($3.98 billion in valuation), led heavily by single-family structures which accounted for 9,322 units (81.3% of total permits) as single-family construction volume surged year-over-year.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey / STATS Indiana, 2025, https://www.stats.indiana.edu/profiles/profiles.asp?scope_choice=a&county_code=18000", "market_context_note": "The Indianapolis-Carmel-Greenwood metro area is Indiana's largest regional housing market with a population exceeding 2.2 million residents in 2025; roofing demand in the MSA is significantly driven by severe weather and seasonal hail events across Marion, Hamilton, and Hendricks counties.", "market_context_source": "STATS Indiana / Indiana Business Research Center, 2025, https://www.stats.indiana.edu/profiles/profiles.asp?scope_choice=a&county_code=18000", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "citation-text-only", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Jacksonville", "where": "FL", "contractor_density_note": "According to BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) data, there were 1,450 employed Roofers (SOC 47-2181) in the Jacksonville, FL Metropolitan Statistical Area, earning a mean hourly wage of $22.15 ($45,950 annual mean). Additionally, local trade records indicate over 200 licensed roofing contractors operating in Duval County alone.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023 (published April 2024), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_27260.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 13500, "job_value_source": "NEXGEN Roofing, Jacksonville Roof Replacement Cost Guide 2026", "permit_volume_trend": "The Jacksonville metropolitan region shows active residential permit activity, registering 953 residential construction permits totaling $254.2 million in a single month (September 2025), with Duval County leading at 308 permits ($54.9 million) and St. Johns County following with 292 permits ($80.3 million).", "permit_source": "HBW Construction Data Reports / HB Weekly, September 2025 Florida Residential Construction Activity Report (October 2025)", "market_context_note": "Florida represents the second-highest state for single-family housing authorizations in the nation. Jacksonville roofing trade demand is heavily shaped by Florida Building Code mandates for hurricane wind resistance, roof replacement permit requirements, high humidity, and coastal weather exposure.", "market_context_source": "National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) Housing Permit Data Portal / U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2025", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "citation-text-only", "permit_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Kansas City", "where": "MO", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, there were 830 employed Roofers (SOC 47-2181) in the Kansas City, MO-KS metropolitan statistical area as of May 2023, representing a location quotient of 0.86 relative to national employment density.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates: Kansas City, MO-KS (2024), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_28140.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data, the Kansas City, MO-KS metropolitan statistical area authorized 10,714 total residential housing units over a trailing 12-month period through early 2026, reflecting a 38.3% year-over-year increase and a rate of 4.87 permits per 1,000 residents.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey (2026), https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "HUD's Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis for Kansas City, MO-KS reported that nonfarm payrolls exceeded pre-pandemic levels by 3.8% in 2023, with balanced market conditions driving a 3-year forecasted demand for 16,050 new sales units and 16,200 new rental units.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Kansas City, Missouri-Kansas (2024), https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Las Vegas", "where": "NV", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, the Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV MSA had 1,340 employed Roofers (SOC 47-2181), representing an occupational density of 1.24 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 1.39 compared to the national rate.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_29820.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data retrieved from FRED, new private single-family housing units authorized by building permits in the Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV MSA (series LASV832BP1FH) have maintained a strong upward trend in recent years, averaging over 800 to 1,000 authorized single-family units per month, driving ongoing roofing demand across new residential developments.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, 2026, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/LASV832BP1FH", "market_context_note": "Roofing contractors operating in the Las Vegas area are licensed and regulated by the Nevada State Contractors Board (NSCB) under the C-15a (Roofing) subclassification. Roofing demand in Clark County is strongly driven by intense Mojave Desert solar radiation and thermal stress, which accelerates the degradation of roof underlayment and tile systems.", "market_context_source": "Nevada State Contractors Board, 2026, https://www.nvcontractorsboard.com", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Los Angeles", "where": "CA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, there were 4,680 employed Roofers (SOC 47-2181) in the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA MSA as of May 2023, representing a ratio of approximately 0.76 roofers per 1,000 total jobs in the metro area.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_31080.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 5200, "job_value_source": "CostFiled / Municipal Building Permit Filings Analysis, 2026", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permitting in the city of Los Angeles experienced a 23% drop in 2024 compared to 2023, falling from 11,311 permitted units to 8,706 units.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey / Hilgard Analytics, 2025, https://urbanize.city/la/post/report-la-residential-permitting-dropped-23-2024", "market_context_note": "Roofing demand in the Los Angeles metro is strongly shaped by California Title 24 Energy Code cool-roof requirements mandating solar reflectance, as well as California Building Code Chapter 7A requirements requiring Class A fire-rated roofing assemblies in Very High Fire Hazard Severity Zones.", "market_context_source": "California Energy Commission, 2025, https://www.energy.ca.gov/programs-and-topics/programs/building-energy-efficiency-standards", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "citation-text-only", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Louisville", "where": "KY", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN metropolitan area had 480 employed roofers (SOC 47-2181) with an annual mean wage of $50,890.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS Estimates for Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN MSA, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_31140.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 14000, "job_value_source": "Homestretch Roofing, 2026 Louisville Roof Replacement Cost Guide, 2026, https://homestretchroofing.com/how-much-does-a-roof-replacement-cost-in-louisville-ky-2026-guide", "permit_volume_trend": "New private housing units authorized by building permits in the Louisville-Jefferson County, KY-IN MSA have maintained steady overall construction activity, averaging between 200 and 400 authorized units monthly over recent years.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau / FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, New Private Housing Units Authorized by Building Permits for Louisville-Jefferson County, KY-IN (MSA) [LOIBPPRIVSA], 2026, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/LOIBPPRIVSA", "market_context_note": "Louisville Metro requires building permits for roof replacements with typical permit fees between $75 and $200. Local building code strictly enforces a maximum limit of two shingle layers, generating consistent demand for tear-off and re-roofing projects.", "market_context_source": "Homestretch Roofing, 2026 Louisville Roofing Permits & Code Requirements Guide, 2026, https://homestretchroofing.com/louisville-roofing-permits-guide", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Memphis", "where": "TN", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2023 OEWS report, the Memphis, TN-MS-AR metropolitan area employed approximately 370 Roofers (SOC 47-2181), representing a location quotient of 0.66 relative to national concentration, with an annual mean wage of $45,060.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_32820.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data, total new private housing units authorized by building permits in the Memphis, TN-MS-AR MSA trended downward following a 2021 post-pandemic peak, mirroring national multi-year contractions in residential construction permitting through 2023.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey retrieved via Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (FRED), 2024, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/MPHBPPRIV", "market_context_note": "BLS data also reported 40 Helpers--Roofers (SOC 47-3016) employed in the Memphis, TN-MS-AR MSA in May 2023, with an annual mean wage of $41,320, providing additional labor context for roofing project support in the metro area.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_32820.htm", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Miami", "where": "FL", "contractor_density_note": "As of May 2023, the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach MSA employed approximately 4,990 roofers (SOC 47-2181), making it one of the largest regional concentrations of roofing labor in the Southeast.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472181.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 26000, "job_value_source": "Modernize Home Services, 2026, https://modernize.com/roofing/cost", "permit_volume_trend": "In 2022, the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach metro area authorized 19,813 total new residential housing units via building permits, representing a 21.7% decrease compared to 2021 permit volume.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps/", "market_context_note": "Roofing market demand in the Miami metropolitan area is heavily driven by High Velocity Hurricane Zone (HVHZ) building code enforcement across Miami-Dade and Broward counties, requiring Notice of Acceptance (NOA) product certifications and driving recurring storm-resilience replacement cycles.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD PD&R), 2024", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Milwaukee", "where": "WI", "contractor_density_note": "The Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI metropolitan statistical area employed approximately 890 Roofers (SOC 47-2181) as of May 2023, representing a location quotient of 1.23, which indicates a 23% higher concentration of roofing employment relative to the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates: Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_33340.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 19363, "job_value_source": "Infinity Roofing, Average Roof Replacement Cost in Wisconsin Market Report, 2026", "permit_volume_trend": "Single-family residential building permitting in the Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis metro area experienced modest growth from 1,377 units in 2023 to 1,411 units in 2024 (a 2.5% increase), stabilizing after a period of post-pandemic housing permit stagnation across the region.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD User), Great Lakes Regional Housing Market Report - 4th Quarter 2024, 2025", "market_context_note": "Roofing demand in Milwaukee is heavily sustained by the region's aging residential structures, with over 42% of the housing stock constructed prior to 1940 and 74% built prior to 1960, creating significant ongoing need for reroofing, tear-offs, and repairs.", "market_context_source": "City of Milwaukee Department of City Development, Housing Affordability Report, 2025, https://city.milwaukee.gov/DCD", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "citation-text-only", "permit_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Minneapolis-St. Paul", "where": "MN", "contractor_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS data, there were 1,310 employed Roofers (SOC 47-2181) in the Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI MSA, representing a worker density of approximately 0.69 roofers per 1,000 jobs in the metropolitan area.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_33460.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 9988, "job_value_source": "Angi, 2026, https://www.angi.com", "permit_volume_trend": "According to U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data, total residential construction permitting in the Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington MSA cooled from 2021-2022 peaks, with single-family permits softening slightly and multifamily unit permits declining sharply by nearly 60% in 2024 to approximately 1,500 units before stabilizing.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey, 2025, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/MINN427BPPRIV", "market_context_note": "Roofing trade activity in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metro is heavily driven by replacement and repair demand resulting from harsh winters, freeze-thaw cycles, and hail events. The metro features higher-than-average trade wage rates, with an annual mean roofer wage of $70,420 ($33.86 per hour).", "market_context_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472181.htm", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Nashville", "where": "TN", "contractor_density_note": "The Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro--Franklin, TN metropolitan area employed approximately 2,480 roofers (SOC 47-2181) as of May 2023, earning a mean annual wage of $48,180.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_job_value_usd": 25644, "job_value_source": "Intercept Roofing, 2026 Nashville Roof Replacement Cost Guide, https://interceptroofing.com", "permit_volume_trend": "Total housing unit building permits in the Nashville-Davidson-Murfreesboro-Franklin, TN MSA decreased by 33% when comparing July 2020 (3,144 units) to July 2025 (2,099 units), driven primarily by contractions in multifamily (5+ unit) construction.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2025, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "Between 2019 and 2023, the Nashville region permitted over 133,000 housing units, with multifamily projects accounting for roughly two-thirds of housing permitting in Nashville in recent years.", "market_context_source": "Urban Institute, 2024, https://www.urban.org", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "New Orleans", "where": "LA", "contractor_density_note": "As of May 2023, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported 220 employed Roofers (SOC 47-2181) in the New Orleans-Metairie, LA MSA, representing an employment concentration (location quotient) of 0.48 relative to the national average, with an annual mean wage of $43,550.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates: New Orleans-Metairie, LA, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_35380.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential construction permitting in the New Orleans-Metairie MSA experienced a sharp contraction following post-2022 interest rate increases, with single-family housing permits falling 41% year-to-date by mid-2023 before moderating and showing signs of stabilization into 2024.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey / HUD SOCDS, 2023, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "Roofing demand in the New Orleans metropolitan area is heavily driven by tropical weather/hurricane risk, wind-resistance building codes, and historic district oversight (Historic District Landmarks Commission and Vieux Carré Commission), which require specific permitting procedures and assess a 50% surcharge on municipal permit fees for historic properties.", "market_context_source": "City of New Orleans Department of Safety & Permits, 2024, https://nola.gov/safety-and-permits", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "New York", "where": "NY", "contractor_density_note": "In the New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA metropolitan statistical area, there were 3,690 employed roofers (SOC 47-2181), representing approximately 0.39 roofers per 1,000 jobs with a location quotient of 0.44 and an annual mean wage of $71,090.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472181.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 18679, "job_value_source": "Instant Roofer, 2026, https://instantroofer.com/roof-replacement-cost/new-york", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential permitting activity in the New York-Newark-Jersey City metropolitan area rebounded in early 2025 following a post-2022 slowdown, with single-family permitting rising 11% (up 320 homes) in Q1 2025 compared to Q1 2024.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD User), 2025", "market_context_note": "The New York-Newark-Jersey City metro area experienced a strong population recovery between 2023 and 2024, adding over 213,000 residents to reach a total population of approximately 19.9 million, driving renewed residential maintenance and remodeling demand.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, 2025", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Oklahoma City", "where": "OK", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2023 OEWS survey, there were 560 Roofers (SOC 47-2181) employed in the Oklahoma City, OK Metropolitan Statistical Area, representing an employment concentration of 0.848 per 1,000 total jobs in the metro area.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Oklahoma City, OK MSA, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_36420.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 10500, "job_value_source": "5Coat Roofs, Oklahoma City Metro Roof Replacement Cost Guide, 2026", "permit_volume_trend": "According to HUD's Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis, residential construction demand in the Oklahoma City metro remains strong with a 3-year forecast demand (2024-2027) for 19,550 single-family sales units and 4,475 rental units. Additionally, the City of Oklahoma City mandated that as of August 2025, all residential re-roofing projects over 500 square feet require dedicated building permits and full tear-off inspections.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) User, Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "market_context_note": "Roofing trade demand in the Oklahoma City metropolitan area is significantly driven by severe weather events in Tornado Alley, including severe hailstorms and extreme wind gusts. Local municipal building codes enforce International Residential Code (IRC) standards that require full tear-offs down to solid decking, enhanced wind-uplift resistance, and proper attic ventilation.", "market_context_source": "City of Oklahoma City Development Services Department, Development Center Code Guidelines and Permits, 2025", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "citation-text-only", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Orlando", "where": "FL", "contractor_density_note": "In the Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL MSA, there were 3,590 employed roofers (SOC 47-2181), representing a concentration of 2.63 roofers per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 2.95 (nearly three times the national concentration average).", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472181.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 10500, "job_value_source": "HomeAdvisor, 2026", "permit_volume_trend": "The Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford MSA authorized 14,000 to 16,000 new single-family housing building permits annually in 2023-2024. In 2025, single-family permitting experienced a moderate pullback across Florida (~10% decline) due to elevated mortgage rates, while total private housing structure permits in core Orange County rose from 8,052 units in 2024 to 13,140 units in 2025.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau via Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (FRED), 2026, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/ORLA712BPPRIVSA", "market_context_note": "Roofing demand in Greater Orlando is strongly shaped by Florida Building Code mandates requiring hurricane-resistant wind uplift protection (130-160 mph ratings), secondary water barriers, and roof-to-wall hurricane straps, as well as Central Florida's UV exposure and high humidity, which reduce standard shingle lifespans to 15-20 years.", "market_context_source": "Angi, 2026, https://www.angi.com/articles/cost-to-shingle-a-roof.htm", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "citation-text-only", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Philadelphia", "where": "PA", "contractor_density_note": "The Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD metropolitan area had 1,920 Roofers (SOC 47-2041) employed, representing a location quotient of 0.76 relative to the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_37980.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 8067, "job_value_source": "Angi, 2026, https://www.angi.com", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permitting in the Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington MSA trended downward between 2020 and 2025, dropping by 546 permitted units in monthly comparative snapshots (from 1,483 to 937 units), primarily driven by contractions in multifamily unit authorizations.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2025, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "Approximately 70% of Philadelphia's housing stock consists of single-family attached rowhouses, driving trade demand heavily toward flat-roof membrane and modified-bitumen replacements rather than standard pitched asphalt shingle roofing.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS), 2026, https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Phoenix", "where": "AZ", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ metropolitan statistical area employed approximately 2,610 Roofers (SOC 47-2181) as of May 2023, representing a location quotient of 1.28 (28% higher concentration of roofing trade workers relative to the national average).", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_38060.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 11610, "job_value_source": "HomeCostLens, Phoenix Roof Replacement Cost Market Report, 2026", "permit_volume_trend": "In the Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler housing market area, residential permit activity averaged 22,600 homes permitted annually across 2022 and 2023 before increasing 37 percent in 2024 to 31,050 homes permitted.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler, Arizona, 2025, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "market_context_note": "IBISWorld reports that the roofing contractors industry in Arizona reached $2.8 billion in revenue, driven by single-family residential construction, ongoing underlayment replacements necessitated by intense UV degradation, and seasonal monsoon storm repair demand across the Valley.", "market_context_source": "IBISWorld, Roofing Contractors in Arizona Industry Market Research Report, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "citation-text-only", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Pittsburgh", "where": "PA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) May 2023 OEWS estimates, there were 730 employed Roofers (SOC 47-2181) in the Pittsburgh, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area, representing an employment density of approximately 0.685 roofers per 1,000 total jobs.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates: Pittsburgh, PA, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_38300.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 13500, "job_value_source": "Nest Roofing and Gutters LLC, Average Cost of Roof Replacement in Pittsburgh, 2026", "permit_volume_trend": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau 2024 Annual Building Permits Survey, total residential building permits in Pittsburgh, PA dropped from 2,512 authorized units in 2023 to 1,664 authorized units in 2024, representing a decrease of 848 units (-33.8%).", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, 2024 Annual Building Permits Survey, 2025, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "According to HUD's Housing Market Analysis for the Pittsburgh HMA, the housing stock features significant age with over half of homes in the area built prior to 1980, driving steady re-roofing and maintenance demand alongside a forecast demand for 10,450 new sales units over three years.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "citation-text-only", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Portland", "where": "OR", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA metropolitan statistical area employed approximately 2,270 Roofers (SOC 47-2181) as of May 2023, representing an employment density of 1.88 roofers per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 2.11.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_38900.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 30316, "job_value_source": "JLC / Remodeling Magazine, 2024 Cost vs. Value Report (Portland, Oregon), https://www.jlconline.com/cost-vs-value/portland-or", "permit_volume_trend": "Single-family residential building permits in the Oregon portion of the Portland metropolitan area increased by 5% year-over-year into the first quarter of 2025, signaling a moderate uptick in local residential construction activity.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD User) / U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, Q1 2025 Northwest Regional Report", "market_context_note": "To accommodate population growth and address housing affordability, the City of Portland adopted its 2024 Housing Production Strategy targeting an estimated demand for 120,560 new dwelling units by 2045, supporting sustained long-term residential construction and reroofing demand.", "market_context_source": "City of Portland Bureau of Planning and Sustainability, 2024 Housing Production Strategy", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Providence", "where": "RI", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, there were approximately 250 employed Roofers (SOC 47-2181) in the Providence-Warwick, RI-MA Metropolitan Statistical Area as of May 2023, representing a location quotient of 0.49 relative to the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_39300.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Overall new residential building permit activity in the Providence-Warwick MSA remains low compared to national averages, authorizing roughly 3.6 new housing units per 1,000 existing homes in 2024. However, multifamily permitting showed significant growth, increasing over 175% in 2024 relative to its 5-year baseline.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, 2024, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps/index.html", "market_context_note": "Roofing trade demand in the Providence metro is largely driven by re-roofing and maintenance on an older regional housing stock, where local trade labor compensation exceeds national median levels.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_39300.htm", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Raleigh", "where": "NC", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), there were approximately 590 employed Roofers (SOC 47-2181) in the Raleigh, NC Metropolitan Statistical Area as of May 2023.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_39580.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 10311, "job_value_source": "Angi, 2026, https://www.angi.com", "permit_volume_trend": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, the Raleigh-Cary metropolitan area authorized 18,206 residential building permits over a trailing 12-month period (12.81 permits per 1,000 residents), reflecting an accelerating year-over-year growth trend of +15.5%.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2026, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "According to Vintage 2025 U.S. Census Bureau estimates, the Raleigh-Cary metro population expanded to 1,595,720 in 2025, a 2.4% annual growth rate, positioning it among the fastest-growing metropolitan areas in the Southeast and sustaining high demand for new home builds and roofing replacement.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, 2026", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Richmond", "where": "VA", "contractor_density_note": "According to U.S. Census Bureau data cited by Forbes Home, approximately 400 roofing companies service the Richmond, VA area.", "density_source": "Forbes, 2024, https://www.forbes.com/home-improvement/roofing/best-roofers-richmond-va", "median_job_value_usd": 14500, "job_value_source": "Paramount Builders, 2024", "permit_volume_trend": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, the Richmond MSA authorized 9,973 new residential housing units in 2023 and sustained strong permitting momentum into 2024 with 14.7 authorized units per 1,000 existing homes, placing it among the top large metropolitan areas in new construction activity.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, 2024, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/RICH051BPPRIV", "market_context_note": "Roofing demand in the Richmond metro area is strongly driven by an aging housing stock: homes in the city of Richmond have a median age of 62 years, while suburban communities such as Midlothian (median age 28 years) and Chester (median age 32 years) have a high density of roofs reaching the end of their standard 20-to-30-year lifespan.", "market_context_source": "Cenvar Roofing, 2024", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "citation-text-only", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Riverside-San Bernardino", "where": "CA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) survey, there were 2,160 employed Roofers (SOC 47-2181) in the Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA metropolitan statistical area, representing an employment density of 1.298 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 1.46 relative to the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_40140.htm#47-0000", "permit_volume_trend": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, residential construction permitting in the Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario MSA logged 18,608 total housing units authorized in 2023 (11,168 single-family units and 7,440 multi-family units), reflecting a moderate slowdown from peak 2021-2022 activity due to elevated mortgage rates while remaining significantly higher than pre-2020 annual levels.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey, 2023, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps/index.html", "market_context_note": "The Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario metropolitan area encompasses over 4.68 million residents across Riverside and San Bernardino counties, with a 65.8% homeownership rate and a median property value of $536,300, providing a large, aging housing stock that drives sustained demand for residential re-roofing, maintenance, and fire-resistant roofing upgrades.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Census Bureau / DataUSA, 2024, https://datausa.io/profile/geo/riverside-san-bernardino-ontario-ca", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Sacramento", "where": "CA", "contractor_density_note": "As of May 2023, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported 1,560 employed roofers (SOC 47-2181) in the Sacramento--Roseville--Arden-Arcade, CA metropolitan area, earning an average annual wage of $69,820 ($33.57/hour).", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_40900.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 11500, "job_value_source": "HomeAdvisor, 2026", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permits in Sacramento County totaled 6,747 in 2024 with a valuation of $1.96 billion, driven by a 21.4% increase in single-family unit authorizations from 4,011 units in 2023 to 4,868 units in 2024.", "permit_source": "California Employment Development Department & U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2024, https://www.labormarketinfo.edd.ca.gov", "market_context_note": "Roofing operations (NAICS 238160) in California are subject to specific state regulatory standards, including California Title 24 Energy Code cool-roof requirements and updated California Title 8 residential construction fall protection standards.", "market_context_source": "California Department of Industrial Relations, 2023, https://www.dir.ca.gov", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "citation-text-only", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Salt Lake City", "where": "UT", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) report, the Salt Lake City, UT metropolitan statistical area employed 1,310 roofers (SOC 47-2181), representing a location quotient of 1.83 (1.631 roofers per 1,000 jobs) compared to national averages.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_41620.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 14000, "job_value_source": "Skyridge Co, 2026", "permit_volume_trend": "Building permit activity across the Wasatch Front / Salt Lake region peaked in 2022 at over 28,000 new residential units before moderating to approximately 18,000 units between mid-2023 and mid-2024 due to high interest rates, though Salt Lake City proper added 3,696 new housing units (~20% of the regional growth).", "permit_source": "Kem C. Gardner Policy Institute, 2025", "market_context_note": "Salt Lake City led Utah in population growth by adding 4,450 residents between 2023 and 2024. Local zoning code reforms targeting missing-middle and multi-family housing have increased apartment permit volumes, driving sustained long-term demand for commercial and residential roofing contractors.", "market_context_source": "Kem C. Gardner Policy Institute, 2025", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "citation-text-only", "permit_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "San Antonio", "where": "TX", "contractor_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS data for the San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX MSA, there were 410 employed Roofers (SOC 47-2181) as of May 2023, representing a location quotient of 0.43 compared to the national employment concentration.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov", "median_job_value_usd": 12998, "job_value_source": "Build-Folio, 2026, https://build-folio.com", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permitting in the San Antonio-New Braunfels MSA normalized following post-pandemic peak levels, with multifamily permitting declining 35% in 2023 to 9,725 units, followed by approximately 15,000 total residential units authorized in 2024 as single-family construction stabilized.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov", "market_context_note": "The San Antonio-New Braunfels metro added nearly 22,000 residents between mid-2022 and mid-2023, fueling expansion into suburban corridors such as New Braunfels and Boerne. Local roofing demand is driven by rapid suburban growth alongside re-roofing requirements from severe regional heat, UV exposure, and seasonal hail events.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "San Diego", "where": "CA", "contractor_density_note": "According to U.S. Census Bureau County Business Patterns data published in City of San Diego reporting, there were 286 roofing contractor establishments (NAICS 238160) operating in the San Diego metro area.", "density_source": "U.S. Census Bureau / City of San Diego, 2025", "median_job_value_usd": 15795, "job_value_source": "CountBricks, 2026", "permit_volume_trend": "In 2024, San Diego County authorized 11,193 total residential construction permits representing $2.61 billion in valuation, supported by strong multi-family unit development and local ADU initiatives despite elevated interest rates slowing single-family housing construction.", "permit_source": "California Employment Development Department / U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2024, https://labormarketinfo.edd.ca.gov", "market_context_note": "Roofing demand in the San Diego metro is influenced by strict municipal building codes requiring Class A fire-rated roofing materials in wildfire hazard zones, weatherproofing against coastal UV and salt air, and local zoning reforms like San Diego's ADU Bonus Program and California SB 9 boosting residential addition work.", "market_context_source": "GetProEstimate / City of San Diego, 2026", "density_source_access": "citation-text-only", "job_value_source_access": "citation-text-only", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "San Francisco", "where": "CA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2023 OEWS report, there were 2,200 employed Roofers (SOC 47-2181) in the San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, representing an employment density of 0.91 roofers per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 1.02.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472181.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 15000, "job_value_source": "CostFiled, 2026", "permit_volume_trend": "In the San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley, CA MSA, total new residential building permits authorized were 11,048 units valued at $3.0 billion in 2022, representing an 18.8% decline in permit volume and a 20.8% decline in total dollar value compared to 2021.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps/", "market_context_note": "San Francisco roofing project costs are driven largely by re-roofing existing housing stock, where labor accounts for approximately 55% to 60% of total job ticket values due to high regional wages, strict San Francisco Department of Building Inspection (DBI) permit enforcement, and California Title 24 energy code compliance.", "market_context_source": "Royal Roofing CA, 2026", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "citation-text-only", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "San Jose", "where": "CA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS, there were 1,390 roofers (SOC 47-2181) employed in the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA MSA as of May 2023, representing a location quotient of 1.22 relative to national employment density.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472181.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 23000, "job_value_source": "Hamilton Exteriors, 2026, https://hamilton-exteriors.com", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permits in the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara MSA declined 68% from 1,949 permits in July 2020 to 623 permits in July 2025, according to Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data, representing the largest metro permit decline nationwide.", "permit_source": "San José Spotlight / U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2025", "market_context_note": "Roofing is the most active specialty trade by permit volume in San Jose, generating 270 permits in a 30-day period (ending July 2026) and representing roughly 45% of all tagged specialty trade permit activity.", "market_context_source": "Permit Ledger / City of San Jose Open Data, 2026, https://permitledger.com/san-jose-ca", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Seattle", "where": "WA", "contractor_density_note": "As of May 2023, there were 2,930 Roofers (SOC 47-2181) employed in the Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA Metropolitan Statistical Area, representing a location quotient of 1.41 compared to the national average, with an hourly mean wage of $34.49.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_42660.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 12646, "job_value_source": "Angi, How Much Does Roof Replacement Cost in Seattle? [2026 Data], 2026, https://www.angi.com/articles/how-much-does-roof-replacement-cost-seattle.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permitting in the Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue MSA dropped by more than 30% year-over-year in 2023, driven by higher interest rates and a slowdown in single-family residential construction starts across the metro.", "permit_source": "Point2 Homes / U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, Housing Construction Report 2023, 2024, https://www.point2homes.com/news/us-real-estate/housing-construction-report-2023.html", "market_context_note": "According to HUD's Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis, home sales in the Seattle MSA fell 38% year-over-year in 2023 due to elevated mortgage interest rates, while significant existing housing inventory and dense multi-family developments continue to drive ongoing roofing maintenance and re-roofing activity in the rainy Pacific Northwest climate.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, Washington, 2023, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "St. Louis", "where": "MO", "contractor_density_note": "According to U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics data, there were approximately 1,110 employed roofers (SOC 47-2181) in the St. Louis, MO-IL Metropolitan Statistical Area, earning a mean hourly wage of $28.21 ($58,680 annually).", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_41180.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 8155, "job_value_source": "Angi, 2026 St. Louis MO Roof Replacement Cost Report, 2026", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit activity across the 15-county St. Louis metropolitan area has trended downward since 2019, reaching a low point in 2025 with 5,417 total housing unit permits authorized (including 3,530 single-family permits), ranking 58th among major U.S. metropolitan areas.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, 2025 Housing Permit Data (reported via KSDK), 2026, https://www.ksdk.com/article/news/local/saint-louis-housing-permits-decline-rankings/63-95b8712a-cebe-4767-a725-be9f6a6c2211", "market_context_note": "Demand for roofing services in the St. Louis region is significantly driven by severe regional weather events, including frequent spring hailstorms, severe thunderstorms, and tornadoes, which make storm damage repairs and insurance-covered replacements a core revenue stream alongside aging housing stock maintenance.", "market_context_source": "Angi, 2026 St. Louis MO Roof Replacement Cost Report, 2026", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "citation-text-only", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Tampa", "where": "FL", "contractor_density_note": "In the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL MSA, there were 3,340 employed Roofers (SOC 47-2181) with a location quotient of 2.66 (2.365 roofers per 1,000 jobs), indicating a roofer employment concentration 2.66 times the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_45300.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 13391, "job_value_source": "Angi, 2026, https://www.angi.com/articles/roof-replacement-cost.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit issuance in the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater MSA remains among the highest in the nation, increasing 9% from 20,950 authorized housing units in 2024 to 22,819 units in 2025.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey, 2025, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "The Tampa MSA added 52,100 nonfarm jobs (+3.5%) in 2023 and reached a population of over 3.24 million residents, creating sustained structural demand for new roofing construction, age-driven replacements, and Florida wind-code compliance upgrades.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 2024, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Virginia Beach", "where": "VA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS data, the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC metropolitan statistical area employed 450 roofers (SOC 47-2181), representing a density of approximately 0.609 roofers per 1,000 jobs in the metro area.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_47260.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 9200, "job_value_source": "", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential construction volume in Virginia Beach trended upward from 985 housing units added in 2023 to 1,221 housing units in 2024, representing a year-over-year increase of approximately 24% (236 units) as local residential development steadily approaches pre-pandemic levels.", "permit_source": "City of Virginia Beach Real Estate Assessor / Hampton Roads Planning District Commission (HRPDC), 2025, https://www.hrpdcva.gov", "market_context_note": "The median assessed value for all residential property types in Virginia Beach reached $365,300 in FY 2025-2026 (a 5.06% annual increase), maintaining strong baseline demand for residential roof maintenance and replacement across the metro's 180,000+ occupied housing units.", "market_context_source": "City of Virginia Beach Real Estate Assessor Annual Report, 2025, https://www.virginiabeach.gov", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "missing", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Washington DC", "where": "DC", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) May 2023 estimates, there were 2,100 Roofers (SOC 47-2181) employed in the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area, earning an annual mean wage of $59,160 ($28.44 per hour).", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, OEWS, May 2023 (released April 2024), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_47900.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit authorizations in the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV MSA have trended downward over recent years due to higher interest rates and building costs; for example, multi-family construction permitting in the metro declined by 35% in 2024 according to Census Building Permits Survey data.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey (retrieved via FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, Series WASH911BPPRIV), 2025, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/WASH911BPPRIV", "market_context_note": "With the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria MSA population growing to over 6.46 million residents by 2025, persistent household growth and a substantial inventory of historic urban rowhouses and aging suburban housing stock drive ongoing demand for roof replacement, structural repairs, and weatherization across the metro area.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Vintage 2025 Population Estimates, March 2026", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" } ] }, "market_structure": { "permits": [ { "trade_category": "Roofing", "permit_year": "2022", "permits": "415901", "contractors": "31508", "p25_job_value": "7424.0", "median_job_value": "18945.0", "p75_job_value": "78335.0", "p90_job_value": "346747.0" }, { "trade_category": "Roofing", "permit_year": "2023", "permits": "537970", "contractors": "33303", "p25_job_value": "7219.0", "median_job_value": "17275.0", "p75_job_value": "83112.0", "p90_job_value": "331148.0" }, { "trade_category": "Roofing", "permit_year": "2024", "permits": "305197", "contractors": "30150", "p25_job_value": "9131.0", "median_job_value": "28412.0", "p75_job_value": "113388.0", "p90_job_value": "370784.0" } ], "seasonality": [ { "trade_category": "Roofing", "permit_month": "01", "permits": "37385", "avg_value": "298025.0" }, { "trade_category": "Roofing", "permit_month": "02", "permits": "42035", "avg_value": "438419.0" }, { "trade_category": "Roofing", "permit_month": "03", "permits": "45165", "avg_value": "248959.0" }, { "trade_category": "Roofing", "permit_month": "04", "permits": "39250", "avg_value": "428466.0" }, { "trade_category": "Roofing", "permit_month": "05", "permits": "41164", "avg_value": "261989.0" }, { "trade_category": "Roofing", "permit_month": "06", "permits": "46447", "avg_value": "268875.0" }, { "trade_category": "Roofing", "permit_month": "07", "permits": "41650", "avg_value": "279594.0" }, { "trade_category": "Roofing", "permit_month": "08", "permits": "45124", "avg_value": "431365.0" }, { "trade_category": "Roofing", "permit_month": "09", "permits": "42174", "avg_value": "424245.0" }, { "trade_category": "Roofing", "permit_month": "10", "permits": "73886", "avg_value": "167442.0" }, { "trade_category": "Roofing", "permit_month": "11", "permits": "42747", "avg_value": "255373.0" }, { "trade_category": "Roofing", "permit_month": "12", "permits": "40943", "avg_value": "367307.0" } ], "size_tiers": [ { "trade_category": "Roofing", "size_tier": "Micro (5-19)", "contractors": "20841", "avg_total_value_m": "3.6" }, { "trade_category": "Roofing", "size_tier": "Small (20-99)", "contractors": "8028", "avg_total_value_m": "14.91" }, { "trade_category": "Roofing", "size_tier": "Mid (100-499)", "contractors": "1524", "avg_total_value_m": "42.8" }, { "trade_category": "Roofing", "size_tier": "Large (500+)", "contractors": "244", "avg_total_value_m": "170.48" } ], "top_states": [ { "trade_category": "Roofing", "state": "FL", "permits": "487617", "contractors": "15692", "median_job_value": "13631.0" }, { "trade_category": "Roofing", "state": "CA", "permits": "188804", "contractors": "15782", "median_job_value": "29145.0" }, { "trade_category": "Roofing", "state": "CO", "permits": "122820", "contractors": "3186", "median_job_value": "7925.0" }, { "trade_category": "Roofing", "state": "OR", "permits": "85065", "contractors": "1745", "median_job_value": "3.0" }, { "trade_category": "Roofing", "state": "TX", "permits": "51867", "contractors": "4567", "median_job_value": "42647.0" }, { "trade_category": "Roofing", "state": "WA", "permits": "37808", "contractors": "2054", "median_job_value": "21324.0" }, { "trade_category": "Roofing", "state": "IN", "permits": "25901", "contractors": "1016", "median_job_value": "67020.0" }, { "trade_category": "Roofing", "state": "IL", "permits": "23063", "contractors": "3605", "median_job_value": "59130.0" }, { "trade_category": "Roofing", "state": "MA", "permits": "21548", "contractors": "3537", "median_job_value": "33818.0" }, { "trade_category": "Roofing", "state": "NC", "permits": "21528", "contractors": "2250", "median_job_value": "137391.0" } ] }, "reputation": { "available": true, "source": "Public business-review listings (aggregated April 2026). Aggregate only; no individual business identified.", "n_businesses": 22796, "avg_rating": 3.8, "rating_p25": 3, "rating_median": 4, "rating_p75": 4.9, "avg_reviews": 13.75, "reviews_median": 6, "reviews_p90": 29, "claimed_pct": 77.9, "closed_pct": 4.3, "top_states": [ { "state": "CA", "n": 3371 }, { "state": "TX", "n": 2413 }, { "state": "FL", "n": 1833 }, { "state": "IL", "n": 1094 }, { "state": "NY", "n": 926 } ], "source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "firmographics": { "available": true, "source": "Aggregated public business firmographic records (multi-source SMB dataset). Revenue/employee/age/employer-rating distributions per trade. Aggregate only; no individual company identified.", "n_companies": 11823, "revenue_usd": { "n": 3299, "p25": 5800000, "median": 9900000, "p75": 20149318, "p90": 34509372 }, "employees": { "n": 1796, "p25": 35, "median": 49, "p75": 87, "p90": 150 }, "founded_year_median": 2009, "employer_rating_avg": 3.74, "employer_rating_n": 1615, "top_states": [], "source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "level_published": { "slug": "roofing", "trade": "Roofing", "page": "https://levelcfo.com/benchmarks/roofing/", "public_company_comps": [ "Installed Building Products (IBP)", "TopBuild (BLD)", "Beacon Roofing Supply (BECN)" ], "benchmarks": [ { "tier": "A", "metric": "Roofer median wage (SOC 47-2181)", "value": "$50,970/yr", "detail": "Mean $57,090, 10th pct $37,060, 90th $80,780.", "source": "BLS OEWS, May 2024", "url": "https://www.bls.gov/oes/tables.htm", "source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "tier": "A", "metric": "Installation-trade public gross margin (proxy)", "value": "30% to 34%", "detail": "Installed Building Products (IBP) 33.8%, TopBuild (BLD) 30.5%, FY2024. These are insulation installers, not roofers (TopBuild's figure blends a lower-margin distribution segment), and roofing carries a different material-cost share. Treat as a loose installation-trade analog, not a roofing gross margin.", "source": "SEC 10-K filings (IBP, BLD) FY2024", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompany&CIK=0001580905&type=10-K", "source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "tier": "B", "metric": "Roofing contractor firm-wide net margin", "value": "~6% (firm-wide)", "detail": "Association figure, though dated (2018). Vendor blogs cite 12-25% but those are job-level or best-case, not firm-wide. We show both honestly.", "source": "NRCA (National Roofing Contractors Association), 2018", "url": "https://www.nrca.net/news", "source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "tier": "B", "metric": "US roofing market size", "value": "~$92B, ~109,000 firms", "detail": "Re-roofing/renovation is ~80% of demand. Roughly 80-90% of total roofing demand is non-discretionary (leaks, storm and age-driven replacement); the 80-85% figure is the widely cited manufacturer/distributor baseline (Owens Corning, Beacon), the ~90% upper bound comes from a 2025 mid-market banking report (Brown Gibbons Lang).", "source": "IBISWorld, Roofing Contractors (2026); Owens Corning / Beacon investor materials", "url": "https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/industry/roofing-contractors/1976/", "source_access": "citation-text-only" } ], "key_stat": { "value": "~80%", "label": "of roofing demand is re-roof/repair, and 80-90% of total roofing demand is non-discretionary (recession-resistant)" }, "hero_stats": [ { "value": "80%+", "caption": "Re-roof / repair demand", "label": "share of roofing demand, recession-resistant" }, { "value": "$50,970", "caption": "Median roofer wage", "label": "BLS OEWS, SOC 47-2181, May 2024" }, { "value": "~34%", "caption": "Gross margin (proxy)", "label": "installation-trade comp, Installed Building Products FY2024" }, { "value": "~$92B", "caption": "US market size", "label": "roofing contractors (IBISWorld)" } ], "segment_reads": { "title": "What the public installation and roofing-adjacent companies actually earn", "note": "n/d = not disclosed at that cut. TopBuild distribution margin shown on segment basis (includes intercompany); external basis is 17.3%. These are installation and distribution proxies, not roofing pure-plays, so treat the level as directional and the ladder as the real signal.", "rows": [ { "company": "Installed Building Products (IBP)", "scope": "Consolidated, FY2024", "gross": "33.8%", "operating": "13.0%", "net": "8.7%", "note": "Insulation installer, the closest install-trade analog." }, { "company": "TopBuild (BLD)", "scope": "Installation segment, FY2024", "gross": "n/d", "operating": "19.7%", "net": "n/d", "note": "The install arm, higher-margin than distribution." }, { "company": "TopBuild (BLD)", "scope": "Specialty Distribution segment, FY2024", "gross": "n/d", "operating": "15.1%", "net": "n/d", "note": "The distribution arm, the drag on the blend." }, { "company": "Beacon Roofing Supply (BECN)", "scope": "Consolidated, FY2024", "gross": "25.7%", "operating": "6.8%", "net": "3.7%", "note": "Pure roofing DISTRIBUTOR, the thin-margin contrast." } ] }, "true_margin_bridge": { "headline": "The re-roof looked like a 35% margin. After the fully-burdened crew and the callback, it is closer to 20%.", "method": "Reproduce it on your own book: start from the quoted gross margin, subtract the fully-burdened roofing-crew hours (BLS SOC 47-2181 median wage times about 1.3 for taxes, workers' comp, which runs high for roofing, and benefits), then the tear-off, disposal, and drive time the job under-charges for, then the callback and warranty rate. The gap between the quoted margin and what lands is where roofers quietly lose money on jobs that priced fine.", "chart": { "title": "Where a residential re-roof's apparent margin goes", "unit": "%", "sample": "Level analysis; labor anchored to BLS SOC 47-2181 wage + statutory burden", "points": [ { "name": "Apparent gross margin", "value": 35 }, { "name": "Less fully-burdened crew", "value": 27 }, { "name": "Less tear-off / disposal / drive", "value": 24 }, { "name": "True margin after callback", "value": 20 } ] } }, "findings": [ { "headline": "The margin ladder: doing the install earns far more than moving the material.", "insight": "There is no public pure-play roofer, so the closest reads are installers and distributors. The pattern is a ladder: the installer (IBP 33.8% gross) out-earns the roofing distributor (Beacon 25.7% gross), and inside TopBuild the installation segment beats distribution on operating margin too. A roofing contractor's economics live in the install labor and the job, not in marking up shingles.", "source": "IBP, Beacon Roofing Supply, TopBuild FY2024 10-Ks", "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1580905/000158090525000010/R5.htm", "chart": { "title": "Installation-trade vs distribution gross margin, FY2024", "unit": "%", "sample": "IBP, Beacon, TopBuild FY2024 10-Ks (GM = gross, OM = operating)", "points": [ { "name": "IBP (installer, GM)", "value": 33.8 }, { "name": "Beacon (roofing distributor, GM)", "value": 25.7 }, { "name": "TopBuild Install (OM)", "value": 19.7 }, { "name": "TopBuild Distribution (OM)", "value": 15.1 } ] }, "source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "headline": "Roofing margin depends more on the labor model than the job type, especially on re-roofs.", "insight": "Roofing is the most contested trade for margin, and the reason is the labor model, not the job type. The same residential re-roof reads as 40 to 52% gross with in-house crews or 30 to 40% when labor is subbed out. Repairs run highest (45 to 65%) but are a small revenue share; new construction is thinnest. Treat these as directional, and know that your crew structure moves the number as much as the work does.", "source": "RoofPredict, RunClockwork 2026 (directional)", "chart": { "title": "Gross margin by work type (directional; re-roof split by labor model)", "unit": "%", "sample": "Directional: RoofPredict, RunClockwork (2026)", "points": [ { "name": "Repair / small job", "value": 55 }, { "name": "Re-roof (in-house crew)", "value": 46 }, { "name": "Re-roof (subbed labor)", "value": 35 }, { "name": "New construction", "value": 23 } ] }, "source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "headline": "The roofer wage runs about $18 to $39 an hour, the lowest base of the major trades.", "insight": "Base wages look low, but roofing carries some of the highest workers' comp rates of any trade, so the fully-loaded burden is heavier than the wage suggests. Add that plus tear-off, disposal, and callback exposure before you trust a job's quoted margin. Costing at the base wage overstates roofing margin more than most trades.", "source": "BLS Occupational Employment & Wage Statistics, May 2024, SOC 47-2181", "chart": { "title": "Roofer hourly wage percentiles (BLS OEWS, May 2024)", "unit": "", "sample": "BLS OEWS May 2024, SOC 47-2181 (n=136,740)", "points": [ { "name": "P10", "value": 17.82 }, { "name": "P25", "value": 21.78 }, { "name": "Median", "value": 24.51 }, { "name": "P75", "value": 30.78 }, { "name": "P90", "value": 38.84 } ] }, "source_access": "citation-text-only" } ], "_license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (free to cite with attribution to Level, levelcfo.com)", "_publisher": "Level" }, "comps": [ { "ticker": "BECN", "name": "Beacon Roofing Supply, Inc.", "return_6m_pct": null, "return_1y_pct": null, "gross_margin_pct": 25.7, "ev_ebitda": 12.1, "market_cap_billions": 7.72, "market_snapshot_date": "2026-07-23", "fiscal_period": "FY 2024", "publication_status": "historical", "current_comparison_eligible": false, "comparison_scope": "historical-reference-only" }, { "ticker": "BLD", "name": "TopBuild Corp.", "return_6m_pct": null, "return_1y_pct": null, "gross_margin_pct": 28.96, "ev_ebitda": 12.54, "market_cap_billions": 9.94, "market_snapshot_date": "2026-07-23", "fiscal_period": "TTM (Q1 2026)", "publication_status": "historical", "current_comparison_eligible": false, "comparison_scope": "historical-reference-only" }, { "ticker": "BLDR", "name": "Builders FirstSource, Inc.", "return_6m_pct": -31.9, "return_1y_pct": -48.8, "gross_margin_pct": 29.89, "ev_ebitda": 10.91, "market_cap_billions": 7.99, "market_snapshot_date": "2026-07-23", "fiscal_period": "TTM", "publication_status": "historical", "current_comparison_eligible": false, "comparison_scope": "historical-reference-only" }, { "ticker": "CSL", "name": "Carlisle Companies Incorporated", "return_6m_pct": -17, "return_1y_pct": -15.1, "gross_margin_pct": 35.57, "ev_ebitda": 13.46, "market_cap_billions": 13.94, "market_snapshot_date": "2026-07-23", "fiscal_period": "TTM", "publication_status": "historical", "current_comparison_eligible": false, "comparison_scope": "historical-reference-only" }, { "ticker": "IBP", "name": "Installed Building Products, Inc.", "return_6m_pct": -31.3, "return_1y_pct": -14, "gross_margin_pct": 33.9, "ev_ebitda": 13.81, "market_cap_billions": 5.95, "market_snapshot_date": "2026-07-23", "fiscal_period": "Q1 2026 / TTM", "publication_status": "historical", "current_comparison_eligible": false, "comparison_scope": "historical-reference-only" }, { "ticker": "OC", "name": "Owens Corning", "return_6m_pct": 14.6, "return_1y_pct": -6.9, "gross_margin_pct": 27.18, "ev_ebitda": 8.52, "market_cap_billions": 11.59, "market_snapshot_date": "2026-07-23", "fiscal_period": "Q1 2026", "publication_status": "historical", "current_comparison_eligible": false, "comparison_scope": "historical-reference-only" }, { "ticker": "QXO", "name": "QXO, Inc.", "return_6m_pct": -42.2, "return_1y_pct": -31.2, "gross_margin_pct": 23.1, "ev_ebitda": 32.46, "market_cap_billions": 14.22, "market_snapshot_date": "2026-07-23", "fiscal_period": "TTM (Q1 2026 ended March 31, 2026)", "publication_status": "historical", "current_comparison_eligible": false, "comparison_scope": "historical-reference-only" } ] }