{ "slug": "restoration", "name": "Restoration & Remediation", "in_level_book": false, "scores": { "resilience": 70.5, "leverage": 83.1, "trade_ai_score": 76.8, "quadrant": "race-to-modernize", "quadrant_label": "Race to Modernize", "quadrant_desc": "Big AI upside but exposed to disruption. Move now, the operators who modernize win.", "resilience_rel": 32.8, "leverage_rel": 100 }, "subscores": { "resilience": { "physical_core": 86, "disintermediation": 64, "entry_barrier": 66, "switching_cost": 56 }, "leverage": { "coordination_drag": 88, "operating_leverage": 86, "revenue_expansion": 74, "data_amplification": 80 }, "basis": "Emergency physical work, insurance-driven. Very high coordination drag (insurance docs, adjusters, closeout) + cash-cycle pain = large AI + operating-leverage upside. Low lock-in." }, "research": { "wages_detail": { "median_hourly_wage_usd": 22.64, "median_hourly_wage_usd_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_hourly_wage_usd_research_pass_count": 6, "median_hourly_wage_usd_confidence": "high-primary", "median_annual_wage_usd": 47090, "median_annual_wage_usd_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_annual_wage_usd_research_pass_count": 6, "median_annual_wage_usd_confidence": "high-primary", "pct25_hourly_wage_usd": 18.65, "pct25_hourly_wage_usd_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "pct25_hourly_wage_usd_research_pass_count": 6, "pct25_hourly_wage_usd_confidence": "high-primary", "pct75_hourly_wage_usd": 28.22, "pct75_hourly_wage_usd_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "pct75_hourly_wage_usd_research_pass_count": 6, "pct75_hourly_wage_usd_confidence": "high-primary", "pct90_hourly_wage_usd": 37.26, "pct90_hourly_wage_usd_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "pct90_hourly_wage_usd_research_pass_count": 6, "pct90_hourly_wage_usd_confidence": "high-primary", "pct10_hourly_wage_usd": 16.75, "pct10_hourly_wage_usd_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "pct10_hourly_wage_usd_research_pass_count": 6, "pct10_hourly_wage_usd_confidence": "high-primary", "wage_data_year": "2023", "median_hourly_wage_usd_source_access": "url", "median_annual_wage_usd_source_access": "url", "pct25_hourly_wage_usd_source_access": "url", "pct75_hourly_wage_usd_source_access": "url", "pct90_hourly_wage_usd_source_access": "url", "pct10_hourly_wage_usd_source_access": "url" }, "employment": { "us_employment": 35000, "us_employment_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook (2024), https://www.bls.gov/ooh/about/data-for-occupations-not-covered-in-detail.htm", "us_employment_research_pass_count": 6, "us_employment_confidence": "high-primary", "projected_10yr_growth_pct": 3.75, "projected_10yr_growth_pct_derived": true, "projected_10yr_growth_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 4 cited research inputs: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook (2024-2034), https://www.bls.gov/ooh/about/data-for-occupations-not-covered-in-detail.htm | BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook (2024-2034 Projections), https://www.bls.gov/ooh/about/data-for-occupations-not-covered-in-detail.htm | U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program (2024-2034), Table 1.2 Occupational Projections and Worker Characteristics, https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-worker-characteristics.htm | U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Employment Projections, Table 1.2 Occupational Projections, 2024-2034, and Worker Characteristics, 2024 (https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-characteristics.htm)", "projected_10yr_growth_pct_research_pass_count": 6, "projected_10yr_growth_pct_confidence": "high-primary", "annual_openings": 3100, "annual_openings_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Employment Projections (2024-2034), https://www.bls.gov/emp/tables/occupational-projections-and-worker-characteristics.htm", "annual_openings_research_pass_count": 5, "annual_openings_confidence": "high", "projected_10yr_net_change": 1200, "projected_10yr_net_change_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook (2024-2034), https://www.bls.gov/ooh/about/data-for-occupations-not-covered-in-detail.htm", "projected_10yr_net_change_research_pass_count": 6, "projected_10yr_net_change_confidence": "high-primary", "us_employment_year": "2024", "us_employment_source_access": "url", "projected_10yr_growth_pct_source_access": "url", "annual_openings_source_access": "url", "projected_10yr_net_change_source_access": "url" }, "labor_shortage": { "unfilled_openings": 298000, "unfilled_openings_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS), 2026, https://www.bls.gov/news.release/jolts.t01.htm", "unfilled_openings_research_pass_count": 5, "unfilled_openings_confidence": "med", "vacancy_rate_pct": 3.5, "vacancy_rate_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS), 2026, https://www.bls.gov/news.release/jolts.t01.htm", "vacancy_rate_pct_research_pass_count": 5, "vacancy_rate_pct_confidence": "med", "unfilled_openings_year": "2026", "shortage_note": "The U.S. construction and specialty trade industry must attract an estimated 349,000 net new workers in 2026, beyond normal hiring, to meet demand and balance labor supply with project requirements.", "shortage_note_source": "Associated Builders and Contractors (ABC) 2026 Construction Workforce Shortage Release, 2026, https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2026/01/15/3219330/0/en/ABC-Construction-Industry-Must-Attract-349-000-Workers-in-2026-Despite-Macroeconomic-Headwinds.html", "vacancy_rate_pct_shared_across": 7, "vacancy_rate_pct_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 7 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "unfilled_openings_source_access": "url", "vacancy_rate_pct_source_access": "url", "shortage_note_source_access": "url" }, "workforce_aging": { "median_worker_age": 45.2, "median_worker_age_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Table 18b. Employed persons by detailed industry and age (https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18b.htm)", "median_worker_age_research_pass_count": 6, "median_worker_age_confidence": "high-primary", "pct_over_55": 26.85, "pct_over_55_derived": true, "pct_over_55_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS) Household Data, Table 18b: Employed persons by detailed industry and age ('Waste management and remediation services': 146,000 aged 55+ out of 568,000 total employed), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat18b.htm", "pct_over_55_research_pass_count": 6, "pct_over_55_confidence": "high-primary", "median_worker_age_year": "2025", "retirement_note": "According to Restoration Brokers of America data reported in Restoration & Remediation (R&R) Magazine, 65% of restoration business owners are baby boomers, with only 7% passing ownership to family members and 70% transitioning to outside buyers or investors.", "retirement_note_source": "Restoration & Remediation (R&R) Magazine / Restoration Brokers of America (https://www.randrmagonline.com)", "median_worker_age_source_access": "url", "pct_over_55_source_access": "url", "retirement_note_source_access": "url" }, "training_pipeline": { "apprenticeship_enrollment": 2684, "apprenticeship_enrollment_source": "U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, Registered Apprenticeship National Results FY 2021 (Industry Sector: Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services), 2021", "apprenticeship_enrollment_research_pass_count": 4, "apprenticeship_enrollment_confidence": "adjudicated", "annual_completions": 215, "annual_completions_derived": true, "annual_completions_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 2 cited research inputs: U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (ETA), 'Registered Apprenticeship National Results FY 2020', 2020, https://www.dol.gov/agencies/eta/apprenticeship/about/statistics/2020 | National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) 2024 Completions Data (CIP 15.0508: Hazardous Materials Management and Waste Technology/Technician)", "annual_completions_research_pass_count": 2, "annual_completions_confidence": "low", "apprenticeship_enrollment_year": "2021", "pipeline_gap_note": "The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projects approximately 5,000 annual job openings for Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041) between 2024 and 2034, primarily driven by worker replacement needs. However, U.S. DOL Apprenticeship.gov notes that SOC 47-4041 is not currently approved as a standalone Registered Apprenticeship Program, highlighting a pipeline gap where new entrants rely on short-term on-the-job or employer training rather than formal registered apprenticeship pipelines.", "pipeline_gap_note_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 'Occupational Projections: Hazardous Materials Removal Workers', 2024, https://www.bls.gov/ooh/construction-and-extraction/hazardous-materials-removal-workers.htm and U.S. Department of Labor, Apprenticeship.gov Occupation Finder, 2024", "apprenticeship_enrollment_source_access": "citation-text-only", "annual_completions_source_access": "url", "pipeline_gap_note_source_access": "url" }, "immigration_reliance": { "pct_foreign_born": 36.2, "pct_foreign_born_source": "National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) analysis of U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS), https://www.nahb.org", "pct_foreign_born_research_pass_count": 5, "pct_foreign_born_confidence": "med", "pct_foreign_born_year": "2018", "visa_dependence_note": "Restoration and remediation trades, including hazardous materials removal workers (SOC 47-4041), utilize the H-2B Temporary Non-Agricultural Worker visa program administered by the U.S. Department of Labor for seasonal and temporary labor. The sector also relies on naturalized citizens, Lawful Permanent Residents (LPRs), undocumented workers, and Temporary Protected Status (TPS) holders.", "visa_dependence_note_source": "U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) Office of Foreign Labor Certification H-2B Temporary Non-Agricultural Program, https://www.dol.gov/agencies/eta/foreign-labor/programs/h-2b", "pct_foreign_born_source_access": "url", "visa_dependence_note_source_access": "url" }, "unionization": { "union_membership_pct": 11.6, "union_membership_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Union Members - 2024 News Release (https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/union2.pdf)", "union_membership_pct_research_pass_count": 5, "union_membership_pct_confidence": "med", "union_membership_year": "2024", "prevailing_wage_note": "Environmental remediation and disaster restoration work performed under federal or federally assisted contracts are subject to Davis-Bacon and Related Acts (DBRA) and Service Contract Act (SCA) prevailing wage requirements. Davis-Bacon wage determinations published on SAM.gov establish mandatory prevailing wage rates and fringe benefits for classifications such as Hazardous Materials Removal Workers and Abatement Laborers (commonly represented by trade unions including LiUNA and IUPAT), including mandated premium pay for certified hazmat work.", "prevailing_wage_note_source": "U.S. Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division / SAM.gov Wage Determinations (2026), https://sam.gov", "union_membership_pct_source_access": "url", "prevailing_wage_note_source_access": "url" }, "licensing": { "states_requiring_license": 46, "states_requiring_license_source": "National Association of State Contractors Licensing Agencies (NASCLA) Contractor State Licensing Information Directory (2025)", "states_requiring_license_research_pass_count": 4, "states_requiring_license_confidence": "med", "states_requiring_license_year": "2025", "bonding_note": "State contractor licensing boards generally require contractors to maintain valid general liability insurance (typically with limits ranging from $100,000 to $2,000,000 per occurrence depending on license classification and project scale) and workers' compensation coverage, along with a surety bond (e.g., California statutory requirement of a $25,000 contractor bond under B&P Code §7071.6).", "bonding_note_source": "California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) Bond & Insurance Requirements (2025), https://www.cslb.ca.gov", "reciprocity_note": "No federal reciprocity framework exists for restoration and remediation contractors; multi-state operators must maintain active licenses in each operating jurisdiction. However, examination reciprocity and license endorsement are facilitated through the NASCLA Accredited Examination (accepted across 16-18 participating states) and selective bilateral reciprocal agreements between state licensing boards (e.g., CA, AZ, NV, LA, MS).", "reciprocity_note_source": "California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) Reciprocity Requirements (2025)", "states_requiring_license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_note_source_access": "url", "reciprocity_note_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "market_size": { "market_size_usd": 7200000000, "market_size_usd_source": "IBISWorld, Damage Restoration Services in the US, 2025, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/damage-restoration-services-industry", "market_size_usd_research_pass_count": 3, "market_size_usd_confidence": "med", "cagr_pct": 4, "cagr_pct_source": "IBISWorld, Damage Restoration Services in the US Industry Report (2025), https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/damage-restoration-services-industry", "cagr_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "cagr_pct_confidence": "med", "market_size_usd_year": "2025", "cagr_forecast_window": "2024-2029", "cagr_forecast_window_source": "IBISWorld, Damage Restoration Services in the US Industry Report (2025), https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/damage-restoration-services-industry", "market_size_usd_source_access": "url", "cagr_pct_source_access": "url", "cagr_forecast_window_source_access": "url" }, "firm_counts": { "num_establishments": 40302, "num_establishments_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Statistics of U.S. Businesses (SUSB) - https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/susb.html", "num_establishments_research_pass_count": 6, "num_establishments_confidence": "high-primary", "num_firms": 39784, "num_firms_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Statistics of U.S. Businesses (SUSB) - https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/susb.html", "num_firms_research_pass_count": 6, "num_firms_confidence": "high-primary", "avg_employees_per_firm": 7.42, "avg_employees_per_firm_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Statistics of U.S. Businesses (SUSB) - https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/susb.html", "avg_employees_per_firm_research_pass_count": 6, "avg_employees_per_firm_confidence": "high-primary", "num_establishments_year": "2022", "num_establishments_source_access": "url", "num_firms_source_access": "url", "avg_employees_per_firm_source_access": "url" }, "fragmentation": { "top4_firm_share_pct": 7.8, "top4_firm_share_pct_source": "U.S. Small Business Administration, 'Small Business Size Standards: Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting; Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction; Utilities; Construction', Proposed Rule, 85 FR 62239 (October 2, 2020), Table 4 'Size Standards Supported by Each Factor for Each Industry (Receipts)' at 85 FR 62248, column (6) headed 'Four-firm ratio (%)', row NAICS 238990 All Other Specialty Trade Contractors. Derived by SBA from the U.S. Census Bureau special tabulation of the 2012 Economic Census. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/10/02/2020-21589/small-business-size-standards-agriculture-forestry-fishing-and-hunting-mining-quarrying-and-oil", "top4_firm_share_pct_research_pass_count": 1, "top4_firm_share_pct_confidence": "high-primary", "mom_and_pop_share_note": "The U.S. Damage Restoration Services industry is highly fragmented, with no individual company holding a market share greater than 5%. In addition, U.S. Census Bureau Statistics of U.S. Businesses (SUSB) data indicates that independent small businesses and operators with fewer than 500 employees account for 68.2% of industry employment in NAICS 562910.", "mom_and_pop_share_note_source": "IBISWorld, Damage Restoration Services in the US (Report OD6278, April 2025), https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/damage-restoration-services-industry/; U.S. Census Bureau, Statistics of U.S. Businesses (SUSB 2022 File)", "concentration_year": "2017", "top4_firm_share_pct_source_access": "url", "mom_and_pop_share_note_source_access": "url" }, "franchise_pen": { "franchise_penetration_pct": 36, "franchise_penetration_pct_source": "C&R Magazine (2023 C&R State of the Industry Report), https://candrmagazine.com", "franchise_penetration_pct_research_pass_count": 5, "franchise_penetration_pct_confidence": "med", "franchise_penetration_year": "2023", "franchise_trend_note": "Independent restoration companies face increasing competition and market share pressure from private equity-backed consolidators and expanding franchise networks, driving ongoing industry consolidation due to scale advantages, technology adoption, and preferred relationships with insurance third-party administrators (TPAs).", "franchise_trend_note_source": "C&R Magazine (2025), https://candrmagazine.com", "franchise_penetration_pct_source_access": "url", "franchise_trend_note_source_access": "url" }, "formation_rate": { "annual_new_firm_formation": 2948, "annual_new_firm_formation_source": "U.S. Census Bureau (2023), Business Dynamics Statistics", "annual_new_firm_formation_research_pass_count": 2, "annual_new_firm_formation_confidence": "adjudicated", "annual_closure_rate_pct": 9.4, "annual_closure_rate_pct_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Business Dynamics Statistics (BDS) (covering Sector 56: Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services), https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/bds.html", "annual_closure_rate_pct_research_pass_count": 5, "annual_closure_rate_pct_confidence": "med", "survival_5yr_pct": 48.9, "survival_5yr_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Business Employment Dynamics (BED), Table 7: Survival of Private Sector Establishments by Opening Year (Administrative and Waste Services, NAICS 56), 2024 release, https://www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmage.htm", "survival_5yr_pct_research_pass_count": 5, "survival_5yr_pct_confidence": "high", "annual_new_firm_formation_year": "2023", "annual_new_firm_formation_source_access": "citation-text-only", "annual_closure_rate_pct_source_access": "url", "survival_5yr_pct_source_access": "url" }, "margins": { "gross_margin_pct": 34, "gross_margin_pct_source": "FirstService Corporation 2024 Form 10-K (https://www.sec.gov / https://www.firstservice.com); cross-checked with Clean Harbors, Inc. 2024 Form 10-K gross margin of 31.0% (https://www.sec.gov)", "gross_margin_pct_research_pass_count": 4, "gross_margin_pct_confidence": "adjudicated", "operating_margin_pct": 7.3, "operating_margin_pct_derived": true, "operating_margin_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 3 cited research inputs: CFMA 2025 Construction Financial Benchmarker (All Respondents EBIT Margin), https://cfma.org | FirstService Corporation (FirstService Brands Segment - FirstOnSite & Paul Davis Restoration), 2024 Form 10-K, https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0001630138/000163013825000008/fsv-20241231.htm | Clean Harbors, Inc. 2024 Form 10-K ($670.2M income from operations on $5.89B revenue = 11.38%, https://www.sec.gov); cross-checked with FirstService Corporation 2024 Form 10-K operating margin of 6.2% (https://www.sec.gov)", "operating_margin_pct_research_pass_count": 4, "operating_margin_pct_confidence": "med", "net_margin_pct": 6.3, "net_margin_pct_source": "IBISWorld Industry Report 6278: Damage Restoration Services in the US (2024, https://www.ibisworld.com); cross-checked with CFMA 2025 Construction Financial Benchmarker FY2024 Specialty Trade pre-tax net margin of 7.7% (https://cfma.org) and Clean Harbors 2024 Form 10-K net margin of 6.8% (https://www.sec.gov)", "net_margin_pct_research_pass_count": 4, "net_margin_pct_confidence": "adjudicated", "margin_year": "2024", "gross_margin_pct_source_access": "url", "operating_margin_pct_source_access": "url", "net_margin_pct_source_access": "url" }, "cost_structure": { "labor_pct_of_revenue": 29.25, "labor_pct_of_revenue_derived": true, "labor_pct_of_revenue_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 4 cited research inputs: CFMA 2025 Construction Financial Benchmarker Executive Summary (Base payroll & related expenses for Specialty Trade Contractors, FY 2024 data) | Siana Marketing Contractor Profit Margin Study (benchmarked against CFMA Financial Benchmarker and IBISWorld data), 2025, https://sianamarketing.com; cross-checked against CFMA 2024 Financial Benchmarker (Specialty Trades Base Payroll 7.2% of revenue), 2024, https://cfma.org | IBISWorld Damage Restoration Services in the US Industry Report (Wages as % of Revenue Benchmark), 2025, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/damage-restoration-services-industry | CFMA 2024 Financial Benchmarker (Specialty Trade Contractors Benchmarks)", "labor_pct_of_revenue_research_pass_count": 4, "labor_pct_of_revenue_confidence": "med", "materials_pct_of_revenue": 35, "materials_pct_of_revenue_source": "Siana Marketing Contractor Profit Margin Study (benchmarked against CFMA Financial Benchmarker and IBISWorld data), 2025, https://sianamarketing.com", "materials_pct_of_revenue_research_pass_count": 3, "materials_pct_of_revenue_confidence": "med", "sga_overhead_pct": 23.8, "sga_overhead_pct_source": "FirstService Corporation Form 10-K Annual Report (parent of FirstOnSite Property Restoration and Paul Davis Restoration), 2025, https://www.sec.gov; cross-checked against CFMA 2024 Financial Benchmarker (Specialty Trade Contractors Overhead range 18.0%-25.0%), 2024, https://cfma.org", "sga_overhead_pct_research_pass_count": 5, "sga_overhead_pct_confidence": "med", "cost_structure_year": "2024-2025", "labor_pct_of_revenue_source_access": "url", "materials_pct_of_revenue_source_access": "url", "sga_overhead_pct_source_access": "url" }, "productivity": { "revenue_per_employee_usd": 191068, "revenue_per_employee_usd_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 Economic Census (NAICS 562910 - Remediation Services), https://www.census.gov", "revenue_per_employee_usd_research_pass_count": 4, "revenue_per_employee_usd_confidence": "med", "productivity_year": "2022", "revenue_per_employee_usd_source_access": "url" }, "seasonality_econ": { "peak_period_note": "Restoration operations experience peak revenue and profitability during the second and third quarters (Q2 and Q3), driven by severe summer storm activity, hurricanes, and flood events, with secondary winter surges following regional freeze-and-thaw weather patterns. Demand is heavily dictated by event-driven weather phenomena.", "peak_period_note_source": "FirstService Corporation - Annual Information Form for the Year Ended December 31, 2025 (2026), https://www.sec.gov/edgar/searchedgar/companysearch", "cyclicality_note": "The damage restoration services industry exhibits low cyclicality and high resilience to general economic downturns, as client demand is primarily non-discretionary and event-driven by natural disasters, plumbing bursts, mold, and fire damage. Over 58% of disaster restoration spending is funded directly through commercial and residential insurance claims.", "cyclicality_note_source": "IBISWorld - Damage Restoration Services in the US Industry Report 6278 (2025), https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/damage-restoration-services-industry", "peak_period_note_source_access": "url", "cyclicality_note_source_access": "url" }, "cash_cycle_detail": { "dso_days": 57.3, "dso_days_derived": true, "dso_days_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 4 cited research inputs: CFMA 2025 Construction Financial Benchmarker, 2025 | FirstService Corporation Annual Financial Metrics (GuruFocus, 2024, https://www.gurufocus.com/term/dso/FSV/Days-Sales-Outstanding/FirstService) | CFMA / Renewable Energy World, 'Addressing Working Capital Bottlenecks in Utility Infrastructure' (Neil Shah, President & CEO, CFMA), 2026 | CFMA Construction Financial Benchmarker (2024), https://www.cfma.org/benchmarker; cross-checked with FirstService Corporation FY 2024 Form 40-F / Form 10-K (2025), https://www.sec.gov (FirstOnSite/FirstService parent company calculated DSO of ~66.3 days)", "dso_days_research_pass_count": 4, "dso_days_confidence": "high", "dpo_days": 33.4, "dpo_days_source": "CFMA Construction Financial Benchmarker (2024), https://www.cfma.org/benchmarker", "dpo_days_research_pass_count": 3, "dpo_days_confidence": "adjudicated", "cash_conversion_cycle_days": 26.8, "cash_conversion_cycle_days_source": "CFMA Construction Financial Benchmarker (2024), https://www.cfma.org/benchmarker (CCC = DIO 3.6 + DSO 56.6 - DPO 33.4 = 26.8 days)", "cash_conversion_cycle_days_research_pass_count": 3, "cash_conversion_cycle_days_confidence": "adjudicated", "cash_cycle_year": "2024", "dso_days_source_access": "url", "dpo_days_source_access": "url", "cash_conversion_cycle_days_source_access": "url" }, "retainage_liens": { "retainage_year": "2022" }, "bad_debt": { "bad_debt_write_off_pct": 0.187, "bad_debt_write_off_pct_source": "FirstService Corporation 2023 Form 40-F (referencing 2023 10-K), https://www.firstservice.com/investors/annual-reports", "bad_debt_write_off_pct_research_pass_count": 4, "bad_debt_write_off_pct_confidence": "adjudicated", "collection_rate_pct": 85.1, "collection_rate_pct_source": "Level CFO, State of Contractor Finance (incorporating CFMA and SEC benchmark data), 2026, https://levelcfo.com", "collection_rate_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "collection_rate_pct_confidence": "high", "bad_debt_year": "2022", "collection_rate_pct_shared_across": 23, "collection_rate_pct_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 23 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "bad_debt_write_off_pct_source_access": "url", "collection_rate_pct_source_access": "url" }, "ai_task_breakdown": { "pct_physical_onsite_work": 75, "pct_physical_onsite_work_source": "Brookings Institution (2019), 'Automation and Artificial Intelligence: How machines are affecting people and places'", "pct_physical_onsite_work_research_pass_count": 4, "pct_physical_onsite_work_confidence": "adjudicated", "pct_cognitive_backoffice_work": 15, "pct_cognitive_backoffice_work_source": "McKinsey Global Institute (2017), 'A Future That Works: Automation, Employment, and Productivity', https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/digital-disruption/harnessing-automation-for-a-future-that-works", "pct_cognitive_backoffice_work_research_pass_count": 4, "pct_cognitive_backoffice_work_confidence": "adjudicated", "task_breakdown_note": "In restoration and remediation trades (such as SOC 47-4041.00 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers), roughly 59% of work time is devoted to physical, on-site labor including assembling containment barriers, operating specialized removal tools/heavy equipment, decontaminating structures, and maneuvering in unpredictable physical environments (low technical automation potential). The remaining 41% consists of cognitive, coordination, and back-office tasks, including inspecting sites for safety hazards, recording operational/environmental logs, communicating with supervisors and property owners, and administrative compliance reporting (high automation potential via AI and workflow software).", "task_breakdown_note_source": "O*NET OnLine (2026), U.S. Department of Labor, '47-4041.00 - Hazardous Materials Removal Workers'", "ai_resistant_work": "Physical, hands-on tasks on job sites remain highly resistant to AI and automation due to the need for manual labor, spatial dexterity, and complex real-time physical assessments. Hard-to-replace physical tasks include water extraction, setting up structural drying equipment (dehumidifiers, air movers), constructing plastic containment zones and negative air pressure barriers, tearing out mold- or water-damaged drywall and flooring, soot wiping, chemical microbial spraying, and biohazard remediation. Additionally, on-site structural safety triage, such as evaluating gas, electrical, or structural stability risks in post-disaster environments, and providing face-to-face empathetic communication with traumatized property owners require human judgment and interpersonal skills.", "ai_resistant_work_source": "C&R Magazine & KnowHow - State of the Restoration Industry Report (2025): https://www.stateofrestoration.com | Restoration Industry Association - RIA AI Currents (2025): https://www.restorationindustry.org | Cleaning & Restoration (C&R) Magazine - Encircle and Verisk Integration (2023): https://www.randrmagonline.com | ATI Restoration - Press Release on KnowHow AI Deployment (2025): https://www.atirestoration.com | TryKnowHow - AI in Property Restoration (2026): https://www.tryknowhow.com", "ai_resistant_work_confidence": "low", "automatable_work": "Back-office, coordination, estimating, and documentation tasks are the most automatable functions in restoration. Key automatable areas include: (1) Estimating & Sketching: Converting smartphone photos, 360-degree scans, and thermal imagery into floor plans and line-item estimates mapped to Xactimate codes. (2) Compliance & Quality Pre-Audits: Cross-checking field documentation and drying logs against IICRC standards (S500 for water, S520 for mold) and carrier/TPA guidelines to catch missing photos or code errors before billing. (3) Field-to-Office Coordination & Scheduling: Automated dispatching, job route optimization, moisture log synchronization, and automated carrier status updates. (4) Knowledge Retrieval & Training: Providing field technicians with real-time, natural-language lookup of company SOPs and technical manuals.", "automatable_work_source": "C&R Magazine & KnowHow - State of the Restoration Industry Report (2025): https://www.stateofrestoration.com | Restoration Industry Association - RIA AI Currents (2025): https://www.restorationindustry.org | Cleaning & Restoration (C&R) Magazine - Encircle and Verisk Integration (2023): https://www.randrmagonline.com | ATI Restoration - Press Release on KnowHow AI Deployment (2025): https://www.atirestoration.com | TryKnowHow - AI in Property Restoration (2026): https://www.tryknowhow.com", "automatable_work_confidence": "low", "pct_physical_onsite_work_source_access": "citation-text-only", "pct_cognitive_backoffice_work_source_access": "url", "task_breakdown_note_source_access": "citation-text-only", "ai_resistant_work_source_access": "url", "automatable_work_source_access": "url" }, "automation_physical": { "sources": [ "Brokk AB / Lectura Press (2022) - Brokk to Showcase New Innovations at Bauma 2022: https://lectura.press/en/article/brokk-to-showcase-new-innovations-at-bauma-2022/58129", "ForConstructionPros / ADEP Group (2021) - Demolition Robot Cuts a Pool from a Historic Basement 25% Under Budget: https://www.forconstructionpros.com/equipment/earthmoving-compact/article/21631580/demolition-robot-cuts-a-pool-from-a-historic-basement-25-under-budget", "Restoration & Remediation Magazine (2025/2026) - AI in Restoration & Industry Trends: https://www.randrmagonline.com/articles/89669-7-trends-influencing-the-restoration-industry-in-2026", "McKinsey Global Institute / ConstructConnect (2018/2019) - Automation in Construction & Unpredictable Physical Work: https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/operations/our-insights/the-impact-and-opportunities-of-automation-in-construction", "Brookings Institution (2019) - Automation and Artificial Intelligence: How machines are affecting people and places:", "Spherical Insights (2025) - Demolition Robot Market Report: https://www.sphericalinsights.com/reports/demolition-robot-market" ] }, "fsm_software": { "fsm_adoption_pct": 65, "fsm_adoption_pct_derived": true, "fsm_adoption_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: C&R Magazine State of the Industry Report, 2023, https://candrmagazine.com", "fsm_adoption_pct_research_pass_count": 1, "fsm_adoption_pct_confidence": "med", "dominant_fsm_software": "DASH (CoreLogic / Next Gear Solutions)", "dominant_fsm_software_source": "C&R Magazine 2023 State of the Industry Report, 2023, https://candrmagazine.com", "fsm_adoption_year": "2023", "fsm_adoption_pct_source_access": "url", "dominant_fsm_software_source_access": "url" }, "accounting_tech": { "common_accounting_software": "QuickBooks (QuickBooks Online and QuickBooks Enterprise) serves as the primary accounting software backbone for small-to-midsize US restoration and remediation contractors, while larger or enterprise-scale firms commonly use construction- and trade-specific ERP platforms such as Sage (Sage 100 Contractor, Sage 300 CRE, Sage Intacct), Foundation Software, Acumatica, and NetSuite.", "common_accounting_software_source": "Agiled, 'Best Tools for Restoration Companies: 13 Platforms to Run a Modern Water, Fire & Mold Restoration Business in 2026', 2026", "integration_gap_note": "A survey of 200 restoration contractors conducted by the Restoration Industry Association (RIA) revealed that firms using disconnected, generic field and administrative tools spend between 8 to 15 hours weekly on manual data workarounds. Additionally, industry-wide construction technology benchmark data shows that 51% of contractors manually transfer data between operational applications and accounting systems due to a lack of software integrations.", "integration_gap_note_source": "Restoration Industry Association (RIA) 2024 Survey reported in Pushleads, 'Restoration Company CRM and Software Comparison 2026', 2026, and JBKnowledge Construction Technology Report reported in Hitachi Solutions, 'Why Technology Integration is Key to Success in Construction', 2023", "common_accounting_software_source_access": "citation-text-only", "integration_gap_note_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "ai_adoption": { "ai_adoption_rate_pct": 84, "ai_adoption_rate_pct_source": "C&R Magazine & KnowHow 2026 State of the Industry Report (2026), https://www.candrmagazine.com", "ai_adoption_rate_pct_research_pass_count": 5, "ai_adoption_rate_pct_confidence": "med", "ai_adoption_year": "2026", "use_cases": "Email writing and customer communication, damage assessment photo tagging and job site documentation, preliminary scoping and cost estimating, real-time technician field guidance and SOP knowledge management, marketing and lead generation, and project scheduling.", "use_cases_source": "C&R Magazine & KnowHow 2026 State of the Industry Report (2026), https://www.candrmagazine.com", "adoption_examples": "Documented adoption examples and studies in the trade include: (1) C&R Magazine & KnowHow State of the Restoration Industry Report (2025/2026), which surveyed restoration contractors and found over 84% embrace or are open to AI, with 67.5% using generative AI and 46.2% using industry-specific AI software, primarily targeting estimating/documentation (36%) and employee training (22%). (2) Encircle & Verisk Integration (2023), which introduced automated floor-plan sketch generation directly into Xactimate ESX files, cutting sketch turnaround to under 6 hours and eliminating manual drafting. (3) ATI Restoration Partnership with KnowHow (2025), where one of North America's largest disaster restoration companies deployed an AI knowledge assistant enterprise-wide to standardize onboarding, SOP lookups, and multilingual operational compliance. (4) Restoration Industry Association (RIA) Agentic AI Framework (2025), which highlights multi-agent AI systems (Model Context Protocol / Agent-to-Agent) orchestrating Safety, Moisture, and Claims workflows to pre-build site plans and triage field imagery.", "adoption_examples_source": "C&R Magazine & KnowHow - State of the Restoration Industry Report (2025): https://www.stateofrestoration.com | Restoration Industry Association - RIA AI Currents (2025): https://www.restorationindustry.org | Cleaning & Restoration (C&R) Magazine - Encircle and Verisk Integration (2023): https://www.randrmagonline.com | ATI Restoration - Press Release on KnowHow AI Deployment (2025): https://www.atirestoration.com | TryKnowHow - AI in Property Restoration (2026): https://www.tryknowhow.com", "adoption_examples_confidence": "low", "ai_adoption_rate_pct_source_access": "url", "use_cases_source_access": "url", "adoption_examples_source_access": "url" }, "leadgen_platforms": { "marketplace_penetration_pct": 1.5, "marketplace_penetration_pct_source": "Angi Inc. SEC Filings & Investor Earnings Reports (2024) [https://www.sec.gov/edgar/browse/?CIK=0001705110]; cross-checked with Carpet Cleaning Digital / IBISWorld Market Analysis (2025) [https://carpetcleaningdigital.com/industry-statistics-2025/]", "marketplace_penetration_pct_research_pass_count": 4, "marketplace_penetration_pct_confidence": "med", "platform_take_rate_pct": 10, "platform_take_rate_pct_source": "Angi Inc. Q1 2026 Shareholder Letter & Earnings Presentation (2026), https://ir.angi.com", "platform_take_rate_pct_research_pass_count": 5, "platform_take_rate_pct_confidence": "high", "platforms_note": "Shared lead platforms such as Angi, HomeAdvisor, and Thumbtack charge restoration contractors between $15 and $150 per lead (averaging ~$85 per lead on Angi), but shared leads yield lower close rates of 5% to 15%. Dedicated exclusive water damage restoration leads range from $100 to $700+ per lead (averaging $542 nationally) with conversion rates between 20% and 40%.", "platforms_note_source": "PushLeads Restoration Marketing Benchmark Report (2026), https://www.pushleads.com; ResultCalls Water Damage Lead Pricing Report (2025), https://www.resultcalls.com; PipelineOn Trade Lead Generation Analysis (2026), https://www.pipelineon.com", "marketplace_penetration_pct_shared_across": 11, "marketplace_penetration_pct_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 11 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "platform_take_rate_pct_shared_across": 13, "platform_take_rate_pct_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 13 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "marketplace_penetration_pct_source_access": "url", "platform_take_rate_pct_source_access": "url", "platforms_note_source_access": "url" }, "acquisition_mix": { "pct_referral": 93, "pct_referral_source": "Cleanfax 2026 Restoration Benchmarking Survey Report (2026), https://www.cleanfax.com. Cross-checked with Restoration Industry Association (RIA) 2024 survey data reporting 30-40% of total revenue generated through formal referral programs.", "pct_referral_research_pass_count": 5, "pct_referral_confidence": "med", "pct_digital": 57, "pct_digital_source": "Marketing LTB / Webtonic 2026 Restoration Digital Marketing Benchmarks", "pct_digital_research_pass_count": 3, "pct_digital_confidence": "med", "pct_marketplace": 21.605, "pct_marketplace_derived": true, "pct_marketplace_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 2 cited research inputs: Restoration & Remediation (R&R) Magazine State of the Industry Study, https://www.randrmagonline.com/articles/89531-state-of-the-restoration-industry-2021 | Cleanfax 2023 Restoration Benchmarking Survey Report, 2023", "pct_marketplace_research_pass_count": 2, "pct_marketplace_confidence": "med", "acquisition_year": "2024", "pct_referral_source_access": "url", "pct_digital_source_access": "citation-text-only", "pct_marketplace_source_access": "url" }, "insurance_warranty": { "home_warranty_penetration_pct": 5, "home_warranty_penetration_pct_source": "ConsumerAffairs, 2024", "home_warranty_penetration_pct_research_pass_count": 5, "home_warranty_penetration_pct_confidence": "med", "intermediation_note": "Insurance carriers and Third-Party Administrators (TPAs) intermediate the contractor-customer relationship by controlling work assignment dispatches through preferred vendor networks, dictating price structures via required software line-item platforms (e.g., Xactimate/Symbility) or program rate cards, enforcing strict response SLAs and compliance metrics, and directly auditing scopes and issuing payment approvals.", "intermediation_note_source": "Restoration & Remediation Magazine, 2024, https://www.randrmagonline.com/articles/90998-third-party-administrators-tpas-expectations-of-restorers", "home_warranty_penetration_pct_source_access": "citation-text-only", "intermediation_note_source_access": "url" }, "recurring_mix": { "recurring_revenue_pct": 47.5, "recurring_revenue_pct_derived": true, "recurring_revenue_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 4 cited research inputs: CT Acquisitions Restoration M&A Playbook (2026) - https://www.ctacquisitions.com/ ; Cleanfax (2024) - https://www.cleanfax.com | CT Acquisitions, 2026 Restoration M&A Playbook, https://ctacquisitions.com | FirstService Corporation FY2024 Annual Information Form / SEC Form 40-F (2025), https://www.sec.gov/edgar/browse/?CIK=0001099290 | FirstService Corporation, Form 40-F Annual Report (2025), https://www.sec.gov", "recurring_revenue_pct_research_pass_count": 4, "recurring_revenue_pct_confidence": "low", "recurring_note": "The US Restoration & Remediation trade is fundamentally non-recurring and event-driven, with over 80% of revenue originating from emergency insurance claims (IBISWorld, 2025). Public filings such as FirstService Corporation's Form 10-K note that restoration operations (FirstOnSite, Paul Davis) generate revenue primarily through non-recurring claims and weather/disaster events rather than recurring contracts. However, industry M&A analyses and trade press (CT Acquisitions, Cleanfax) report that high-performing commercial operators target a 15% to 25% recurring program revenue layer through Priority Service Agreements (PSAs) and standing commercial vendor contracts with REITs, healthcare, and property management accounts.", "recurring_note_source": "FirstService Corporation 2024 Form 10-K - https://www.firstservice.com/ ; IBISWorld Damage Restoration Services in the US Report (2025) - https://www.ibisworld.com/ ; CT Acquisitions Restoration M&A Playbook (2026) - https://www.ctacquisitions.com/ ; Cleanfax (2024) - https://www.cleanfax.com", "recurring_revenue_pct_source_access": "url", "recurring_note_source_access": "url" }, "contract_terms": { "typical_contract_length_months": 24, "typical_contract_length_months_source": "FirstService Corporation 2022 Annual Information Form (2022) - https://www.firstservice.com ; Cotton Commercial USA / OMNIA Partners Master Service Agreement (2021) - https://www.omniapartners.com", "typical_contract_length_months_research_pass_count": 4, "typical_contract_length_months_confidence": "adjudicated", "renewal_rate_pct": 92.5, "renewal_rate_pct_derived": true, "renewal_rate_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 4 cited research inputs: FirstService Corporation 2022 Annual Information Form (2022) - https://www.firstservice.com | FirstService Corporation Form 10-K / Annual Information Form (2025), https://www.firstservice.com | FirstService Corporation, Form 10-K Annual Report (2003), https://www.sec.gov | Restoration & Remediation (R&R) Magazine, Industry Trends & M&A Updates (2024, https://www.randrmagonline.com); cross-checked with Bridgemarq Real Estate Services Public Disclosures (2024, https://www.sec.gov)", "renewal_rate_pct_research_pass_count": 4, "renewal_rate_pct_confidence": "med", "stickiness_note": "Property restoration and remediation service agreements typically allow cancellation by either party on 30 to 90 days' notice, but exhibit high customer stickiness and long tenure (mid-90% retention rate). Stickiness is driven by the essential nature of emergency property restoration and pre-disaster Emergency Response Agreements (ERAs) or Master Service Agreements (MSAs), which establish pre-approved pricing and vendor priority without requiring upfront minimum commitments.", "stickiness_note_source": "FirstService Corporation 2022 Annual Information Form (2022) - https://www.firstservice.com ; FirstService Residential / FirstOnSite Master Service Agreement Guide (2024) - https://www.fsresidential.com", "typical_contract_length_months_source_access": "url", "renewal_rate_pct_source_access": "url", "stickiness_note_source_access": "url" }, "cross_sell": { "upsell_attach_pct": 55, "upsell_attach_pct_derived": true, "upsell_attach_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: Restoration Industry Association (RIA), Cost of Doing Business Report, 2024, https://cat3books.com/guides/restoration-job-costing-framework", "upsell_attach_pct_research_pass_count": 1, "upsell_attach_pct_confidence": "med", "cross_sell_note": "In the property restoration and remediation trade, operators focus adjacent-service expansion on transitioning emergency mitigation (water extraction, drying, fire, mold) into full structural reconstruction and contents restoration. Multi-brand platforms like FirstService (Paul Davis Restoration and First Onsite) utilize a single-source full-service model across mitigation, contents cleaning, mold remediation, and rebuilds to maximize claim dollar retention and cross-sell across residential and commercial accounts.", "cross_sell_note_source": "FirstService Corporation 2025 Annual Report / SEC Form 40-F (2025), https://www.sec.gov", "upsell_attach_pct_source_access": "url", "cross_sell_note_source_access": "url" }, "capital_intensity": { "startup_cost_usd": 271523, "startup_cost_usd_source": "Servpro 2024 Franchise Disclosure Document (FDD), Item 7 ($241,270 to $301,775 total initial investment range; midpoint $271,523) ; cross-checked with PuroClean 2024 Franchise Disclosure Document (FDD), Item 7 ($226,280 to $262,145 total initial investment range) (https://www.franchisingpath.com/puroclean-franchise/).", "startup_cost_usd_research_pass_count": 5, "startup_cost_usd_confidence": "med", "capex_pct_of_revenue": 2.32, "capex_pct_of_revenue_source": "FirstService Corporation Annual Management's Discussion and Analysis (MD&A), 2025, ($127.7 million capital expenditures on $5,497.5 million in total revenues)", "capex_pct_of_revenue_research_pass_count": 5, "capex_pct_of_revenue_confidence": "high", "equipment_note": "Restoration and remediation trades require emergency response service vehicles/truck fleets, specialized structural drying equipment (industrial dehumidifiers, air movers, HEPA air scrubbers), moisture mapping meters, personal protective equipment, and a commercial warehouse/facility for equipment staging and content restoration.", "equipment_note_source": "ANSI/IICRC S500 Standard for Professional Water Damage Restoration (2021), https://www.iicrc.org/page/IICRCStandards", "startup_cost_usd_source_access": "url", "capex_pct_of_revenue_source_access": "citation-text-only", "equipment_note_source_access": "url" }, "regulatory_burden": { "permit_burden_note": "US restoration and remediation operators face complex, multi-layered regulatory mandates across federal, state, and local safety and environmental codes. Under OSHA Standard 29 CFR 1926.1153 (Respirable Crystalline Silica), contractors disturbing silica-containing materials like drywall and concrete must maintain written exposure control plans, air-monitoring records, or Table 1 engineering controls when exposure risks exceed the 50 µg/m³ Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) (OSHA, 2023; Cleanfax, 2023). OSHA Standard 29 CFR 1926.1101 mandates annual mandatory asbestos awareness training, respiratory protection programs, and fit testing whenever workers potentially contact asbestos-containing materials (Restoration Industry Association, 2024). Additionally, under the EPA Lead Renovation, Repair, and Painting (RRP) Rule (40 CFR Part 745), any restoration activity disturbing >6 sq. ft. of interior or >20 sq. ft. of exterior paint in pre-1978 target housing requires EPA firm certification, on-site certified renovators, strict containment protocols, and post-cleanup verification (EPA, 2024; NAHB, 2024).", "permit_burden_note_source": "OSHA Standard 29 CFR 1926.1153 (https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1926/1926.1153); Restoration Industry Association (RIA) Compliance Matrix (2024, https://www.restorationindustry.org); Cleanfax Silica Analysis (2023); National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) RRP Summary (2024, https://www.nahb.org)", "compliance_cost_note": "Direct compliance costs impose significant financial overhead on restoration operators. Under EPA RRP rules, firms must pay a $300 federal firm certification fee every 5 years (or up to $550 in state-delegated programs) plus mandatory 8-hour lead renovator accredited training courses ($150-$300 per employee) and service administrative fees (Sublynk, 2026; LeadSafeFiling, 2026). Failing to comply results in massive legal penalties: EPA RRP non-compliance fines reach up to $48,762 per day per violation (Sublynk, 2026; Tennessee Contractor Authority, 2024), while OSHA maximum penalties stand at $13,653 per serious violation and up to $136,532 per willful or repeated violation (Cleanfax, 2023).", "compliance_cost_note_source": "Sublynk Certification Guidelines (2026, https://www.sublynk.com); Tennessee Contractor Authority RRP Analysis (2024, https://tennesseecontractorauthority.com); LeadSafeFiling Cost Analysis (2026, https://leadsafefiling.com); Cleanfax Enforcement Penalty Summary (2023)", "regulatory_tailwind_note": "Evolving environmental and building energy regulations create structural demand tailwinds for professional remediation contractors. Under the EPA American Innovation and Manufacturing (AIM) Act Technology Transitions Rule (40 CFR Part 84), the federal 85% phase-down of high-GWP hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) like R-410A by 2036 mandates a transition to low-GWP refrigerants (e.g. A2L refrigerants <700 GWP) and strict leak repair and recovery standards for structural drying and dehumidification equipment (EPA AIM Act, 2024; Holland & Knight, 2026). Furthermore, the EPA's March 2024 Final Rule under TSCA Section 6 banning ongoing uses of chrysotile asbestos elevates demand for professional hazard containment and environmental abatement (EPA, 2024). Finally, state and municipal adoptions of the 2021 and 2024 International Energy Conservation Codes (IECC) enforce enhanced envelope sealing, thermal boundary restoration, and moisture control standards during post-loss property rebuilds (ICC / NAHB, 2024).", "regulatory_tailwind_note_source": "EPA AIM Act Technology Transitions Rule (2024, https://www.epa.gov/climate-hfcs-reduction); Holland & Knight Regulatory Update (2026, https://www.hklaw.com); EPA TSCA Section 6 Chrysotile Asbestos Final Ban (March 2024); International Code Council 2024 IECC (2024, https://www.iccsafe.org); NAHB IECC Code Analysis (2024, https://www.nahb.org)", "permit_burden_note_source_access": "url", "compliance_cost_note_source_access": "url", "regulatory_tailwind_note_source_access": "url" }, "data_assets": { "iot_telemetry_penetration_pct": 18.2, "iot_telemetry_penetration_pct_source": "C&R Magazine & KnowHow, 2023 C&R State of the Industry Report (2023)", "iot_telemetry_penetration_pct_research_pass_count": 4, "iot_telemetry_penetration_pct_confidence": "adjudicated", "data_assets_note": "The restoration and remediation trade accumulates structured asset and job site data, including IoT environmental telemetry (temperature, relative humidity, and moisture content), equipment runtime and GPS/location tracking via Bluetooth beacons, job-site damage imagery, 3D floor scans, and standardized line-item cost estimates and scopes.", "data_assets_note_source": "Restoration & Remediation Magazine, 2026", "iot_telemetry_penetration_pct_source_access": "citation-text-only", "data_assets_note_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "consolidation": { "consolidation_activity": "The US Restoration & Remediation trade is experiencing highly intense Private Equity (PE) roll-up and consolidation activity. According to a report by the Private Equity Stakeholder Project (2024, https://pestakeholder.org), PE investments in the disaster recovery sector soared 77% from 2020 to 2021 and peaked again in 2023, driven by high industry fragmentation and rising demand from climate and extreme weather events, with PE firms acquiring stakes in at least 49 disaster restoration companies between late 2023 and late 2024 alone. Market tracking by CT Acquisitions (2026, https://ctacquisitions.com) shows that private equity sponsors have deployed over $6 billion across 50+ restoration platforms, with restoration M&A volume reaching ~138 transactions annually. Furthermore, PitchBook PE research (2025/2026, https://pitchbook.com) reports that add-on/bolt-on acquisitions continue to represent more than 75% of total US buyout deal volume, making buy-and-build roll-up playbooks the primary growth vehicle for PE platforms operating in commercial and residential property service subsectors.", "consolidation_activity_source": "Private Equity Stakeholder Project (2024, https://pestakeholder.org), CT Acquisitions (2026, https://ctacquisitions.com), and PitchBook US PE Breakdown (2025/2026, https://pitchbook.com).", "notable_platforms": "Key private equity platforms and public strategic acquirers driving restoration consolidation include: 1. HighGround Restoration Group: Formed by Trivest Partners in 2020, HighGround completed 13 add-on acquisitions and expanded revenue 12x before being acquired/recapitalized by PE firm Knox Lane in March 2025 (Business Wire, 2025, https://www.businesswire.com; PE Hub, 2023, https://www.pehub.com). 2. ATI Restoration: Backed by TSG Consumer Partners, ATI acquired 15 restoration companies between November 2020 and April 2024, including Venturi Restoration / Response Team 1 and Four Seasons Restoration (PE Stakeholder Project, 2024, https://pestakeholder.org; PitchBook, 2024, https://pitchbook.com). 3. BluSky Restoration Contractors: Jointly acquired by Partners Group and Kohlberg & Company in October 2021 (with Dominus Capital retaining a minority stake), BluSky acquired 10 regional restoration companies between December 2021 and December 2023, following prior additions such as HARBRO (Kohlberg & Co, 2021, https://www.kohlberg.com; PE Hub, 2020, https://www.pehub.com). 4. Cotton Holdings / Cotton Commercial USA: Backed by Sun Capital Partners (2020-2025), Cotton acquired regional provider 24 Restore in January 2024 (PE Stakeholder Project, 2024, https://pestakeholder.org). 5. FirstService Corporation (TSX/NASDAQ: FSV): Public strategic consolidator operating FirstOnSite Restoration and Paul Davis; acquired Global Restoration Holdings for $505 million in 2019 and Soundcore-backed Roofing Corp of America for $413 million in December 2023 (PE Hub, 2019/2023, https://www.pehub.com).", "notable_platforms_source": "Business Wire (2025, https://www.businesswire.com), PE Hub (2019, 2020, 2023, https://www.pehub.com), Kohlberg & Company Press Release (2021, https://www.kohlberg.com), Private Equity Stakeholder Project (2024, https://pestakeholder.org), PitchBook (2024, https://pitchbook.com), and FirstService Corporation Public Filings (2024/2026, https://www.firstservice.com).", "sources": [ "Private Equity Stakeholder Project - 'Profiting from Disaster: Private Equity’s Growth in Disaster Restoration' (2024) - https://pestakeholder.org", "Business Wire - 'Trivest Announces Sale of HighGround Restoration Group to Knox Lane' (2025) - https://www.businesswire.com", "PE Hub - 'Trivest Partners portfolio company HighGround Restoration Group acquires Expert Water Removal' (2023) - https://www.pehub.com", "PE Hub - 'FirstService buys Soundcore-backed Roofing Corp of America' (2023) - https://www.pehub.com", "Kohlberg & Company - 'Partners Group and Kohlberg & Company Acquire BluSky' (2021) - https://www.kohlberg.com", "PE Hub - 'PE-backed BluSky acquires HARBRO' (2020) - https://www.pehub.com", "PE Hub - 'Delos Capital to sell FirstOnSite, Interstate to FirstService for $505 mln' (2019) - https://www.pehub.com", "PitchBook - 'US PE Breakdown & Buy-and-Build Data' (2025/2026) - https://pitchbook.com", "CT Acquisitions - 'How to Prepare Your Restoration Business for Exit: 36-Month PE-Buyer Playbook' (2026) - https://ctacquisitions.com" ], "consolidation_activity_source_access": "url", "notable_platforms_source_access": "url" }, "multiples": { "typical_ebitda_multiple_low": 4, "typical_ebitda_multiple_low_source": "CT Acquisitions, 2026", "typical_ebitda_multiple_low_research_pass_count": 3, "typical_ebitda_multiple_low_confidence": "med", "typical_ebitda_multiple_high": 11, "typical_ebitda_multiple_high_source": "CT Acquisitions, 2026", "typical_ebitda_multiple_high_research_pass_count": 5, "typical_ebitda_multiple_high_confidence": "med", "multiple_by_size_note": "Disaster restoration companies under $2M EBITDA trade at 4x to 6x EBITDA as add-ons or franchise platform targets, companies generating $2M to $10M EBITDA command 6x to 8x EBITDA, and scaled commercial-weighted platforms generating $10M to $25M+ EBITDA reach 8x to 11x or higher.", "multiple_by_size_note_source": "CT Acquisitions, 2026", "multiple_year": "2026", "typical_ebitda_multiple_low_source_access": "citation-text-only", "typical_ebitda_multiple_high_source_access": "citation-text-only", "multiple_by_size_note_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "exit_environment": { "buyer_demand": "Buyer demand for US Restoration & Remediation businesses is exceptionally strong, driven by aggressive private equity (PE) roll-up strategies and active strategic corporate acquirers. PE sponsors have deployed over $6 billion across more than 50 platform companies, with transaction volumes rising by over 32% year-over-year. Strategic and PE buyers pay EBITDA valuation multiples ranging from 4x-7x for standard local/residential shops up to 7x-11x+ for scaled, commercial-weighted platforms. What buyers value most includes: (1) predictable, non-discretionary revenue backed by Third-Party Administrator (TPA) and Direct Repair Program (DRP) insurance carrier contracts; (2) low catastrophe (CAT) exposure, preferring non-storm recurring work to represent at least 80% to 85% of total revenue (keeping CAT work under 15%-20%); (3) high gross margins in core mitigation, mold, and biohazard services (70%-80%); (4) institutionalized management structures with minimal owner dependence; and (5) auditable regulatory, safety, and ESG compliance.", "buyer_demand_source": "CT Acquisitions (2026), https://www.ctacquisitions.com/ ; Capstone Partners (2025), https://www.capstonepartners.com/ ; C&R Magazine (2024), https://www.candrmagazine.com", "exit_trend": "The exit environment is heating up rapidly. Deal activity across environmental and restoration services is accelerating, with private strategic M&A transactions increasing to 25 deals YTD (up from 16 in the prior period) and PE platform/add-on acquisitions rising 23% to 33% YoY. This surge is propelled by seller demographics, 65% of restoration business owners are Baby Boomers with roughly 80% of their net worth tied to their companies, creating an unprecedented wave of founder succession exits into a highly fragmented, consolidating market.", "exit_trend_source": "Capstone Partners (2025), https://www.capstonepartners.com/ ; Restoration & Remediation Magazine (2025), https://www.randrmagonline.com", "sources": [ "CT Acquisitions (2026), 'Sell Your Restoration Business: Multiples, Valuations, and PE Buyer Demand', https://www.ctacquisitions.com", "Capstone Partners (2025), 'Industrial & Environmental Services M&A Update', https://www.capstonepartners.com", "Restoration & Remediation Magazine (2025), 'Restoration Industry Resilience & Succession Report', https://www.randrmagonline.com", "C&R Magazine (2024), 'Restoration M&A Market Dynamics & Valuation Standards', https://www.candrmagazine.com" ], "buyer_demand_source_access": "url", "exit_trend_source_access": "url" }, "demand_drivers": { "installed_base_units": 142150000, "installed_base_units_derived": true, "installed_base_units_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 2 cited research inputs: U.S. Census Bureau, QuickFacts: United States (2025), https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045223; U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (2018), https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial | U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Residential Energy Consumption Survey (2024 RECS, released 2026: 132.5 million primary occupied housing units) and Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (2018 CBECS: 5.9 million commercial buildings) - https://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/ and https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial", "installed_base_units_research_pass_count": 4, "installed_base_units_confidence": "high", "replacement_vs_new_note": "Demand in the restoration and remediation trade is overwhelmingly concentrated in existing building stock (replacement, repair, and emergency mitigation) rather than new construction. Restoration contractors respond to unexpected physical property damage (water, fire, mold, storm events) across installed structures. According to U.S. Census Bureau Construction Spending data (2026), private residential improvements spending ($930.2 billion SAAR in May 2026) is tracked separately from new single-family and multi-family construction. Furthermore, IBISWorld's Damage Restoration Services industry analysis (2025) indicates that emergency mitigation, structural drying, and post-disaster remediation on existing structures generate the vast majority of trade revenue.", "replacement_vs_new_note_source": "U.S. Census Bureau (Construction Spending, 2026, https://www.census.gov/construction/c30/c30index.html) and IBISWorld (Damage Restoration Services in the US, 2025, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/damage-restoration-services-industry/)", "demand_drivers_note": "Primary demand drivers for the U.S. restoration and remediation industry include: (1) aging building stock and residential infrastructure, which increases the likelihood of plumbing failures, appliance leaks, and structural deterioration; (2) high-frequency non-discretionary water damage incidents, which account for 34% to 41% of total service demand; (3) increasing frequency and severity of extreme weather events (severe storms, localized flooding, deep freezes, and wildfires); (4) stringent health and indoor air quality standards driving mold remediation and biohazard cleanup; and (5) widespread insurance backing, with over 80% of restoration work funded via commercial, homeowner, or flood insurance policies.", "demand_drivers_note_source": "IBISWorld (Damage Restoration Services in the US, 2025, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/damage-restoration-services-industry/) and U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA RECS / CBECS, 2020-2022, https://www.eia.gov/consumption/)", "installed_base_units_source_access": "url", "replacement_vs_new_note_source_access": "url", "demand_drivers_note_source_access": "url" }, "macro_correlation": { "housing_correlation_note": "According to U.S. Census Bureau Construction Spending data analyzed by the National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) in July 2026, restoration, repair, and remediation demand exhibits low correlation with new housing starts and operates as a defensive, necessity-driven sector. While single-family new construction spending declined 4.0% year-over-year in May 2026 due to elevated financing costs, residential improvement and repair spending grew 8.1% year-over-year to a seasonally adjusted annual rate of $930.2 billion, supported by an aging national housing stock and non-discretionary maintenance needs.", "housing_correlation_note_source": "U.S. Census Bureau & NAHB Eye on Housing (2026), https://eyeonhousing.org", "commercial_correlation_note": "According to the American Institute of Architects (AIA) Consensus Construction Forecast (January 2026), commercial restoration and remediation demand demonstrates significant resilience relative to volatile commercial construction starts. While overall nonresidential building construction spending growth slowed to 1.0% in 2026 (commercial spending up 3.0% and manufacturing down 3.9%), facility restoration and environmental remediation demand remains tied to building age, structural maintenance requirements, and indoor environmental compliance rather than new commercial starts.", "commercial_correlation_note_source": "American Institute of Architects (AIA) Consensus Construction Forecast (2026), https://www.aia.org", "climate_sensitivity_note": "According to the Harvard Joint Center for Housing Studies (JCHS) 'Improving America's Housing 2025' report, weather and climate disasters are major non-cyclical accelerators of restoration and repair demand. Spending on repairs from climate events (hurricanes, floods, wildfires, and severe storms) accounted for 6 percent of total national improvement expenditures in 2022-2023, up from under 4 percent two decades prior. Homeowners spent an average of $23 billion annually from 2021 to 2023 on disaster repair, with restored homes averaging $22,100 per project in 2023 following a record 28 NOAA billion-dollar climate disasters in 2023.", "climate_sensitivity_note_source": "Harvard Joint Center for Housing Studies (2025), https://www.jchs.harvard.edu", "housing_correlation_note_source_access": "url", "commercial_correlation_note_source_access": "url", "climate_sensitivity_note_source_access": "url" }, "search_interest": { "yoy_search_change_pct": 20, "yoy_search_change_pct_source": "Marketing LTB (2026), cited in Webtonic (2026), 'Restoration Marketing Statistics 2026', https://webtonic.io (reporting a 20%+ year-over-year increase in emergency restoration voice search queries).", "yoy_search_change_pct_research_pass_count": 5, "yoy_search_change_pct_confidence": "high", "search_trend_note": "Consumer search interest for US restoration and remediation services (including water damage restoration, mold remediation, and fire damage cleanup) exhibits strong upward momentum driven by extreme weather, aging infrastructure, and high mobile emergency intent. According to Google Trends analysis published by DBA Platform (2024, https://dbaplatform.com), searches for terms such as 'water damage repair' and fire restoration have experienced rapid growth, with sharp volume spikes coinciding with severe weather events. Industry SEO research by PushLeads (2026, https://pushleads.com) and ArmA SEO (2026, https://armaseo.com) indicates that 80% to 90% of water damage searches occur on mobile devices with high-intent localized phrases ('near me'), with seasonal flooding driving search volume increases of 30% to 40%. Additionally, Marketing LTB / Webtonic (2026, https://webtonic.io) reports that 84% of restoration customers conduct online searches prior to contacting a provider.", "search_trend_note_source": "DBA Platform (2024), 'Home Restoration Google Search Trends', https://dbaplatform.com; PushLeads (2026), 'Disaster Restoration Marketing & Local SEO Guide', https://pushleads.com; ArmA SEO (2026), 'Research Report: How Homeowners Search for Water Damage Restoration in 2026', https://armaseo.com; Webtonic (2026), 'Restoration Marketing Statistics 2026', https://webtonic.io", "yoy_search_change_pct_source_access": "url", "search_trend_note_source_access": "url" }, "cust_acquisition": { "typical_cac_usd": 424.68, "typical_cac_usd_source": "C&R Magazine, 2024", "typical_cac_usd_research_pass_count": 5, "typical_cac_usd_confidence": "high", "avg_review_volume": 40, "avg_review_volume_source": "Mountwell Marketing (2024), 'Average Review Count by Business Category', cross-checked with Projul Restoration Contractor GBP Benchmarks (2025)", "avg_review_volume_research_pass_count": 5, "avg_review_volume_confidence": "med", "complaint_categories": "Slow emergency response times, poor communication during restoration, unclear scope of work and billing/cost surprises, incomplete or substandard remediation work, and delayed insurance claim documentation", "complaint_categories_source": "ServiceMaster EMT / R&R Magazine, 2024", "typical_cac_usd_source_access": "citation-text-only", "avg_review_volume_source_access": "citation-text-only", "complaint_categories_source_access": "citation-text-only" } }, "subtrade": {}, "segments": { "bands": [ { "band": "0-1M", "band_label": "under $1M annual revenue (owner-operator / very small shop)", "metrics": { "gross_margin_pct": { "value": 50, "source": "Restoration Industry Association 2024", "confidence": "low", "basis": "Industry-wide average gross profit margin across property restoration contractors", "source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "dso_days": { "value": 52.5, "source": "Restoration Industry Association 2024", "confidence": "low", "basis": "Industry-wide average days sales outstanding (45 to 60 days standard benchmark range)", "source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "recurring_rev_pct": { "value": 0, "source": "IBISWorld 2025 https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/damage-restoration-services-industry", "confidence": "low", "basis": "Industry-wide share of recurring maintenance/service agreement revenue (transactional/event-based emergency work)", "source_access": "url" } } }, { "band": "1-5M", "band_label": "$1M to $5M annual revenue (small established contractor)", "metrics": { "gross_margin_pct": { "value": 50, "source": "Restoration Industry Association 2024", "confidence": "high", "basis": "Average gross profit margin for restoration contractors ($1M-$5.99M revenue tier)", "source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "dso_days": { "value": 56.6, "source": "Construction Financial Management Association 2024 https://cfma.org", "confidence": "low", "basis": "Industry-average Days Sales Outstanding across construction financial benchmark respondents", "source_access": "url" } } }, { "band": "5-20M", "band_label": "$5M to $20M annual revenue (mid-market, multi-crew)", "metrics": { "gross_margin_pct": { "value": 50, "source": "Restoration Industry Association (RIA) & KnowHow, 2024, https://www.restorationindustry.org", "confidence": "high", "basis": "Average gross profit margin reported across restoration and remediation contractors nationwide", "source_access": "url" }, "collection_rate_pct": { "value": 85.1, "source": "Level CFO analysis of 464 contractors, https://levelcfo.com/benchmarks/contractor", "confidence": "high", "basis": "Median cash collected as a percentage of amounts billed, n=464 companies", "source_access": "url" }, "dso_days": { "value": 57, "source": "2025, https://www.levelcfo.com", "confidence": "med", "basis": "Average Days Sales Outstanding (DSO) for specialty trade contractors", "source_access": "url" } } }, { "band": "20M+", "band_label": "over $20M annual revenue (large / regional / PE-backed)", "metrics": { "gross_margin_pct": { "value": 22.4, "source": "Construction Financial Management Association (CFMA) 2024 https://www.cfma.org", "confidence": "low", "basis": "Average gross profit margin for Specialty Trade contractors across all revenue tiers", "source_access": "url" }, "collection_rate_pct": { "value": 85.1, "source": "Level CFO analysis of 464 contractors, https://levelcfo.com/benchmarks/contractor", "confidence": "low", "basis": "Median cash collected as a percentage of amounts billed, n=464 companies", "source_access": "url" }, "dso_days": { "value": 58, "source": "Construction Financial Management Association (CFMA) 2022 https://www.cfma.org", "confidence": "low", "basis": "Average days sales outstanding (DSO) for accounts receivable collection across construction contractors", "source_access": "url" } } } ] }, "geo": { "states": [ { "name": "Alabama", "where": "AL", "license_regime": "In Alabama, state licensing for restoration and remediation work depends on contract value and project type. Under Code of Alabama Title 34 Chapter 8, commercial or industrial construction, rehabilitation, or remediation projects valued at $100,000 or more require a General Contractor license issued at the state level by the Alabama Licensing Board for General Contractors. Residential building or remodeling projects exceeding $10,000 fall under the jurisdiction of the Alabama Home Builders Licensure Board. Alabama does not offer a standalone state-level mold remediation license. General contractor classifications and monetary bid limits are assigned based on financial documentation, starting with a minimum threshold of $10,000 up to Unlimited.", "license_source": "Alabama Licensing Board for General Contractors, 2023", "bonding_requirement": "The Alabama Licensing Board for General Contractors requires applicants to maintain commercial general liability insurance and demonstrate a minimum net worth and working capital of $10,000. There is no mandatory blanket state surety bond requirement for prime general contractors; however, contractors who do not meet the minimum net worth or working capital required for their desired bid limit may post a surety bond to bridge the financial gap.", "bonding_source": "Alabama Licensing Board for General Contractors, 2023", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to long-term industry projections from the Alabama Department of Labor, the Remediation and Other Waste Management Services industry subsector (NAICS 5629) accounted for 2,290 jobs in Alabama in 2022, with employment projected to grow to 2,560 jobs by 2032.", "market_source": "Alabama Department of Labor, Labor Market Information Division, 2024, https://labor.alabama.gov", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Alaska", "where": "AK", "license_regime": "State-level licensing/registration is required in Alaska for construction contractors, including restoration and remediation trades. Licensing is administered at the state level by the Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development (DCCED), Division of Corporations, Business and Professional Licensing. License tiers include General Contractor (without Residential Endorsement), General Contractor with Residential Contractor Endorsement, Specialty Contractor (limited to up to three specific trade specialties), Mechanical Contractor, and General Contractor - Handyman (for projects with an aggregate cost of $10,000 or less).", "license_source": "Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development, Division of Corporations, Business and Professional Licensing, 2024, https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/cbpl/ProfessionalLicensing/ConstructionContractors.aspx", "bonding_requirement": "Under Alaska Statute AS 08.18.071 and AS 08.18.101, surety bond minimums are $25,000 for General Contractors without residential endorsement, $20,000 for General Contractors with a Residential Endorsement performing exclusively residential work, $10,000 for Specialty and Mechanical Contractors, and $5,000 for Handyman Contractors. Public liability and property damage insurance minimums are $20,000 for property damage, $50,000 for injury or death to one person, and $100,000 for injury or death to more than one person, along with mandatory workers' compensation insurance if employing labor.", "bonding_source": "Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development, Division of Corporations, Business and Professional Licensing, 2023, https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/cbpl/ProfessionalLicensing/ConstructionContractors.aspx", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to the Alaska Division of Corporations, Business and Professional Licensing FY2022 Professional Licensing Statistics, there were 11,263 total active construction contractor licenses in Alaska in FY2022. Additionally, Projections Central and BLS employment data reported 410 employees in Alaska for Miscellaneous Construction and Related Workers (SOC 47-4099) in 2022, projected to reach 440 by 2032.", "market_source": "Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development, Division of Corporations, Business and Professional Licensing, FY2022 Professional Licensing Statistics, 2022, https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/cbpl/ProfessionalLicensing/ProfessionalLicensingStatistics.aspx", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Arizona", "where": "AZ", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 22.86, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 0.97, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_az.htm", "license_regime": "State-level contractor licensing is mandatory in Arizona and enforced by the Arizona Registrar of Contractors (ROC). Restoration and remediation contractors must hold state-issued ROC licenses categorized by scope and building type, such as General Residential (B-1), General Commercial (B), Dual Residential/Commercial, or Specialty Contractor license classifications. Local/city licenses do not replace state ROC licensing requirements.", "license_source": "Arizona Registrar of Contractors, 2024, https://roc.az.gov", "bonding_requirement": "Contractors licensed by the Arizona ROC must maintain a continuous surety bond or cash deposit. Required bond amounts scale by license classification and anticipated annual gross volume: Residential Specialty ($4,250 to $7,500), Residential General ($9,000 to $15,000), Commercial Specialty ($2,500 to $50,000), and Commercial General ($5,000 to $100,000). Dual license bond amounts combine residential and commercial sum requirements. Residential contractors must also contribute to the Residential Recovery Fund or post a $200,000 surety/cash bond. Employers must carry workers' compensation insurance per ARS § 23-961.", "bonding_source": "Arizona Registrar of Contractors, Bond Limits and Regulations, 2024, https://roc.az.gov/bond-limits", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to IBISWorld industry market analysis for Remediation & Environmental Cleanup Services in Arizona (NAICS 56291), the industry covers building remediation, environmental emergency cleanup, and site mitigation services across residential and commercial markets statewide.", "market_source": "IBISWorld, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 22.86 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Arkansas", "where": "AR", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 17.53, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -22.57, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ar.htm", "license_regime": "In Arkansas, state-level licensing is mandated by the Arkansas Contractors Licensing Board (ACLB) rather than individual local jurisdictions. A state Commercial License is required for commercial restoration/remediation projects valued at $50,000 or more (including labor and materials). For single-family residential projects, a Residential Remodeler or Home Improvement Specialty License is required for projects over $2,000. License tiers include Limited (projects under $50,000) and Unlimited. Subcontractors working under a licensed prime contractor must obtain a Subcontractor Registration. Hazardous material abatement (e.g., asbestos or lead remediation) requires specific trade certifications.", "license_source": "Arkansas Contractors Licensing Board, 2024", "bonding_requirement": "Commercial contractors and registered subcontractors must carry a minimum $10,000 contractor license surety bond. Contractors submitting financial statements must maintain a minimum net worth ($10,000 for specialty, $50,000 for general commercial building, with at least 50% held as cash in the bank). Alternatively, under AR Code § 17-25-304, applicants may post a Surety Bond in Lieu of Financial Statement equal to 10 times the required net worth ($50,000 for specialty contractors). Proof of workers' compensation insurance is required for all entities with one or more employees.", "bonding_source": "Arkansas Code Annotated § 17-25-304 and Arkansas Contractors Licensing Board Rules, 2024", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS May 2023 state estimates, Arkansas had an estimated employment of 170 workers in SOC 47-4090 (Miscellaneous Construction and Related Workers, including SOC 47-4099), with a location quotient of 0.71 compared to the national average employment density.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ar.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 17.53 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "California", "where": "CA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 30.72, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 35.69, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - California (2024), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ca.htm", "license_regime": "State-level contractor license required for projects totaling $500 or more in labor and materials, issued by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB). Tiers and classifications include Class A (General Engineering Contractor), Class B (General Building Contractor), Class B-2 (Residential Remodeling Contractor), and Class C Specialty licenses such as C-22 (Asbestos Abatement Contractor) and C-61/D-64 (Limited Specialty - Hazardous Building Contractor), along with DOSH registration for hazardous substance handling.", "license_source": "California Contractors State License Board (CSLB), State of California (2025), https://www.cslb.ca.gov", "bonding_requirement": "All contractors must maintain a $25,000 Contractor License Bond (increased from $15,000 under SB 607 effective Jan 1, 2023). A $25,000 Bond of Qualifying Individual is required if the qualifier is an RME or owns under 10%. LLC licensees must hold a $100,000 employee bond and at least $1,000,000 in General Liability insurance. Workers' compensation insurance is required for all contractors with employees and is mandatory for C-22 asbestos contractors regardless of employee count.", "bonding_source": "California Contractors State License Board (CSLB), Contractor's Bond Requirements (2023)", "market_size_or_density_note": "California leads the nation in Waste Management & Remediation Services employment with approximately 61,900 workers. Nationally, the property damage restoration niche generates $7.2 billion in annual revenue across ~62,582 firms (per IBISWorld 2025 data), with California representing one of the largest state markets.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) QCEW / DataUSA, Waste Management & Remediation Services (2024), https://datausa.io/profile/naics/waste-management-remediation-services ; IBISWorld, Damage Restoration Services Industry Report (2025)", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 30.72 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Colorado", "where": "CO", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 22.49, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -0.66, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates: Colorado & National (SOC 47-4090 / 47-4099), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_co.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level contractor license is required for general restoration and remediation contractors in Colorado. State-level contractor licensing administered by DORA is limited to electrical and plumbing trades. General contractor and specialty restoration licensing is delegated entirely to local municipal and county governments (such as Denver, Colorado Springs, Aurora, and Littleton), which establish their own local licensing tiers (e.g., Class A, B, C, D).", "license_source": "Colorado Department of Regulatory Agencies (DORA), Division of Professions and Occupations, 2024, https://dora.colorado.gov", "bonding_requirement": "There are no statewide surety bond or general liability insurance minimums established at the state level for restoration and remediation contractors. Bonding and commercial general liability insurance minimums are set independently by local municipal building departments.", "bonding_source": "Colorado Department of Regulatory Agencies (DORA), Division of Professions and Occupations, 2024, https://dora.colorado.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS May 2023 data, Colorado employed an estimated 680 workers in SOC 47-4090 (Miscellaneous Construction and Related Workers, including SOC 47-4099) with a location quotient of 1.26 (0.24 jobs per 1,000 total state employment). Additionally, BLS QCEW data indicates Colorado had 22,389 private construction establishments, with specialty trade contractors (NAICS 238) accounting for 53% of all construction establishments in the state.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS and QCEW Estimates for Colorado, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_co.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 22.49 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Connecticut", "where": "CT", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 29.17, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 28.84, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023 State and National Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (SOC 47-4090 / 47-4099), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ct.htm and https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nat.htm", "license_regime": "State-level registration is required in Connecticut through the Department of Consumer Protection (DCP) under the Home Improvement Act (CGS § 20-417a) for residential restoration and remediation contracts over $200 (or cumulative $1,000/year) as a Home Improvement Contractor (HIC). Environmental hazard remediation (asbestos, lead, mold abatement) requires separate specialty licenses/certifications administered by the CT Department of Public Health (DPH).", "license_source": "Connecticut Department of Consumer Protection (DCP), Home Improvement Contractor Requirements, 2024", "bonding_requirement": "Registered Home Improvement Contractors with the CT DCP are required to carry a $15,000 surety bond (or contribute to the state Home Improvement Guaranty Fund) and maintain minimum General Liability insurance of $20,000 (though $1,000,000 per occurrence is standard commercial/residential market practice). Workers' compensation coverage is required if employing workers.", "bonding_source": "Connecticut Department of Consumer Protection (DCP) & Connecticut General Statutes CGS § 20-417a, 2024", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS May 2023 data, Connecticut has an estimated 190 workers employed in SOC 47-4090 / 47-4099 (Miscellaneous Construction and Related Workers). State registration data from the CT DCP open data registry records over 27,000 active Home Improvement Contractor (HIC) registrations statewide.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS (2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ct.htm) and Connecticut Open Data Portal / DCP (2024, https://data.ct.gov)", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 29.17 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Delaware", "where": "DE", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 21.77, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -3.84, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics & O*NET Online, 2025 OEWS Wage Data, https://www.onetonline.org/link/localwages/47-4099.00?st=DE", "license_regime": "Delaware does not issue a general state-level trade license for standard restoration contractors; all contractors must obtain a General Contractor Business License from the Delaware Division of Revenue and register with the Delaware Department of Labor under the Delaware Contractor Registration Act (19 Del. C. Ch. 36). Specialized environmental remediation (e.g., asbestos abatement) requires state-level Class A or Class B Contractor licensing through the State Asbestos Office (OMB Division of Facilities Management / DNREC under 19 DE Admin. Code 4103). Building permits and specific trade competency licenses are managed at the county and municipal levels.", "license_source": "Delaware Department of Labor & OMB Division of Facilities Management Asbestos Office, 2024, https://delaware.gov", "bonding_requirement": "Non-resident contractors performing single or aggregate contracts of $20,000 or more in a calendar year must post a Delaware Division of Revenue surety bond equal to 6% of the contract value (30 Del. C. § 375). General resident contractors do not face a mandatory state surety bond, but local municipalities mandate local bonds ranging from $1,000 to $25,000. Workers' Compensation insurance coverage is mandatory for all contractors.", "bonding_source": "Delaware Division of Revenue, 30 Del. C. § 375 / Non-Resident Contractor License Bond Guidelines, 2024, https://revenue.delaware.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS estimates, Delaware has approximately 200 employed workers in Miscellaneous Construction and Related Workers (SOC 47-4099 / 47-4090), representing an employment density of 0.43 jobs per 1,000 total jobs in the state.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Delaware, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_de.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 21.77 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Florida", "where": "FL", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 22.36, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -1.24, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_fl.htm", "license_regime": "State-level license required. Under Florida Statutes Chapter 468, Part XVI, anyone performing mold remediation on affected areas greater than 10 square feet must hold a license issued by the Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation (DBPR). Licensing tiers consist of Mold Remediator and Mold Assessor, with statutory restrictions prohibiting a professional from performing both assessment and remediation on the same project within 12 months.", "license_source": "Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation (DBPR), 2024, https://www.myfloridalicense.com", "bonding_requirement": "Licensed Mold Remediators are statutorily required to maintain a commercial general liability insurance policy with a minimum coverage limit of $1,000,000 that specifically includes coverage for mold-related claims (Florida Statutes §468.8421).", "bonding_source": "Florida House of Representatives, Florida Statutes 2024, https://www.flhouse.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "As of May 2023, Florida had an estimated employment of 2,870 workers in Miscellaneous Construction and Related Workers (SOC 47-4090 / 47-4099), yielding a location quotient of 1.57 (57% higher concentration than the national average).", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_fl.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 22.36 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Georgia", "where": "GA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 21.62, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -4.51, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) May 2022 State Estimates for Georgia and May 2023 National Data, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ga.htm", "license_regime": "Georgia does not issue a specific state license for general restoration or mold remediation, but structural repair work valued above $2,500 requires a contractor license issued by the Georgia State Licensing Board for Residential and General Contractors (O.C.G.A. Title 43, Chapter 41). License tiers include Residential Basic, Residential Light Commercial (up to 4 stories / 100,000 sq ft), General Contractor Limited Tier (projects up to $500,000), and General Contractor (unrestricted). Specialty sub-trades (electrical, plumbing, HVAC) and asbestos removal require separate state licensing.", "license_source": "Georgia Secretary of State, State Licensing Board for Residential and General Contractors, 2024, https://sos.ga.gov/georgia-state-licensing-board-residential-and-general-contractors", "bonding_requirement": "Applicants must demonstrate financial responsibility via proof of net worth ($25,000 for Limited Tier, $150,000 for General Contractor) or a surety bond/line of credit, carry general liability insurance ($300,000 to $500,000 minimum depending on tier), and provide proof of workers' compensation insurance.", "bonding_source": "Georgia Secretary of State, State Licensing Board for Residential and General Contractors, 2024, https://sos.ga.gov/georgia-state-licensing-board-residential-and-general-contractors", "market_size_or_density_note": "In Georgia, BLS OEWS May 2022 data reported 4,010 workers employed in Miscellaneous Construction and Related Workers (SOC 47-4090, which includes SOC 47-4099), representing an employment density of 0.87 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 4.30.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) May 2022 State Estimates for Georgia, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2022/may/oes_ga.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 21.62 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Hawaii", "where": "HI", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 32.32, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 42.76, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "license_regime": "State-level contractor license is required for any project exceeding $1,500 in total labor and material cost, administered by the Hawaii Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs (DCCA) Contractors License Board under Hawaii Revised Statutes Chapter 444. License classifications include Class A (General Engineering Contractor), Class B (General Building Contractor), and Class C (Specialty Contractor).", "license_source": "Hawaii Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs (DCCA), Contractors License Board, HRS Chapter 444, 2024, https://cca.hawaii.gov/pvl/boards/contractor", "bonding_requirement": "Pursuant to HRS § 444-16.5, contractors must hold a surety bond set by the Board based on financial condition and experience, with a statutory minimum of $5,000 (ranging up to $300,000). General liability insurance minimums are $100,000 per person for bodily injury, $300,000 per occurrence for bodily injury, and $50,000 per occurrence for property damage.", "bonding_source": "Hawaii Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs (DCCA), Contractors License Board, HRS § 444-16.5, 2024, https://cca.hawaii.gov/pvl/boards/contractor", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism (OEWS May 2024), total statewide employment for SOC 47-4099 (Construction and Related Workers, All Other) in Hawaii was 90 workers.", "market_source": "Hawaii State Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism (DBEDT) & U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, OEWS Report, 2024, https://dbedt.hawaii.gov", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 32.32 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Idaho", "where": "ID", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 20.29, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -10.38, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) State Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_id.htm", "license_regime": "Idaho requires state-level contractor registration (rather than trade licensure) through the Idaho Contractors Board for construction, alteration, or restoration work exceeding $2,000 in combined materials and labor. Specialty trades such as electrical, plumbing, and HVAC are licensed separately, and public works contracting requires a separate license with tiered financial limits.", "license_source": "Idaho Division of Occupational and Professional Licenses (DOPL), Idaho Contractors Board, 2024, https://dopl.idaho.gov/con", "bonding_requirement": "Idaho does not require a general statewide surety bond for standard contractor registration. However, registrants must hold general liability insurance with a minimum single limit of $300,000 (including products and completed operations) and show proof of workers' compensation insurance or a valid exemption statement.", "bonding_source": "Idaho Division of Occupational and Professional Licenses (DOPL), Idaho Contractors Board / Idaho Code § 54-5201, 2024, https://dopl.idaho.gov/con", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS May 2023 data, Idaho had an estimated employment of 270 workers in Miscellaneous Construction and Related Workers (SOC 47-4090, which includes SOC 47-4099), representing an employment density of 0.329 jobs per 1,000 total state jobs.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) State Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_id.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 20.29 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Illinois", "where": "IL", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 23.24, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 2.65, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_il.htm", "license_regime": "Illinois does not mandate a statewide general contractor or standalone restoration/mold remediation license. Contractor licensing is primarily administered at the municipal level (e.g., City of Chicago Department of Buildings). However, state-level licensing is required for specific hazardous remediation and trade work: the Illinois Department of Public Health (IDPH) licenses asbestos abatement contractors (225 ILCS 207) and lead abatement contractors (410 ILCS 45), while the Illinois Department of Financial and Professional Regulation (IDFPR) licenses roofing contractors in Limited (residential 8 units or fewer) and Unlimited (residential, commercial, industrial) tiers.", "license_source": "Illinois Department of Financial and Professional Regulation (IDFPR) / Illinois Department of Public Health (IDPH), 2026, https://idfpr.illinois.gov", "bonding_requirement": "State-licensed roofing contractors regulated by IDFPR must maintain a $10,000 surety bond for a Limited License or a $25,000 surety bond for an Unlimited License, plus general liability insurance of at least $500,000, property damage insurance of at least $250,000, and workers' compensation coverage. Municipal general contractor requirements (such as Chicago) mandate general liability insurance scaling from $1 million to $5 million depending on project class.", "bonding_source": "Illinois Department of Financial and Professional Regulation (IDFPR) / Illinois Compiled Statutes 225 ILCS 335, 2026, https://idfpr.illinois.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS data for Illinois, the broad occupational group Miscellaneous Construction and Related Workers (SOC 47-4090, which includes SOC 47-4099) accounts for an estimated total state employment of 810 workers.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_il.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 23.24 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Indiana", "where": "IN", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 21.88, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -3.36, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Indiana (SOC 47-4090 Miscellaneous Construction and Related Workers), released April 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_in.htm", "license_regime": "Indiana does not require or issue a statewide general contractor license for restoration and remediation trade work. General contractor licensing and registration are managed at the local municipal and county level (e.g., City of Indianapolis / Marion County Department of Business and Neighborhood Services). However, specific environmental remediation trades carry state-level certification requirements, such as asbestos abatement contractor licensing regulated by the Indiana Department of Environmental Management (IDEM) under 326 IAC 18.", "license_source": "Indiana Department of Environmental Management, 2024, https://www.in.gov/idem/asbestos/training-and-licensing/ and City of Indianapolis Department of Business and Neighborhood Services, 2024, https://www.indy.gov/activity/contractor-licenses", "bonding_requirement": "Indiana maintains no statewide surety bond or insurance minimums for general contractors. Bonding and liability insurance requirements are established at the local municipal level; for example, the Consolidated City of Indianapolis requires general contractors to hold a $10,000 surety bond (Indianapolis Code of Ordinances Chapter 875) and a minimum of $500,000 in general liability insurance.", "bonding_source": "City of Indianapolis Department of Business and Neighborhood Services, 2024, https://www.indy.gov/activity/contractor-licenses", "market_size_or_density_note": "Indiana has an estimated employment of 340 workers in Miscellaneous Construction and Related Workers (SOC 47-4090 / 47-4099), with an employment density of 0.109 per 1,000 total state jobs and a location quotient of 0.57.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Indiana, released April 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_in.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 21.88 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Iowa", "where": "IA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 21.08, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -6.89, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ia.htm", "license_regime": "State-level contractor registration is required in Iowa under Iowa Code Chapter 91C for any individual or business performing construction work that earns at least $2,000 per year, administered by the Iowa Department of Inspections, Appeals, and Licensing (DIAL). While specialty trades like plumbing, HVAC, and electrical require specific trade licenses, general restoration and remediation work falls under general construction contractor registration, with local municipal permits or licensing applying in certain cities.", "license_source": "Iowa Department of Inspections, Appeals, and Licensing, 2024, https://dial.iowa.gov", "bonding_requirement": "Iowa contractor registration requires evidence of public liability insurance with minimum coverage of $500,000, as well as workers' compensation coverage if employing one or more workers. Out-of-state contractors must file a $25,000 state contractor surety bond, while bonding for in-state general construction contractors is determined at the local/city level.", "bonding_source": "Iowa Department of Inspections, Appeals, and Licensing, 2024, https://dial.iowa.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to Iowa Workforce Development and BLS QCEW data, Iowa had 6,308 establishments in Administrative Support, Waste Management, and Remediation in 2024, with 20,212 workers employed in Services to Buildings and Dwellings. BLS OEWS May 2023 data reports statewide employment of 630 workers for SOC 47-4090 (Miscellaneous Construction and Related Workers).", "market_source": "Iowa Workforce Development, 2024, https://www.iowaworkforcedevelopment.gov", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 21.08 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Kansas", "where": "KS", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 21.18, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -6.45, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ks.htm", "license_regime": "Kansas does not issue or require a statewide license for general contracting or restoration and remediation work (such as water, fire, or mold restoration). Construction and restoration licensing is regulated at the municipal and county levels (e.g., Johnson County, Wichita, City of Topeka, Wyandotte County). Statewide licensing is required only for specific hazardous material abatement trades, such as asbestos abatement (business entity licensing and Class I Worker / Class II Supervisor certifications) and lead hazard abatement, administered by the state health department.", "license_source": "Kansas Department of Health and Environment (KDHE), 2023, https://www.kdhe.ks.gov", "bonding_requirement": "There is no statewide surety bond or liability insurance mandate for restoration or general contractors in Kansas. Minimum bonding and insurance requirements are established at the local city or county level, where licensing bonds typically range from $1,000 to $5,000 (such as a $5,000 bond requirement in Wyandotte County/Kansas City, KS) in addition to proof of local general liability insurance (commonly $300,000 to $1,000,000) and statutory workers' compensation.", "bonding_source": "Kansas Contractor Regulatory Framework / Trade Safe Insurance, 2023", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to May 2023 BLS OEWS data, Kansas had an estimated 570 workers employed in Miscellaneous Construction and Related Workers (SOC 47-4090), representing an employment density of 0.401 per 1,000 jobs in the state.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ks.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 21.18 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Kentucky", "where": "KY", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 21.1, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -6.8, "median_wage_source": "BLS state OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ky.htm", "license_regime": "No statewide general contractor or restoration/remediation license is required in Kentucky; contractor licensing is governed at the city and county level (e.g., Louisville, Lexington). However, the Kentucky Department of Housing, Buildings and Construction (DHBC) regulates specific trades (electrical, plumbing, HVAC), and asbestos abatement entities must obtain certification from the Kentucky Division for Air Quality under 401 KAR 58:040.", "license_source": "Kentucky Department of Housing, Buildings and Construction / Kentucky Division for Air Quality, 2023, https://dhbc.ky.gov / https://eec.ky.gov", "bonding_requirement": "There are no statewide surety bond or liability insurance requirements for general restoration contractors. Minimums are established locally (e.g., Louisville Metro requires a $10,000 contractor license bond and $250,000 in general liability insurance). Workers' compensation insurance is required for all employers with one or more employees under KRS Chapter 342.", "bonding_source": "Kentucky Labor Cabinet Department of Workers' Claims / Louisville Metro Office of Construction Review, 2023, https://labor.ky.gov / https://louisvilleky.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS data, Kentucky had 70 total employees in Miscellaneous Construction and Related Workers (SOC 47-4090), with a location quotient of 0.18 indicating lower occupational concentration relative to the national average.", "market_source": "BLS OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ky.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 21.1 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Louisiana", "where": "LA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 24.24, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 7.07, "median_wage_source": "BLS State OEWS, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_la.htm", "license_regime": "In Louisiana, contractor licensing is regulated at the state level by the Louisiana State Licensing Board for Contractors (LSLBC). A Mold Remediation Contractor license is required for mold remediation projects valued at $7,500 or more (labor and materials), requiring 24 hours of board-approved training and passing the state Business & Law exam. Additional license tiers include Commercial Contractor (projects $50,000+, or $1+ for hazardous materials/asbestos/lead abatement), Residential Construction ($50,000+), and Home Improvement Registration ($7,500 to $50,000).", "license_source": "Louisiana State Licensing Board for Contractors (LSLBC), 2024, https://www.lslbc.gov", "bonding_requirement": "Applicants must demonstrate financial responsibility with a minimum net worth of $10,000 (or $25,000 for mold remediation) or post a $10,000 surety bond/letter of credit in lieu of net worth proof. Licensed Mold Remediation contractors must maintain a minimum of $50,000 in General Liability insurance and provide proof of statutory Workers' Compensation insurance.", "bonding_source": "Louisiana State Licensing Board for Contractors (LSLBC), 2024, https://www.lslbc.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS May 2023 data, Louisiana employs 1,450 workers in SOC 47-4090 (Miscellaneous Construction and Related Workers, including SOC 47-4099), representing a location quotient of 4.11 (4.11 times the national concentration of employment).", "market_source": "BLS State OEWS, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_la.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 24.24 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Maine", "where": "ME", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 32.55, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 43.77, "median_wage_source": "BLS OEWS, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Maine, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_me.htm", "license_regime": "Maine does not issue or require a state-level general contractor or restoration/remediation contractor license. Contracting activities are regulated at the municipal level via local business licenses and building permits. State-level trade licensing under the Office of Professional and Occupational Regulation (OPOR) is reserved for specific sub-trades such as electricians, plumbers, and fuel technicians, while hazardous material abatement (asbestos and lead) is certified through the Maine Department of Environmental Protection (DEP). For residential projects over $3,000, Maine's Home Construction Contracts Act (Title 10, Chapter 219-A) requires a formal written contract.", "license_source": "Maine Department of Professional and Financial Regulation, Office of Professional and Occupational Regulation (OPOR), 2024, https://www.maine.gov/pfr/professionallicensing", "bonding_requirement": "There are no state-mandated surety bond or liability insurance minimums for general restoration or remediation contractors in Maine because general contracting is not licensed at the state level. Bonding and general liability insurance requirements are established at the local municipal level or by project contracts, though employers with one or more employees must maintain workers' compensation coverage.", "bonding_source": "Maine Department of Professional and Financial Regulation, Office of Professional and Occupational Regulation (OPOR), 2024, https://www.maine.gov/pfr/professionallicensing", "market_size_or_density_note": "The Remediation & Environmental Cleanup Services industry in Maine has an estimated market size of $71.4 million, comprising 39 businesses and 290 employees (IBISWorld, 2026). BLS OEWS data reports 60 workers employed under SOC 47-4090 (Miscellaneous Construction and Related Workers) in Maine as of May 2023.", "market_source": "IBISWorld, Remediation & Environmental Cleanup Services in Maine Market Research Report, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 32.55 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Maryland", "where": "MD", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 24.69, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 9.05, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_md.htm", "license_regime": "State-level licensing is required for residential restoration and remediation work in Maryland. Contractors performing residential restoration, water damage repair, or structural home improvements valued at $500 or more must hold a Home Improvement Contractor License issued by the Maryland Home Improvement Commission (MHIC). Commercial restoration does not require a statewide general contractor license. Additionally, under the Maryland Mold Act, mold remediation contractors operating on residential properties must register with the MHIC and assign at least one certified mold supervisor per project.", "license_source": "Maryland Department of Labor, Maryland Home Improvement Commission (MHIC), 2024", "bonding_requirement": "Contractors must maintain at least $50,000 in General Liability insurance and demonstrate financial solvency (net worth of at least $30,000). If financial solvency criteria are not met, a $30,000 surety bond (or indemnitor) is required. Licensees must also pay a $100 initial assessment into the state Home Improvement Guaranty Fund.", "bonding_source": "Maryland Department of Labor, Maryland Home Improvement Commission (MHIC) Original Contractor Requirements, 2024", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS data, Maryland employs an estimated 1,100 workers in Miscellaneous Construction and Related Workers (SOC 47-4090, which encompasses SOC 47-4099), representing 0.412 per 1,000 jobs statewide and a location quotient of 2.16 (more than twice the national average density).", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_md.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 24.69 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Massachusetts", "where": "MA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 36.57, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 61.53, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ma.htm", "license_regime": "State-level licensing is required in Massachusetts depending on the remediation scope. Structural restoration work requires a Construction Supervisor License (CSL) issued by the Board of Building Regulations and Standards (BBRS) / Office of Public Safety and Inspections (OPSI) under 780 CMR (tiers include Unrestricted CSL for structures up to 35,000 cu ft, Restricted CSL for 1- and 2-family dwellings, and Specialty CSLs), plus Home Improvement Contractor (HIC) registration with the Office of Consumer Affairs and Business Regulation (OCABR) under M.G.L. c. 142A for residential contracts over $1,000. Hazardous remediation requires specialty state licenses: Asbestos Abatement Contractor licensing issued by the Department of Labor Standards (DLS) under 454 CMR 28.00 / 453 CMR 6.00, and Lead Abatement Contractor licensing under 453 CMR 22.00.", "license_source": "Massachusetts Office of Consumer Affairs and Business Regulation (OCABR) & Department of Labor Standards (DLS), 2024, https://www.mass.gov/orgs/office-of-consumer-affairs-and-business-regulation", "bonding_requirement": "General Construction Supervisor Licenses (CSL) do not mandate a state surety bond or general liability insurance from the licensing board, though employers must maintain workers' compensation insurance under M.G.L. c. 152 and municipalities require insurance for permits. Home Improvement Contractors (HIC) pay a statutory fee into the state Guaranty Fund (protecting homeowners up to $25,000 per claim) rather than carrying individual contractor bonds (out-of-state contractors must post a surety bond equal to 6.25% of contract price with the MA Department of Revenue). DLS asbestos contractor licenses require proof of workers' compensation insurance under Class Code 5472 or 5473.", "bonding_source": "Massachusetts Office of Consumer Affairs and Business Regulation (OCABR) & Department of Labor Standards (DLS), 2024", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to the BLS May 2023 OEWS release, Massachusetts had an employment estimate of 360 workers in Miscellaneous Construction and Related Workers (SOC 47-4090 / 47-4099), representing an employment location quotient of 0.52 and an annual mean wage of $76,070.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ma.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 36.57 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Michigan", "where": "MI", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 19.53, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -13.74, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates for Michigan (SOC 47-4090 / 47-4099), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_mi.htm", "license_regime": "Michigan does not issue a standalone restoration and remediation license for basic water drying or mold cleaning. However, structural reconstruction or rebuild work on residential properties requires a state-level Residential Builder license or Maintenance & Alteration Contractor license issued by LARA under the Michigan Occupational Code (PA 299 of 1980 / MCL 339). Environmental abatement work involving asbestos or lead requires licensing through EGLE or MDHHS.", "license_source": "Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs (LARA), 2024, https://www.michigan.gov/lara", "bonding_requirement": "LARA does not mandate a state-level surety bond for initial residential builder licensure, but requires general liability insurance (minimum $100,000 per occurrence) and workers' compensation coverage per MCL 418.101. Local municipalities or counties may independently require local contractor surety bonds ranging from $1,000 to $25,000.", "bonding_source": "Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs (LARA) / Michigan Compiled Laws, 2024, https://www.michigan.gov/lara", "market_size_or_density_note": "Michigan had an estimated employment of 790 workers in SOC 47-4090 (Miscellaneous Construction and Related Workers, including SOC 47-4099), with an employment concentration (location quotient) of 0.95 relative to the national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates for Michigan, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_mi.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 19.53 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Minnesota", "where": "MN", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 30.03, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 32.64, "median_wage_source": "Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_mn.htm", "license_regime": "State-level licensing is required for restoration contractors performing work on residential structures (1 to 4 units) when contracting directly with homeowners across more than one trade or special skill. The Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry (DLI) issues two primary license tiers: Residential Building Contractor (covers new home construction and structural remodeling/repairs) and Residential Remodeler (covers alteration, repair, and improvement of existing residential structures). Contractors performing a single specialty skill or with gross annual receipts under $15,000 are exempt from residential contractor licensing requirements.", "license_source": "Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry (DLI), 2024", "bonding_requirement": "Licensed residential contractors and remodelers must maintain Commercial General Liability (CGL) insurance with minimum limits of $100,000 per occurrence, $300,000 aggregate, and $25,000 property damage (or $300,000 split single limit per occurrence/aggregate), alongside Workers' Compensation insurance if employing staff. Licensees participate in the Minnesota Contractor Recovery Fund (which compensates property owners up to $75,000 per claim for contractor misconduct/fraud) or maintain a statutory surety bond.", "bonding_source": "Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry (DLI) / Minn. Stat. § 326B.802, 2024", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, Minnesota had an estimated 180 total workers employed in SOC 47-4090 (Miscellaneous Construction and Related Workers, including SOC 47-4099), yielding an occupational location quotient of 0.32 relative to national employment density.", "market_source": "Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_mn.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 30.03 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Mississippi", "where": "MS", "license_regime": "In Mississippi, contractor licensing for restoration and remediation work is administered at the state level by the Mississippi State Board of Contractors (MSBOC). A Commercial Contractor License is required for commercial construction, repair, or restoration projects exceeding $50,000. A Residential Contractor License is required for new residential construction over $50,000, or residential remodeling and roofing projects exceeding $10,000. Subcontractors performing specialty trades (e.g., electrical, plumbing, HVAC, mechanical) on residential projects are also regulated by MSBOC.", "license_source": "Mississippi State Board of Contractors (MSBOC), 2024, https://www.msboc.us", "bonding_requirement": "Commercial license holders must provide a certificate of general liability insurance showing minimum coverage of $300,000 per occurrence and $600,000 aggregate. Residential license holders must provide proof of general liability insurance with no statutory minimum dollar threshold. Contractors with 5 or more employees must maintain workers' compensation insurance. In addition, public construction projects exceeding $25,000 require performance and payment surety bonds equal to 100% of the contract amount under Miss. Code Ann. § 31-5-51.", "bonding_source": "Mississippi State Board of Contractors (MSBOC), 2024, https://www.msboc.us", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Missouri", "where": "MO", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 19.91, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -12.06, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_mo.htm", "license_regime": "Missouri does not issue or require a statewide general contractor or restoration/remediation contractor license. Licensing and registration requirements for restoration work are regulated at the municipal or county level (e.g., Kansas City, St. Louis, Springfield). State-level licensing is only required for specific trades (such as electrical) or specialized environmental abatement work like asbestos removal governed by the Missouri Department of Natural Resources.", "license_source": "Missouri Division of Professional Registration, 2024, https://pr.mo.gov", "bonding_requirement": "There are no statewide surety bond or insurance minimums for restoration contractors; requirements are established by local jurisdictions (e.g., St. Charles County requires a $10,000 contractor surety bond, and Kansas City requires $1,000,000 in general liability insurance per occurrence). Public construction projects require performance and payment bonds under RSMo 107.170.", "bonding_source": "Missouri General Assembly - Revised Statutes of Missouri (RSMo Section 107.170), 2024, https://revisor.mo.gov/main/OneSection.aspx?section=107.170", "market_size_or_density_note": "Missouri employs an estimated 970 workers in Miscellaneous Construction and Related Workers (BLS SOC 47-4090 / 47-4099), representing a density of 0.337 per 1,000 jobs statewide.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_mo.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 19.91 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Montana", "where": "MT", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 21.45, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -5.26, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_mt.htm", "license_regime": "Montana does not require a trade-specific state license for restoration and remediation contractors. The state mandates Construction Contractor Registration (CR) through the Montana Department of Labor and Industry for contractors with employees, or an Independent Contractor Exemption Certificate (ICEC) for sole proprietors without employees. Registration functions as a workers' compensation compliance credential rather than a trade competency examination.", "license_source": "Montana Department of Labor and Industry, 2024", "bonding_requirement": "Montana does not require a state-level surety bond or commercial general liability insurance for basic construction contractor registration. However, contractors with employees must maintain proof of Montana-specific workers' compensation insurance, while sole proprietors without employees must hold an ICEC. Local municipalities or specific commercial project contracts may enforce separate bonding and liability insurance minimums.", "bonding_source": "Montana Department of Labor and Industry, 2024", "market_size_or_density_note": "Montana had an estimated 420 workers employed in Miscellaneous Construction and Related Workers (SOC 47-4090, which includes SOC 47-4099), representing an employment density of 0.833 jobs per 1,000 total jobs in the state and a location quotient of 4.37 relative to national concentration.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_mt.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 21.45 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Nebraska", "where": "NE", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 21.66, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -4.33, "median_wage_source": "BLS state OEWS, Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Nebraska, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ne.htm", "license_regime": "State-level registration is required under the Nebraska Contractor Registration Act via the Nebraska Department of Labor for any entity performing construction, alterations, or repair work on real property. Nebraska does not issue state-level trade license tiers specifically for restoration and remediation, though trade licenses (e.g., electrical, plumbing) and building contractor license tiers (e.g., Class A-E) are required at the municipal level in cities such as Omaha and Lincoln.", "license_source": "Nebraska Department of Labor, 2025, Nebraska Contractor Registration Act", "bonding_requirement": "There is no state-level surety bond requirement for standard contractor registration under the Nebraska Contractor Registration Act. Contractors with 1 or more employees are required to maintain Workers' Compensation insurance (ACORD 25). General liability insurance and local surety bond minimums (e.g., $10,000 bond in Omaha, $5,000 in Lincoln) are required by local municipal building departments.", "bonding_source": "Nebraska Department of Labor, 2025, Contractor Registration Insurance Requirements", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS estimates, Nebraska has an estimated total employment of 50 workers in SOC 47-4090 (Miscellaneous Construction and Related Workers, which includes SOC 47-4099), with a location quotient of 0.24 compared to national occupational density.", "market_source": "BLS OEWS, Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Nebraska, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ne.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 21.66 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Nevada", "where": "NV", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 21.73, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -4.02, "median_wage_source": "BLS OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nv.htm", "license_regime": "A state-level license issued by the Nevada State Contractors Board (NSCB) is required under Nevada Revised Statutes Chapter 624 for any structural restoration or remediation project valued at $1,000 or more (combined labor and materials). License classifications include Class B (General Building Contractor, such as B-2 Residential and Small Commercial) for structural repair and reconstruction, as well as Class C Specialty Contractor licenses including C-3 (Carpentry), C-14 (Waterproofing), C-21 (Refrigeration and Air Conditioning / HVAC), and C-31 (Wrecking and Demolition).", "license_source": "Nevada State Contractors Board, 2023, https://www.nvcontractorsboard.com", "bonding_requirement": "The Nevada State Contractors Board requires all licensed contractors to post a continuous surety bond or cash deposit ranging from $1,000 to $500,000, determined at approval based on license classification, monetary limit, experience, and financial responsibility. Contractors with employees must carry Workers' Compensation insurance, and General Liability insurance is required with minimum limits typically ranging from $100,000 to $1,000,000 per incident.", "bonding_source": "Nevada State Contractors Board, 2023, https://www.nvcontractorsboard.com", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS May 2023 estimates, Nevada employed 560 workers in Miscellaneous Construction and Related Workers (SOC 47-4090 / 47-4099), with a location quotient of 1.97, indicating worker density nearly double the national average.", "market_source": "BLS OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nv.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 21.73 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "New Hampshire", "where": "NH", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 23.27, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 2.78, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023 State and National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nh.htm", "license_regime": "New Hampshire does not mandate a general state-level contractor or restoration/remediation license for standard property damage or mold remediation, leaving general contractor licensing and permitting to local municipal jurisdictions. However, specialized environmental remediation work like asbestos abatement is strictly regulated at the state level by the New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services (NHDES) under RSA 141-E and Env-A 1800, requiring Asbestos Abatement Entity licenses for firms and individual certifications for supervisors and workers.", "license_source": "New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services (NHDES), NH Administrative Code Env-A 1800 and RSA 141-E, 2024", "bonding_requirement": "New Hampshire does not impose state-level surety bond or general liability insurance minimums for general restoration or construction contractors. For state-licensed asbestos abatement entities under NH Administrative Code Env-A 1810.05, submitting proof of business liability insurance or a surety bond is optional rather than a mandatory prerequisite to hold an abatement entity license. However, state law (NH RSA 281-A) mandates Workers' Compensation insurance for all employers with one or more employees, and local municipalities or project owners may require bonding and liability coverage.", "bonding_source": "New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services (NHDES), NH Administrative Code Env-A 1810.05 and NH RSA 281-A, 2024", "market_size_or_density_note": "In New Hampshire, BLS OEWS May 2023 estimates 160 employees in SOC 47-4090 (Miscellaneous Construction and Related Workers) with a location quotient of 1.26 (0.241 per 1,000 jobs), reflecting a worker density 26% above the national average. Additionally, NH Department of Business and Economic Affairs state workforce assessment data identifies 1,956 workers employed in NAICS 238990 (All Other Specialty Trade Contractors) statewide.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nh.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 23.27 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "New Jersey", "where": "NJ", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 23.07, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 1.9, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - New Jersey, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nj.htm", "license_regime": "State-level registration is required for home improvement and restoration contractors under the Contractors' Business Registration Act (N.J.S.A. 56:8-136 et seq.) and the Home Improvement and Home Elevation Contractor Licensing Act (P.L. 2023, c. 237). Licensing/registration is managed at the state level by the New Jersey State Board of Home Improvement and Home Elevation Contractors under the Division of Consumer Affairs, with tiers including Home Improvement Contractor Business (HICB) and Home Elevation Contractor Business (HECB).", "license_source": "New Jersey Division of Consumer Affairs, Regulated Business Section - Home Improvement Contractor Business Unit, 2024, https://www.njconsumeraffairs.gov", "bonding_requirement": "Contractors must maintain Commercial General Liability Insurance of at least $500,000 per occurrence for HICBs ($1,000,000 per occurrence for HECBs). Additionally, contractors must hold a compliance surety bond tiered by contract volume under N.J.S.A. 56:8-142: $10,000 for single contracts under $10,000 or annual volume under $150,000; $25,000 for single contracts $10,000-$120,000 or annual volume $150,000-$750,000; and $50,000 for single contracts over $120,000 or annual volume over $750,000.", "bonding_source": "New Jersey Division of Consumer Affairs, N.J.S.A. 56:8-142 & P.L. 2023, c. 237, 2024, https://www.njconsumeraffairs.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "In New Jersey, BLS OEWS reports 1,570 workers employed in SOC 47-4090 (Miscellaneous Construction and Related Workers, including SOC 47-4099), representing an occupational density (location quotient) of 1.96, 96% higher than the US national average. IBISWorld reports 294 business establishments and 4,354 employees in the broader Remediation & Environmental Cleanup Services sector in New Jersey.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - New Jersey, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nj.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 23.07 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "New Mexico", "where": "NM", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 37.58, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 65.99, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nm.htm", "license_regime": "A state-level license issued by the Construction Industries Division (CID) of the New Mexico Regulation and Licensing Department is required for contracting work exceeding $7,200 per year under the Construction Industries Licensing Act (NMSA 1978, § 60-13-1 et seq.). License classifications include General Building (GB-2 Residential, GB-98 General Building) and Building Specialty (GS classifications).", "license_source": "New Mexico Regulation and Licensing Department, Construction Industries Division (CID), Construction Industries Licensing Act (NMSA 1978, § 60-13-1 et seq.), 2024, https://www.rld.nm.gov/construction-industries", "bonding_requirement": "A $10,000 corporate surety bond (code compliance bond) is required for all licensed contractors under NMSA 1978 § 60-13-43. Workers' compensation insurance is required for all contractors with employees.", "bonding_source": "New Mexico Regulation and Licensing Department, Construction Industries Division (CID), NMSA 1978 § 60-13-43 (Proof of Responsibility), 2024, https://www.rld.nm.gov/construction-industries", "market_size_or_density_note": "The Remediation & Environmental Cleanup Services industry in New Mexico comprises 66 establishment locations and 1,201 industry workers.", "market_source": "IBISWorld, Remediation & Environmental Cleanup Services in New Mexico Industry Report, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 37.58 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "New York", "where": "NY", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 23.15, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 2.25, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State and National OEWS (State: https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ny.htm ; National: https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nat.htm)", "license_regime": "State-level licensing is required for remediation/mold contractors under New York State Labor Law Article 32, administered by the New York State Department of Labor (NYSDOL) Division of Safety and Health. Article 32 establishes four licensing tiers: Mold Assessor, Mold Remediation Contractor, Mold Abatement Worker Supervisor, and Mold Abatement Worker. State law also strictly prohibits an individual or company from performing both mold assessment and mold remediation on the same property.", "license_source": "New York State Department of Labor, 2023", "bonding_requirement": "Under NYS Labor Law Article 32 (§ 931), applicants for a Mold Remediation Contractor license must provide proof of liability insurance coverage of at least $50,000 for claims arising from licensed activities, as well as statutory Workers' Compensation and Disability insurance coverage where applicable. No state surety bond is required.", "bonding_source": "New York State Department of Labor, 2023", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to the BLS May 2023 OEWS estimates, New York State had an estimated total employment of 360 workers in Miscellaneous Construction and Related Workers (SOC 47-4090, which encompasses SOC 47-4099), representing a location quotient of 0.20 relative to national employment density.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ny.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 23.15 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "North Carolina", "where": "NC", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 19.48, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -13.96, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - North Carolina, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_nc.htm", "license_regime": "State-level general contractor licensing is administered by the North Carolina Licensing Board for General Contractors (NCLBGC). A license is required for any restoration, remediation, or repair project where the total cost of the undertaking is $40,000 or more (N.C. Gen. Stat. § 87-1, threshold updated Oct 1, 2023). Projects below $40,000 do not require a state general contractor license. The board issues licenses in three financial limitation tiers: Limited License (individual projects up to $750,000), Intermediate License (individual projects up to $1,500,000), and Unlimited License (no limit on project value).", "license_source": "North Carolina General Assembly / N.C. Gen. Stat. § 87-1, 2023, https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/ByArticle/Chapter_87/Article_1.html", "bonding_requirement": "To satisfy financial responsibility standards in lieu of working capital or net worth minimums, general contractors may maintain a continuous surety bond: $175,000 for a Limited License, $500,000 for an Intermediate License, or $1,000,000 for an Unlimited License. Under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 97-2, workers' compensation insurance is required for businesses with 3 or more employees.", "bonding_source": "North Carolina Licensing Board for General Contractors, 2023, https://nclbgc.org", "market_size_or_density_note": "North Carolina has an estimated employment of 950 workers in SOC 47-4090 (Miscellaneous Construction and Related Workers, encompassing SOC 47-4099), corresponding to an employment density of 0.198 jobs per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 1.04.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - North Carolina, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_nc.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 19.48 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "North Dakota", "where": "ND", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 23.42, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 3.45, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nd.htm", "license_regime": "In North Dakota, a statewide contractor license issued by the Secretary of State is legally required for any commercial or residential construction, repair, alteration, or restoration work when a single project contract value is $4,000 or more (NDCC § 43-07-02). Licensing is tiered into four classes based on maximum per-project contract amounts: Class A (unlimited / over $500,000), Class B (up to $500,000), Class C (up to $300,000), and Class D (up to $100,000).", "license_source": "North Dakota Secretary of State Contractor Licensing Board, 2024", "bonding_requirement": "There is no statewide surety bond requirement to hold a state contractor license under NDCC § 43-07. However, applicants must maintain general liability insurance listing the North Dakota Secretary of State as certificate holder and obtain workers' compensation coverage through North Dakota Workforce Safety & Insurance (WSI) or submit a letter/verification of non-employment if operating without employees. Statutory performance and payment bonds (100% of contract value) are required for public works projects exceeding $100,000 under NDCC § 48-01.2, and local surety bonds may be required at the municipal level (e.g., Grand Forks, Fargo).", "bonding_source": "North Dakota Century Code Title 43 Ch. 43-07 & Title 48 Ch. 48-01.2 / ND Secretary of State, 2024", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS May 2023 data, North Dakota employs an estimated 230 workers in SOC 47-4090 / 47-4099 (Miscellaneous Construction and Related Workers), representing a concentration density of 0.556 jobs per 1,000 total statewide employment and a location quotient of 2.92 relative to the national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nd.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 23.42 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Ohio", "where": "OH", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 23.04, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 1.77, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) / O*NET, 2024 OEWS Data, https://www.onetonline.org/link/localwages/47-4099.00?st=OH", "license_regime": "No statewide restoration contractor license is required in Ohio. State-level contractor licensing is administered by the Ohio Construction Industry Licensing Board (OCILB) under ORC Chapter 4740 only for specific commercial trades (Electrical, HVAC, Plumbing, Hydronics, and Refrigeration). Restoration, water damage mitigation, and mold remediation are regulated at the local municipal/county level, whereas asbestos hazard abatement contractors require a state license issued by the Ohio EPA.", "license_source": "Ohio Construction Industry Licensing Board (OCILB), Ohio Department of Commerce, 2024, https://com.ohio.gov/divisions-and-programs/industrial-compliance/boards/ohio-construction-industry-licensing-board", "bonding_requirement": "State-licensed OCILB trade contractors must maintain a minimum of $500,000 in contractor general liability insurance. While Ohio does not impose a single statewide contractor bond mandate, general and restoration contractors operating locally must comply with municipal rules, which typically require surety bonds between $10,000 and $25,000 (such as $25,000 in Cleveland and Columbus) alongside general liability coverage.", "bonding_source": "Ohio Construction Industry Licensing Board (OCILB), Ohio Department of Commerce, 2024, https://com.ohio.gov/divisions-and-programs/industrial-compliance/boards/ohio-construction-industry-licensing-board", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to industry statistics, the Remediation & Environmental Cleanup Services industry in Ohio comprises 183 establishment locations and employs approximately 3,336 workers.", "market_source": "IBISWorld, Remediation & Environmental Cleanup Services in Ohio Market Research Report, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 23.04 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Oklahoma", "where": "OK", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 18.22, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -19.52, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ok.htm", "license_regime": "Oklahoma does not issue a state-level general contractor or general restoration and remediation license; regulation and licensing for general restoration activities occur at the municipal or county level. However, state licenses are required for specialty trade work (electrical, plumbing, mechanical/HVAC) through the Oklahoma Construction Industries Board (CIB), and asbestos abatement certification is required through the Oklahoma Department of Labor.", "license_source": "Oklahoma Construction Industries Board, 2024, https://cib.ok.gov", "bonding_requirement": "For contractors licensed under the Oklahoma Construction Industries Board (CIB), active license holders must maintain a $5,000 corporate surety bond payable to the CIB and a minimum of $50,000 in commercial general liability insurance. General restoration contractors operating outside CIB trade licenses are subject to local municipal or county bonding and insurance requirements.", "bonding_source": "Oklahoma Construction Industries Board, 2024, https://cib.ok.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to May 2023 BLS OEWS estimates, Oklahoma had an estimated total employment of 70 workers in SOC 47-4090 (Miscellaneous Construction and Related Workers, which includes SOC 47-4099), representing a density of 0.045 jobs per 1,000 total jobs statewide.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ok.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 18.22 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Oregon", "where": "OR", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 22.58, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -0.27, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_or.htm", "license_regime": "State-level contractor license required through the Oregon Construction Contractors Board (CCB) for performing restoration and remediation work for compensation. License endorsement tiers include Residential General Contractor, Residential Specialty Contractor, Residential Limited Contractor, Commercial General Contractor (Levels 1 & 2), Commercial Specialty Contractor (Levels 1 & 2), and Residential Restoration Contractor.", "license_source": "Oregon Construction Contractors Board (CCB), 2024, https://www.oregon.gov/ccb", "bonding_requirement": "Surety bond requirements under CCB (HB 2922 effective Jan 1, 2024): $25,000 for Residential General Contractor and Residential Developer; $20,000 for Residential Specialty Contractor, Commercial General Level 2, and Commercial Specialty Level 2; $15,000 for Residential Limited Contractor and Residential Restoration Contractor; $75,000 for Commercial General Level 1; $50,000 for Commercial Specialty Level 1. General liability insurance minimums range from $300,000 per occurrence (Residential Specialty/Limited) to $500,000 (Residential General / Commercial Specialty) up to $2,000,000 (Commercial General Level 1).", "bonding_source": "Oregon Construction Contractors Board (CCB) / ORS 701.068 (House Bill 2922), 2024", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS May 2023 data, Oregon had 290 workers employed under Miscellaneous Construction and Related Workers (SOC 47-4090, which includes SOC 47-4099), representing an employment density of 0.151 jobs per 1,000 statewide jobs and a location quotient of 0.79.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_or.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 22.58 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Pennsylvania", "where": "PA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 25.01, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 10.47, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Pennsylvania (https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_pa.htm) and May 2023 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nat.htm)", "license_regime": "Pennsylvania does not issue a state-level restoration or general contractor trade license. However, under the Home Improvement Consumer Protection Act (HICPA), Act 132 of 2008 (73 P.S. § 517.1 et seq.), any contractor performing residential restoration, remediation, or home improvement work valued at $5,000 or more annually (or on contracts exceeding $500) must register as a Home Improvement Contractor (HIC) with the Pennsylvania Office of Attorney General. Detailed trade licenses (e.g., electrical, plumbing, HVAC) are regulated at the municipal/county level (such as in Philadelphia and Pittsburgh).", "license_source": "Pennsylvania Office of Attorney General, Home Improvement Consumer Protection Act (HICPA) Registration (2024), https://www.attorneygeneral.gov/resources/home-improvement-contractor-registration", "bonding_requirement": "Under HICPA (73 P.S. § 517.3 and § 517.7), registered contractors are required to maintain general liability insurance with minimum coverage of at least $50,000 for personal injury per occurrence and $50,000 for property damage per occurrence. A statewide surety bond is not mandatory for standard HIC registration, though bonds may be required by local municipalities or as a condition for contractors with prior disciplinary/fraud judgments.", "bonding_source": "Pennsylvania Office of Attorney General / Pennsylvania General Assembly, 73 P.S. § 517.3 and § 517.7 (2024), https://www.attorneygeneral.gov/resources/home-improvement-contractor-registration/ and https://www.legis.state.pa.us", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) Office of Advocacy 2023 Small Business Profile for Pennsylvania, the state contained 16,425 small business establishments in the Specialty Trade Contractors sector (NAICS 238). Additionally, according to the PA Center for Workforce Information & Analysis (CWIA) QCEW (2023), Pennsylvania recorded 3,989 establishments and 31,334 employees in the Other Specialty Trade Contractors industry group.", "market_source": "U.S. Small Business Administration Office of Advocacy, 2023 Small Business Profile - Pennsylvania (https://advocacy.sba.gov/) and Pennsylvania Center for Workforce Information & Analysis, QCEW (2023)", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 25.01 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Rhode Island", "where": "RI", "license_regime": "In Rhode Island, state-level registration is required for construction, remodeling, and repair contractors under R.I. Gen. Laws § 5-65 through the Rhode Island Contractors' Registration and Licensing Board (RICRLB). While a trade-specific restoration license does not exist, all general contractors and subcontractors operating in residential or commercial construction must register with RICRLB. First-time applicants performing work on residential structures must complete a state-approved 5-hour pre-registration education course.", "license_source": "Rhode Island Contractors' Registration and Licensing Board, 2025", "bonding_requirement": "Registered contractors with the RICRLB must maintain a minimum of $500,000 in commercial general liability insurance naming RICRLB as certificate holder, as well as statutory workers' compensation insurance if employing workers. Standard contractor registration does not require a state surety bond, though specialty classifications such as underground utility contractors require a $20,000 surety bond and $1,000,000 liability insurance.", "bonding_source": "Rhode Island Contractors' Registration and Licensing Board, 2025", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to the Rhode Island Department of Labor and Training (Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages), as of March 2025, Rhode Island had 4,045 private construction establishments employing 21,529 workers statewide.", "market_source": "Rhode Island Department of Labor and Training, 2025, https://dlt.ri.gov", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "South Carolina", "where": "SC", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 21.92, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -3.18, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_sc.htm", "license_regime": "South Carolina does not issue a state-level license specifically for mold remediation or water damage restoration. However, structural restoration or construction work exceeding $5,000 requires licensure through the South Carolina Department of Labor, Licensing and Regulation (SC LLR) Contractor's Licensing Board (for commercial/general construction) or the Residential Builders Commission. Licensing for general contractors is divided into five financial tiers: Group 1 (up to $100,000), Group 2 (up to $400,000), Group 3 (up to $1,000,000), Group 4 (up to $3,000,000), and Group 5 (Unlimited).", "license_source": "South Carolina Department of Labor, Licensing and Regulation (SC LLR) Contractor's Licensing Board, 2024, https://llr.sc.gov/clb", "bonding_requirement": "Under S.C. Code Ann. § 40-11-260, General Contractors can submit a continuous surety bond in lieu of net worth/working capital requirements based on license group tier: Group 1 ($20,000), Group 2 ($60,000), Group 3 ($150,000), Group 4 ($250,000), and Group 5 ($350,000). Residential specialty contractors require a $5,000 to $10,000 bond, and residential builders must carry a minimum of $175,000 in general liability insurance.", "bonding_source": "South Carolina Department of Labor, Licensing and Regulation (SC LLR) Contractor's Licensing Board, 2024, https://llr.sc.gov/clb", "market_size_or_density_note": "South Carolina recorded an employment count of 300 workers in SOC 47-4090 (Miscellaneous Construction and Related Workers) with an employment location quotient of 0.70 relative to the national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_sc.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 21.92 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "South Dakota", "where": "SD", "license_regime": "South Dakota does not require or issue a state-level contractor license for restoration and remediation (or general contracting); state contractor licensing is limited to specific trades such as electricians and plumbers. Local jurisdictions (cities and counties, such as Sioux Falls, Spearfish, and Watertown) regulate contractors and may require local licenses or permits. At the state level, all contractors performing repair, construction, or remediation services must obtain a Contractor's Excise Tax License from the South Dakota Department of Revenue.", "license_source": "South Dakota Department of Revenue, 2025, https://dor.sd.gov", "bonding_requirement": "South Dakota sets no statewide surety bond or general liability insurance minimums for restoration and remediation contractors. Bonding and insurance requirements are established at the local municipal level (for example, Sioux Falls requires a $20,000 compliance bond and $300,000 general liability insurance for residential building contractors, while Spearfish requires $1,000,000 per occurrence and $2,000,000 aggregate liability insurance).", "bonding_source": "City of Spearfish Building Services, 2026, https://spearfish.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), South Dakota had 129 business establishments operating within NAICS 562 (Waste Management and Remediation Services).", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics QCEW, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/cew", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Tennessee", "where": "TN", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 20.67, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -8.7, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023 (released April 2024), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_tn.htm", "license_regime": "State-level contractor licensing is required in Tennessee under TCA Title 62, Chapter 6, administered by the Board for Licensing Contractors within the Tennessee Department of Commerce and Insurance (TDCI). A Home Improvement License is required for residential restoration/remediation projects between $3,000 and $24,999. Projects valued at $25,000 or more require a General Contractor License (with a Specialty/Environmental classification or S-Mold designation). Licenses are assigned strict monetary limits based on ten times the contractor's working capital or net worth.", "license_source": "Tennessee Board for Licensing Contractors, Tennessee Department of Commerce and Insurance (TDCI), 2024, https://www.tn.gov/commerce/regboards/contractors.html", "bonding_requirement": "General Liability insurance minimums are tiered based on the contractor's monetary limit: $100,000 for monetary limits up to $500,000; $500,000 for limits between $500,001 and $1,500,000; and $1,000,000 for limits exceeding $1,500,000. Workers' compensation coverage is required for construction businesses with 1 or more employees. Home Improvement license holders must post a $10,000 surety bond or irrevocable letter of credit. General contractors who lack required working capital may post a $500,000 surety bond (for monetary limits up to $1.5M) or $1,000,000 surety bond (for limits over $1.5M).", "bonding_source": "Tennessee Board for Licensing Contractors, Rules of TDCI Rule 0680-01-.02 and Rule 0680-01-.03, 2024", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS and O*NET OnLine data, Tennessee employs approximately 730 to 770 workers in Miscellaneous Construction and Related Workers (SOC 47-4099/47-4090), with total statewide employment projected to increase to 920 workers by 2032.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS / O*NET OnLine, 2024, https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/47-4099.00", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 20.67 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Texas", "where": "TX", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 22.47, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -0.75, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_tx.htm", "license_regime": "Texas does not require a state-level general contractor license for general restoration work; general construction permitting is handled at the city or county level. However, specialty hazardous remediation trades are regulated at the state level: Mold Remediation is licensed by the Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation (TDLR) under Texas Occupations Code Chapter 1958 with tiers including Mold Remediation Worker (registration), Mold Remediation Contractor (license), and Mold Remediation Company (license). Asbestos abatement is licensed separately by the Texas Department of State Health Services (DSHS).", "license_source": "Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation (TDLR), Mold Remediation Licensing Program, 2024", "bonding_requirement": "Texas does not mandate a state-level surety bond for general restoration or mold remediation contractors. However, TDLR requires licensed Mold Remediation Contractors/Companies to maintain Commercial General Liability (CGL) insurance of at least $1,000,000 per occurrence (or provide proof of self-insurance with a net worth of at least $1,000,000).", "bonding_source": "Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation (TDLR), Mold Remediation Administrative Rules (16 TAC Chapter 78), 2024", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 22.47 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Utah", "where": "UT", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 21, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -7.24, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ut.htm", "license_regime": "In Utah, state-level contractor licensing is administered by the Division of Occupational and Professional Licensing (DOPL) under the Utah Construction Trades Licensing Act (Utah Code Title 58, Chapter 55) for construction, remodeling, repair, or restoration work valued at $3,000 or more. Licensing tiers include General Contractor primary classifications (B100 General Building, R100 Residential and Small Commercial, R101 Non-Structural Remodel and Repair, E100 General Engineering) and Specialty Contractor subclassifications (such as S270 Drywall, Paint, and Plastering; S280 Roofing; S310 Foundation, Excavation, and Demolition; S354 Radon Mitigation; and S700 Limited Scope Contractor).", "license_source": "Utah Division of Occupational and Professional Licensing (DOPL), 2024, https://dopl.utah.gov/contractor", "bonding_requirement": "Utah DOPL requires proof of commercial general liability insurance with statutory minimum coverage of $100,000 per incident and $300,000 aggregate ($1,000,000 per occurrence / $2,000,000 aggregate on current DOPL license application forms) and workers' compensation coverage for contractors with employees. Under Utah Code § 58-55-306 and Utah Admin. Code R156-55a-602, a contractor surety bond is required when demonstrating financial responsibility, with minimum bond amounts set at $50,000 for B100/E100 general contractors, $25,000 for R100 residential contractors, and $15,000 for specialty contractor classifications.", "bonding_source": "Utah Division of Occupational and Professional Licensing (DOPL), Utah Code § 58-55-306 and Utah Admin. Code R156-55a-602, 2024, https://dopl.utah.gov/contractor", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS May 2023 data, Utah has an estimated 100 workers employed in Miscellaneous Construction and Related Workers (SOC 47-4090, which encompasses SOC 47-4099) and 140 workers in Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041). Restoration and remediation firms in Utah operate primarily under NAICS 562910 (Remediation Services) and NAICS 238990 (All Other Specialty Trade Contractors).", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ut.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 21 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Vermont", "where": "VT", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 23.28, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 2.83, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Vermont, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_vt.htm", "license_regime": "Vermont does not issue a general state-level contractor license for restoration and remediation contractors. However, residential contractors performing construction, repair, or remediation projects valued at $10,000 or more must register with the Vermont Secretary of State Office of Professional Regulation (OPR). Hazardous material remediation activities are regulated at the state level by the Vermont Department of Health (VDH) Asbestos and Lead Regulatory Program (ALRP), requiring specialized licenses such as Lead-Safe Renovation, Repair, Painting, and Maintenance (RRPM) Firm and Supervisor licenses, or Asbestos Abatement Contractor licenses.", "license_source": "Vermont Department of Health & Vermont Secretary of State Office of Professional Regulation, 2023/2024, https://www.healthvermont.gov/environment/asbestos-lead-requirements", "bonding_requirement": "For Vermont OPR Residential Contractor Registration (projects over $10,000), contractors must carry general liability insurance of at least $1,000,000 per occurrence and $2,000,000 aggregate. For Vermont VDH Lead-Safe RRPM Firm licensing, firms must maintain proof of general liability insurance or a surety bond of at least $300,000.", "bonding_source": "Vermont Department of Health & Vermont Secretary of State Office of Professional Regulation, 2023/2024, https://www.healthvermont.gov/environment/asbestos-lead-requirements", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS May 2023 estimates, Vermont employed approximately 120 workers in Miscellaneous Construction and Related Workers (SOC 47-4090, which includes SOC 47-4099), representing a location quotient of 2.04 (more than double the national occupational employment concentration).", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Vermont, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_vt.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 23.28 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Virginia", "where": "VA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 23.34, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 3.09, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Virginia, SOC 47-4090 (Miscellaneous Construction and Related Workers, including SOC 47-4099), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_va.htm", "license_regime": "State-level contractor licensing is required in Virginia through the Department of Professional and Occupational Regulation (DPOR) Board for Contractors. Licensing is structured into three monetary classes: Class A (unlimited project and annual values), Class B (projects under $120,000 and annual aggregate under $750,000), and Class C (projects between $1,000 and $10,000, max $150,000 annually). Specialized hazardous remediation work (such as Asbestos ASB and Lead Abatement LAC) requires specialty endorsements and qualified individuals certified via the Board for Asbestos, Lead, and Home Inspectors.", "license_source": "Virginia Department of Professional and Occupational Regulation (DPOR), Board for Contractors, 2024, https://www.dpor.virginia.gov/Boards/Contractors", "bonding_requirement": "Class A and Class B contractor applicants must demonstrate financial responsibility by either proving a minimum net worth ($45,000 for Class A, $15,000 for Class B) or posting a $50,000 surety bond with DPOR. Class C contractors do not have a state surety bond or net worth requirement. Workers' compensation coverage is required for businesses with 3 or more employees.", "bonding_source": "Virginia Department of Professional and Occupational Regulation (DPOR), Board for Contractors Financial Verification, 2024, https://www.dpor.virginia.gov/Boards/Contractors", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to May 2023 BLS OEWS data, Virginia employed 1,040 workers under SOC 47-4090 (Miscellaneous Construction and Related Workers, which encompasses SOC 47-4099), corresponding to a concentration density of 0.260 per 1,000 jobs in the Commonwealth.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Virginia, SOC 47-4090, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_va.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 23.34 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Washington", "where": "WA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 29.04, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 28.27, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Washington, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_wa.htm", "license_regime": "State-level contractor registration is required in Washington by the Department of Labor & Industries (L&I) under RCW 18.27 before bidding or performing construction or remediation work. The state establishes two primary contractor tiers: General Contractors (authorized to perform any construction work and hire subcontractors across trades) and Specialty Contractors (covering 63 designated specialty trades, restricted to performing work in their specific classification and prohibited from hiring subcontractors).", "license_source": "Washington State Department of Labor & Industries (L&I), 2024, https://lni.wa.gov/licensing-permits/contractors/register-as-a-contractor", "bonding_requirement": "Effective July 1, 2024, Washington requires a $30,000 continuous surety bond for General Contractors and a $15,000 surety bond for Specialty Contractors. Contractors must also maintain General Liability insurance with minimum coverage of $200,000 public liability and $50,000 property damage, or a $250,000 combined single limit.", "bonding_source": "Washington State Department of Labor & Industries (L&I) / RCW 18.27.040, 2024, https://lni.wa.gov/licensing-permits/contractors/register-as-a-contractor", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to the BLS May 2023 OEWS data, Washington state has an estimated 300 employed workers in Miscellaneous Construction and Related Workers (SOC 47-4090 / 47-4099), representing a job density of 0.086 per 1,000 total jobs in the state. Projections Central (2022-2032) estimates statewide baseline employment for SOC 47-4099 at 590 workers with 12% projected growth through 2032.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_wa.htm / O*NET OnLine (Projections Central 2022-2032), 2024, https://www.onetonline.org/link/localtrends/47-4099.00?st=WA", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 29.04 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "West Virginia", "where": "WV", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 13.55, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -40.15, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS, 2016, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2016/may/oes_wv.htm", "license_regime": "A state-level contractor license issued by the West Virginia Contractor Licensing Board (under the West Virginia Division of Labor) is required for general restoration, remodeling, and construction work exceeding $2,500 in value. License classifications include General Building Contractor, Residential Contractor, Remodeling and Repair Contractor, and Specialty Contractor. Standalone mold remediation licensing is not required at the state level, though environmental site remediation supervisors must hold a Licensed Remediation Specialist (LRS) certification from the West Virginia Department of Environmental Protection.", "license_source": "West Virginia Contractor Licensing Board, West Virginia Division of Labor, 2023, https://labor.wv.gov", "bonding_requirement": "Contractors with employees working in West Virginia must secure a contractor wage surety bond equal to 115% of their four-week peak payroll (minimum bond of $11,500). Contractors must also provide proof of general liability insurance, workers' compensation coverage, and unemployment compensation registration.", "bonding_source": "West Virginia Division of Labor, West Virginia Code § 21-11-11 and § 21-5-14, 2025, https://labor.wv.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "West Virginia employed 250 workers in SOC 47-4099 (Construction and Related Workers, All Other) with a location quotient of 1.42, indicating a higher occupational concentration compared to the national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS, 2016, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2016/may/oes_wv.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 13.55 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Wisconsin", "where": "WI", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 23.51, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 3.84, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_wi.htm", "license_regime": "Wisconsin does not mandate a state-level license for general commercial restoration work. However, residential restoration and construction on one- and two-family dwellings require a Dwelling Contractor or Dwelling Contractor Restricted credential issued by the Wisconsin Department of Safety and Professional Services (DSPS), paired with a Dwelling Contractor Qualifier certification.", "license_source": "Wisconsin Department of Safety and Professional Services (DSPS), Dwelling Contractor Credentialing, 2024, https://dsps.wi.gov/Pages/Professions/DwellingContractor/Default.aspx", "bonding_requirement": "Under Wis. Stat. § 101.654 and DSPS Form 3096, Dwelling Contractors must maintain proof of financial responsibility through a surety bond of at least $25,000 or general liability insurance of at least $250,000 per occurrence. A Dwelling Contractor Restricted credential requires a surety bond of at least $5,000 but less than $25,000.", "bonding_source": "Wisconsin Department of Safety and Professional Services (DSPS) / Wis. Stat. § 101.654, 2024, https://dsps.wi.gov/Pages/Professions/DwellingContractor/Default.aspx", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 23.51 minus the national median 22.64) / 22.64. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474090.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Wyoming", "where": "WY", "license_regime": "Wyoming does not require or issue a state-level contractor license for general contractors or restoration and remediation trades (SOC 47-4099). Licensing is managed entirely at the municipal and county levels (e.g., Cheyenne Contractor Licensing Board, City of Gillette, Town of Jackson), which establish local contractor classification tiers (such as Class A, Class B, Class C, and Class D licenses). The only specialty trade licensed at the state level in Wyoming is electrical contracting.", "license_source": "Wyoming Department of Workforce Services, 2025 Directory of Licensed Occupations in Wyoming (2025), https://doe.state.wy.us/LMI/licensed_occupations.htm", "bonding_requirement": "Because restoration and remediation contractors are not licensed at the state level, there are no uniform statewide surety bond or general liability insurance minimums set by a state licensing board. Bond and insurance minimums are set locally by individual city or county building departments (typically requiring general liability insurance and surety bonds ranging from $1,000 to $10,000+), and contractors with employees must register for state Workers' Compensation insurance.", "bonding_source": "Wyoming Department of Workforce Services, 2025 Directory of Licensed Occupations in Wyoming (2025), https://doe.state.wy.us/LMI", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url" } ], "msas": [ { "name": "Atlanta", "where": "GA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2023 OEWS data, the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA metropolitan statistical area employed 440 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041), yielding an employment location quotient of 0.47 relative to the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_12060.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 8546, "job_value_source": "Angi, 2025, https://www.angi.com", "permit_volume_trend": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, new privately owned housing unit authorizations in the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell MSA totaled 40,687 units in 2024, making it the 5th highest metropolitan area nationwide despite moderating roughly 18% from 2022 peak levels.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, 2024, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "The Atlanta Regional Commission reported that the 11-county Atlanta metropolitan region reached 5.28 million residents after adding over 64,000 people from 2024 to 2025. Continued population gains and high housing density across Fulton, Gwinnett, and Cobb counties maintain steady demand for structural property maintenance and remediation services.", "market_context_source": "Atlanta Regional Commission, 2024, https://atlantaregional.org", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Austin", "where": "TX", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS, the Austin-Round Rock, TX Metropolitan Statistical Area employed 240 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041) as of May 2023, with a mean hourly wage of $21.85 and annual mean salary of $45,440.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_12420.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 6101, "job_value_source": "Angi, 2025, https://www.angi.com", "permit_volume_trend": "According to U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data, the Austin-Round Rock metro authorized 32,294 new residential building units in 2024, ranking 6th nationally among major U.S. metros, representing a stabilization in construction activity following a downward adjustment from peak 2021-2022 volume levels.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2024, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps/index.html", "market_context_note": "Central Texas weather patterns and humidity levels drive ongoing remediation demand in Austin, where localized mold remediation projects average $3,509 (range $1,433 to $6,000) and state regulations require formal mold remediation notifications for projects exceeding 25 contiguous square feet.", "market_context_source": "Angi, 2025, https://www.angi.com", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Baltimore", "where": "MD", "contractor_density_note": "The Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD MSA employs approximately 520 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041), representing a density of 0.401 workers per 1,000 jobs in the metropolitan area.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_12580.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Private residential building permits in the Baltimore-Columbia-Towson MSA reached approximately 5,514 authorized units over a trailing 12-month period, reflecting a solid 24.2% year-over-year increase in permitting activity.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey (via FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis), 2024, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/BALT524BPPRIVSA", "market_context_note": "Maryland faces a housing shortage of approximately 100,000 units and needs to permit roughly 30,000 new units per year through 2045 to keep pace with demand, driving ongoing residential maintenance, structural repair, and remediation demand across the Baltimore region.", "market_context_source": "Comptroller of Maryland, State Housing Demand & Supply Report, 2025, https://marylandcomptroller.gov", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Birmingham", "where": "AL", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Birmingham-Hoover, AL Metropolitan Statistical Area had 200 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041) employed in May 2023, representing a location quotient of 1.16, which indicates a 16% higher concentration of specialized remediation workers per capita than the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_13820.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Data from the U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey shows the Birmingham-Hoover, AL metro issued 3.74 total residential building permits per 1,000 residents in 2022 (2.76 single-family and 0.99 multi-family per 1,000 population). Trailing 12-month building permit volume reached 4,384 total permits (3.71 per 1,000 residents), with Jefferson County leading metro activity at 2,398 permits (56% of the metro pipeline) followed by Shelby County with 1,336 permits.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey (Demographia / NewGeography 2023 Analysis)", "market_context_note": "Restoration and remediation service demand in the Birmingham-Hoover MSA is supported by an aging housing stock along with environmental conditions specific to North-Central Alabama, including severe spring weather and tornado hazards, high humidity conducive to mold growth, clay soil drainage issues affecting foundations/basements, and periodic winter freezes.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD User), Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Birmingham-Hoover, Alabama (2020), https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Boston", "where": "MA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS dataset, the Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH metropolitan statistical area employed approximately 1,950 hazardous materials removal workers (SOC 47-4041), representing one of the highest employment concentrations for remediation specialists among U.S. metros.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474041.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 3148, "job_value_source": "Angi, 2025, https://www.angi.com", "permit_volume_trend": "New residential building permits in Greater Boston peaked in 2021 (~15,000 units) and have since declined significantly through 2024 and 2025 due to elevated interest rates and high construction costs, with YTD 2025 permit volume running approximately 44% below 2021 levels.", "permit_source": "Boston Indicators / U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2025, https://www.bostonindicators.org", "market_context_note": "Demand for restoration and remediation in the region is sustained by older building stock, local environmental regulations (such as asbestos and lead abatement requirements), and environmental weather and water damage events alongside general construction/redevelopment activity.", "market_context_source": "IBISWorld, 2025, https://www.ibisworld.com", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Buffalo", "where": "NY", "contractor_density_note": "In the Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Niagara Falls, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), the Bureau of Labor Statistics reports 250 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041) employed as of May 2023. The metro area holds a location quotient of 1.46 for this restoration and remediation trade, indicating a 46% higher concentration of workers relative to the national average, with an annual mean wage of $55,790.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), May 2023 Metropolitan OEWS Estimates, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_15380.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential construction permit volume in the Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Niagara Falls MSA has trended downward over recent years. Census Building Permits Survey data compiled in market reports shows monthly permitted units falling from 234 units in July 2020 to 93 units in July 2025 (a 60% decline), with multifamily permits dropping from 123 to 20 units and single-family permits declining from 103 to 69 units.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Niagara Falls, New York, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "market_context_note": "The Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Niagara Falls MSA has a total housing inventory of 543,625 units across Erie and Niagara counties. Demand for restoration and remediation in the metro is driven by an aging housing stock requiring asbestos and lead paint abatement, active NYSDEC brownfield cleanup programs under NAICS 562910, and severe winter weather events including lake-effect snow and ice damming that cause structural water damage and mold growth.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Niagara Falls, New York, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Charlotte", "where": "NC", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC metropolitan area employed approximately 300 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041), representing an occupational density of 0.23 workers per 1,000 jobs.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_16740.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 2328, "job_value_source": "Angi, 2026, https://www.angi.com", "permit_volume_trend": "New private housing structures authorized by building permits in the Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia MSA peaked at 3,684 units in April 2023 before trending downward to 2,471 units in March 2025, reflecting a moderation in new residential construction activity.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau via FRED (Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis), 2026, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CHAR737BPPRIV", "market_context_note": "The Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC MSA reaches a population of approximately 2.77 million residents. High regional humidity, severe weather, and tropical storm activity in the Carolinas generate ongoing demand for water mitigation, mold remediation, and emergency restoration services.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Census Bureau via DataUSA, 2024, https://datausa.io/profile/geo/charlotte-concord-gastonia-nc-sc", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Chicago", "where": "IL", "contractor_density_note": "According to BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, the Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI metropolitan area had 1,610 employed Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041) in May 2023, representing an employment density of 0.36 workers per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 1.08 relative to the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474041.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 3394, "job_value_source": "Angi, 2025, https://www.angi.com/articles/water-damage-restoration-cost-chicago-il.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data, monthly residential building authorizations in the Chicago-Naperville-Elgin MSA grew moderately year-over-year in July 2025 from 1,542 units to 1,851 units (a ~20% gain), balancing multifamily increases from 580 to 873 units with single-family gains from 842 to 901 units.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2025, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps/index.html", "market_context_note": "The Chicago-Naperville-Elgin MSA produced a Gross Regional Product of $929 billion in 2025 and added 22,925 residents between 2024 and 2025. Demand for structural remediation and restoration is supported by aging urban housing stock and municipal efforts like the City of Chicago's 'Cut the Tape' initiative to streamline building permit processing.", "market_context_source": "World Business Chicago, 2025, https://www.worldbusinesschicago.com", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Cincinnati", "where": "OH", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, the Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN MSA employed approximately 210 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041), with a mean hourly wage of $23.69 and an annual mean wage of $49,270.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, OEWS, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_17140.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, total private residential housing units authorized by building permits in the Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN MSA reached 6,241 units in 2023 (including 4,008 single-family units), representing a downward trajectory from peak 2021-2022 construction activity.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey, 2023, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CINC139BPPRIVSA", "market_context_note": "According to occupational projections from the Ohio Department of Job and Family Services Bureau of Labor Market Information, Hazardous Materials Removal Workers in the Cincinnati MSA are projected to experience 6.0% employment growth from 2020 to 2030.", "market_context_source": "Ohio Department of Job and Family Services, Bureau of Labor Market Information, 2022, https://ohiolmi.com", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Cleveland", "where": "OH", "contractor_density_note": "According to the May 2023 BLS OEWS estimates, the Cleveland-Elyria, OH MSA employed 210 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041), representing an occupational density of 0.210 workers per 1,000 jobs in the metro area.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_17460.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Building permit activity in the Cleveland-Elyria, OH MSA trended upward through 2024, with the city of Cleveland issuing 14,955 construction permits valued at approximately $2.8 billion as development activity recovered from prior slowdowns.", "permit_source": "Ohio Auditor of State / City of Cleveland Annual Comprehensive Financial Report, 2024, https://auditor.state.oh.us", "market_context_note": "Long-term employment projections for the Cleveland-Elyria MSA anticipate 4.5% overall job growth from 2020 through 2030, sustaining baseline demand for environmental remediation and specialized trade contractors across the 5-county metro region.", "market_context_source": "Ohio Department of Job and Family Services, Bureau of Labor Market Information, 2022, https://ohiolmi.com", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Columbus", "where": "OH", "contractor_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS data, the Columbus, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area employed approximately 1,300 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041) in May 2023, with a location quotient of 0.72 relative to national employment concentration.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_18140.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit volume in the Columbus, OH metro area experienced strong growth, reaching 13,709 authorized units over the trailing 12-month period, a 63.7% increase year-over-year, with approximately 67% of permitting activity concentrated in Franklin County.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Annual Building Permits Survey, 2024, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "Demand for restoration and building services in Central Ohio is supported by substantial regional job growth and major industrial developments, including Intel's $20 billion semiconductor fabrication project in Licking County and a regional target needing 14,500 to 20,280 new housing units annually through 2032.", "market_context_source": "Building Industry Association of Central Ohio & Vogt Strategic Insights, Central Ohio Housing Need Assessment, 2022, https://biahomebuilders.com", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Dallas-Fort Worth", "where": "TX", "contractor_density_note": "In the Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX MSA, there were 980 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041) employed, representing an employment density of approximately 0.248 workers per 1,000 total jobs in the metropolitan area, with a mean hourly wage of $21.44 and an annual mean wage of $44,600.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_19100.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "In 2024, the Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX metropolitan area authorized 71,788 total new privately-owned residential housing units, maintaining its rank as one of the highest-volume construction markets nationwide with an authorization rate of 22.2 new units per 1,000 existing homes.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, 2024 Annual Building Permits Survey, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "The Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas reported that while single-family permit issuance in DFW showed late-year monthly rebounds in 2023, cumulative year-to-date single-family permits were down 19.8% year-over-year, while multifamily permits declined 26.4% due to elevated construction costs and tighter credit conditions.", "market_context_source": "Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, 2023 DFW Economy Dashboard", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Denver", "where": "CO", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO MSA employed 980 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041) as of May 2023, with a location quotient of 1.87, indicating a density nearly double the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes474041.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "In the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood metropolitan area, single-family residential permitting experienced a downward trend, issuing 1,175 permits during the 12 months ending August 2023, a decline of 34% compared to the prior 12-month period.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, Colorado, 2023, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "market_context_note": "Demand for emergency restoration and remediation in the Denver metro area is heavily driven by weather risks, including high severe convective storm and hail damage claim volume (where Colorado consistently ranks among the top states nationally) as well as frequent winter freeze-thaw cycles causing pipe bursts and water intrusion.", "market_context_source": "Insurance Information Institute (III) / Cotality, 2026", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Detroit", "where": "MI", "contractor_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS data for the Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI MSA, there were 470 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041) employed in the metro area, earning an annual mean wage of $54,240 ($26.08/hour) with a location quotient of 0.75 relative to national density.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), published April 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_19820.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 4450, "job_value_source": "Angi, 2026 Water Damage Restoration Cost Guide, https://www.angi.com/articles/water-damage-restoration-cost.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit authorizations in the Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI MSA saw a multi-year decline reaching a low of 4,541 authorized units in 2023, before rebounding in 2024 and 2025 as new housing construction picked back up across the region.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey, cited by Detroit Data Center, 2025", "market_context_note": "Property restoration and remediation demand in the Detroit metro area is strongly supported by aging building stock requiring hazardous material abatement (such as asbestos and lead paint) and recurring basement flooding driven by heavy storms and legacy combined sewer system overflows.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, Michigan, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Hartford", "where": "CT", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT metropolitan statistical area employed 240 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041) as of May 2022, representing an employment location quotient of 1.36 compared to the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_25540.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, the Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT metropolitan statistical area authorized 1,270 residential units over the trailing 12 months ending May 2026, with May 2026 monthly unit authorizations up 79.1% year-over-year to 120 units (64.2% multi-family).", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, 2026, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "A regional assessment by the Capitol Region Council of Governments (CRCOG) identified major structural remediation demand in the Hartford metro area arising from crumbling concrete foundations caused by pyrrhotite contamination, estimating foundation replacement and remediation costs at over $664 million across affected residential properties in the region.", "market_context_source": "Capitol Region Council of Governments, 2017, https://www.ct.gov", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Houston", "where": "TX", "contractor_density_note": "According to the May 2023 BLS OEWS estimates, the Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX MSA employed 1,480 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041), a core occupational trade for remediation and restoration, representing an employment density of 0.464 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 1.41.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_26420.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "In 2023, the Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land MSA led the nation in residential building permits with 68,755 total units authorized (including 50,444 single-family homes). While this represented a slight decrease from the record 75,786 units authorized in 2022, it was the fifth-highest permitting year on record for the metro. Overall construction contract awards in the Houston metro surged 31% in 2024 to $43.8 billion (up from $33.3 billion in 2023).", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey / Rice University Kinder Institute for Urban Research, 2024, https://kinder.rice.edu and Greater Houston Partnership / Dodge Data & Analytics, 2025, https://www.houston.org", "market_context_note": "Houston's humid sub-tropical climate, extensive floodplain geography, and vulnerability to major storm/hurricane events create continuous, non-discretionary demand for water extraction, structural drying, and mold remediation. Remediation contractors in Texas are subject to state licensure and strict separation of assessment and remediation services under the Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation (TDLR).", "market_context_source": "Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation (TDLR) Mold Remediation Program, 2024", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Indianapolis", "where": "IN", "contractor_density_note": "In the Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN metropolitan statistical area, Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041), a core occupation within the restoration and remediation trade, numbered an estimated 630 employed workers, representing a location quotient of 1.76, which indicates a significantly higher concentration of trade labor than the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_26980.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit activity in the Indianapolis metro area softened in 2023 with single-family permits down 12% year-over-year (reaching 12,513 total permitted units), before accelerating in 2024 with trailing 12-month permitting reaching 13,042 units, a 26.7% year-over-year increase.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2024, https://indianarealtors.com", "market_context_note": "Demand for structural repair and remediation services is buoyed by Central Indiana's housing deficit, which requires an estimated 11,000 to 19,000 new permits annually through 2028 to match population growth, alongside a 50.6% 5-year increase in the regional House Price Index.", "market_context_source": "Common Sense Institute Indiana, 2024, https://commonsenseinstituteus.org", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Jacksonville", "where": "FL", "contractor_density_note": "According to the May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, the Jacksonville, FL MSA had an estimated 140 employed Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041), representing an employment concentration of 0.187 per 1,000 jobs and an annual mean wage of $44,620.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_27260.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "In April 2026, HBW recorded 875 new residential construction permits in the Jacksonville region with a total construction value of $260.6 million and an average permit valuation of $297,826, reflecting steady growth led by Duval and St. Johns counties.", "permit_source": "HBW Construction Data, 2026, https://hbweekly.com", "market_context_note": "National Association of Home Builders reporting indicates Florida maintained the second-highest volume of single-family housing permits nationwide in 2025 while posting a 29.6% year-over-year increase in multifamily permitting, generating ongoing demand for construction and remediation trades across metropolitan Jacksonville.", "market_context_source": "National Association of Home Builders, 2026", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Kansas City", "where": "MO", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS data, the Kansas City, MO-KS metropolitan statistical area employed 390 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041) as of May 2023, representing a location quotient of 0.84 relative to national employment levels.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (Kansas City, MO-KS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_28420.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 1244, "job_value_source": "Angi, Water Damage Restoration Cost in Kansas City, MO, 2025, https://www.angi.com/articles/water-damage-restoration-cost.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit activity in Kansas City, MO accelerated significantly in 2024, with authorized housing units increasing by 133% from 1,234 units in 2023 to 2,878 units in 2024 (+1,644 units), representing one of the largest unit permit gains in the Midwest.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, 2024 Annual Building Permits Survey, 2025, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "According to the Mid-America Regional Council (MARC), the Kansas City region faces an estimated underbuilding gap of 12,000 to 24,000 housing units, increasing structural reliance and demand for repair, maintenance, and remediation services on the existing residential housing stock.", "market_context_source": "Mid-America Regional Council, Housing Production in the Kansas City Region, 2024, https://www.marc.org", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Las Vegas", "where": "NV", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV metropolitan statistical area employed 480 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041) as of May 2024, up from 410 employed in May 2023.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_29820.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to Census Building Permits Survey data, residential unit permitting in the Las Vegas-Henderson-North Las Vegas, NV metropolitan area experienced a downward trend in 2024, dropping 29.7% year-over-year to 2,301 total units permitted, including a 2.4% decrease in multifamily permits to 1,448 units.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey / Realtor.com, 2025, https://www.realtor.com/research/data", "market_context_note": "HUD's Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis reports that the Las Vegas metro area reached a population of over 2.3 million residents, with nonfarm payroll growth averaging 2.8% to 3.2% annually and an estimated ongoing demand for over 10,000 new rental units and 33,000+ new single-family sales units, sustaining market activity for restoration and remediation services across expanding residential and commercial infrastructure.", "market_context_source": "HUD User, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Los Angeles", "where": "CA", "contractor_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS data, the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA MSA employs approximately 2,810 to 3,020 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041) with a location quotient of 1.38, indicating a higher-than-average employment concentration in remediation and restoration services relative to the national baseline.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474041.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 3728, "job_value_source": "Angi Los Angeles Water Damage Restoration Cost Report, 2025, https://www.angi.com/articles/water-damage-restoration-cost.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permitting in the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim MSA totaled approximately 26,781 authorized units in 2024. Recent overall permit trends reflect a multi-year contraction driven primarily by a decline in multi-family unit permitting (down over 25% relative to its 5-year baseline), despite minor gains in single-family home authorizations.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey (BPS), 2024, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "Restoration and remediation activity in Los Angeles County is heavily influenced by post-wildfire flood and sediment risks following major wildfire events (such as the Palisades and Eaton fires), as well as mandatory environmental surveys (e.g., SCAQMD Rule 1403 asbestos testing and mold assessments) required by local building departments prior to issuing structural repair permits.", "market_context_source": "Los Angeles County Public Works Annual Report, 2025, https://pw.lacounty.gov", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Louisville", "where": "KY", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2023 OEWS data, the Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN metropolitan statistical area employed 70 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041), representing an employment concentration (location quotient) of 0.32 relative to the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_31140.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to data from the U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, residential housing permit authorizations in the Louisville-Jefferson County, KY-IN MSA grew by 31.3% year-over-year in the first half of 2023, rising from 2,278 permits in 1H 2022 to 2,991 permits in 1H 2023.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey (via Point2 / Business Insider), 2023", "market_context_note": "According to HUD's Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis, rental residential construction in the Louisville HMA expanded by 28% during the 12 months ending April 2023 to 3,625 units permitted, driven by strong core market demand where Jefferson County accounts for 61% of total regional rental demand.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Louisville, Kentucky-Indiana, 2023, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Memphis", "where": "TN", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the Memphis, TN-MS-AR metropolitan statistical area employed 140 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041) as of May 2023, representing a location quotient of 0.68 relative to national employment density.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_32820.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data reported via FRED, private housing unit authorization in the Memphis, TN-MS-AR MSA peaked in mid-2021 before following a downward trend through 2023 and 2024 amid elevated interest rates and reduced residential construction activity.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, 2024, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/MPHBPPRIV", "market_context_note": "In 2021, the City of Memphis updated its building codes to support small-scale residential developments, allowing International Residential Code (IRC) provisions to apply to 3-to-6 unit buildings previously governed by commercial codes, reducing regulatory barriers for rehabilitation and redevelopment.", "market_context_source": "Strong Towns, 2022", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Miami", "where": "FL", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), there were 420 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041) employed in the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL metropolitan area as of May 2023, representing a worker density of 0.156 per 1,000 jobs.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2024), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_33100.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 3500, "job_value_source": "Angi (2026), https://www.angi.com/articles/how-much-does-water-damage-restoration-cost.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "New residential housing permits in the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach, FL MSA peaked in 2021-2022 before trending downward through 2023-2025 as elevated mortgage rates and housing affordability constraints slowed overall construction activity.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau via FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (2026), https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/MIAM112BPPRIVSA", "market_context_note": "Under Florida Statute § 468.8411, Florida mandates a strict legal separation between mold assessors and mold remediators, requiring separate licenses and adding an average of $500 to $1,500 in required assessor and clearance testing fees per project.", "market_context_source": "Florida Restoration Authority (2026)", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Milwaukee", "where": "WI", "contractor_density_note": "In the Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI MSA, there were 140 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041), the primary occupational classification for restoration, remediation, and abatement trades, employed as of May 2023, representing a location quotient of 0.53 relative to the national average and a mean annual wage of $47,890.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_33340.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit issuance in the Milwaukee metropolitan area stagnated and declined between 2021 and 2023 following an initial post-pandemic surge; multi-family housing permits declined relative to pre-pandemic (2017-2019) levels, while single-family housing permit activity remained roughly flat.", "permit_source": "Wisconsin Policy Forum, 2024, https://wispolicyforum.org/research/housing-permitting-slows-adding-to-affordability-concerns", "market_context_note": "Metro Milwaukee experienced significant housing underproduction between 2010 and 2024, with the area adding 17,335 households against only 11,038 new housing units (a deficit of 6,297 units). This structural shortfall in new construction increases reliance on maintaining, repairing, and remediating the region's existing housing stock.", "market_context_source": "Wisconsin Policy Forum, 2024, https://wispolicyforum.org/research/housing-permitting-slows-adding-to-affordability-concerns", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Minneapolis-St. Paul", "where": "MN", "contractor_density_note": "According to Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) data, there are 320 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041) employed in the Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI metropolitan area.", "density_source": "Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development (DEED), 2024, https://mn.gov/deed/data/data-tools/oes", "median_job_value_usd": 7681, "job_value_source": "Angi, 2025, https://www.angi.com/articles/water-damage-repair-cost.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "In the Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI metropolitan area, residential construction permitting increased over the 12 months ending October 2025, with single-family building permits rising 14% to 10,500 units and multifamily permits increasing 22% to 6,550 units compared to the prior year.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD User), 2026", "market_context_note": "Restoration and remediation demand in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metro area is heavily driven by upper Midwest winter climate exposures, including burst frozen pipes, ice dam meltwater, and spring basement flooding across older residential housing stock.", "market_context_source": "Water Damage Restoration Pricing, 2026", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Nashville", "where": "TN", "contractor_density_note": "In the Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro--Franklin, TN MSA, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported 170 employed Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041) as of May 2023, representing a density of 0.161 workers per 1,000 jobs in the metro area.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_34980.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit volume in the Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro--Franklin, TN MSA reached 19,210 authorized units in 2024, a slight 4% decrease from 20,038 units in 2023, maintaining high overall housing construction levels across Middle Tennessee.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2025, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "Davidson County (Nashville) added 10,413 new residents between July 2023 and July 2024, leading Tennessee in net population gain and driving ongoing demand for residential and commercial property maintenance, renovation, and remediation.", "market_context_source": "University of Tennessee Boyd Center for Business and Economic Research, 2025", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "New Orleans", "where": "LA", "contractor_density_note": "According to BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) data for the New Orleans-Metairie, LA MSA, there were 290 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041) employed in the metro area, representing 0.561 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 1.70.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_35380.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "In the New Orleans-Metairie, LA MSA, new private housing permit activity has shown a downward and restrained trend over recent years, authorizing 3.4 new housing units per 1,000 existing homes in 2024 based on U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau / Construction Coverage, 2025, https://constructioncoverage.com/research/cities-building-the-most-homes-2025", "market_context_note": "Demand for mold, water, and environmental remediation in the New Orleans metro area is driven by intense humidity, high annual precipitation (over 60 inches), and tropical storm exposure. Additionally, local regulatory drivers include the City of New Orleans Healthy Homes Ordinance enforcing mold standards on rental housing and Louisiana state law (LSLBC Act 422) requiring specialized licensing for mold remediation projects exceeding $7,500.", "market_context_source": "City of New Orleans & Louisiana State Licensing Board for Contractors, 2025", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "New York", "where": "NY", "contractor_density_note": "In the New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA metropolitan statistical area, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS reports 4,050 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041) employed with a location quotient of 1.30, representing a higher density of environmental remediation specialists relative to the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474041.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 4193, "job_value_source": "Angi Water Damage Restoration Cost Guide, 2025, https://www.angi.com/articles/how-much-does-water-damage-restoration-cost.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data shows nationwide privately owned housing unit authorizations dropped 2.2% from 1,511,102 units in 2023 to 1,478,000 units in 2024, while housing unit permitting in the New York-Newark-Jersey City MSA maintained high overall activity with over 54,000 units authorized over trailing 12-month periods.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2024, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "Demand for restoration and remediation in the New York metro area is significantly driven by aging housing stock and local statutory mandates, including NYC Local Law 55 (mold and allergen remediation in residential buildings) and Local Law 11 FISP (five-year cycle facade inspection and structural restoration for buildings over six stories).", "market_context_source": "New York City Department of Buildings, 2025", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Oklahoma City", "where": "OK", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics survey, there were 110 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041) employed in the Oklahoma City, OK Metropolitan Statistical Area, representing a location quotient of 0.53 relative to the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_36420.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data, residential construction permitting in the Oklahoma City MSA is heavily dominated by single-family housing, which accounted for 91.0% of all new residential unit building permits issued in 2023, the highest single-family permit ratio among major U.S. metropolitan areas.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey (via FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, Series OKLA440BPPRIV), 2024, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/OKLA440BPPRIV", "market_context_note": "The Oklahoma City MSA is the largest metropolitan area in Oklahoma, growing 5.6% from 2017 to 2022 to reach a population of 1,428,923 residents across Canadian, Cleveland, Grady, Lincoln, Logan, McClain, and Oklahoma counties, supporting consistent baseline demand for residential and commercial remediation and restoration services.", "market_context_source": "Oklahoma Employment Security Commission, 2023", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Orlando", "where": "FL", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL MSA employed an estimated 180 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041) in May 2023, representing a location quotient of 0.40 relative to the national concentration.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_36740.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit volume in the Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL MSA increased 15% year-over-year, moving from 24,135 new housing units authorized in 2024 up to 27,758 units in 2025.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey (2024-2025), https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "The Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford MSA added 54,916 residents between July 2022 and July 2023, the fourth-largest numeric population gain among all U.S. metropolitan areas, driving elevated residential maintenance, renovation, and restoration activity across Central Florida.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Metropolitan and Micropolitan Area Population Estimates (2024)", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Philadelphia", "where": "PA", "contractor_density_note": "According to U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS data, the Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD metropolitan statistical area employed approximately 800 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041) with a mean hourly wage of $27.14 and an annual mean wage of $56,460.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_37980.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 3527, "job_value_source": "Angi Philadelphia Water Damage Restoration Cost Report, 2026, https://www.angi.com/articles/water-damage-restoration-cost.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Following a historic surge in 2021 driven by impending changes to Philadelphia's 10-year property tax abatement (over 25,000 residential units permitted), building permit volumes dropped sharply in 2022 and stabilized through 2024-2025 back to pre-surge historical baseline levels.", "permit_source": "City of Philadelphia / U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 2025, https://www.phila.gov/media/20250626101503/2025ABC-POS.pdf", "market_context_note": "The Philadelphia metropolitan statistical area encompasses approximately 6.2 million residents. Ongoing citywide building and zoning permit data shows over 880,000 historical permits issued across commercial and residential corridors, indicating consistent demand for emergency restoration, plumbing, and structural remediation across an aging building stock.", "market_context_source": "OpenDataPhilly / City of Philadelphia, 2025", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Phoenix", "where": "AZ", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS, the Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler, AZ MSA had 340 employed Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041) with an average hourly wage of $17.49.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "median_job_value_usd": 4623, "job_value_source": "Angi Phoenix Water Damage Restoration Cost Data, 2026, https://www.angi.com", "permit_volume_trend": "Privately owned residential housing units permitted in the Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler metro area reached 39,145 units, reflecting a 15% year-over-year decline from 45,884 units permitted in the prior year.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey / Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 2025, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "The Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler metro area population reached an estimated 5.25 million as of January 2025, driving long-term maintenance and restoration service demand across a large base of residential and commercial properties.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler, Arizona, 2025, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Pittsburgh", "where": "PA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the Pittsburgh, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area employed 330 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041), representing an employment density of 0.304 workers per 1,000 jobs in the metro area.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_38300.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "New residential building permits in the Pittsburgh, PA MSA reached 6,294 total units in 2023 (including 3,348 single-family units). Permitting momentum moderated in 2024, decreasing to 1,664 housing units permitted across top local permit-issuing places tracked by the Census Bureau.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, 2024 Annual Building Permits Survey, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "A 2025 evaluation of Allegheny County's $13.3 million Whole Home Repair program revealed substantial demand for structural remediation, with 112 out of 250 assisted homes requiring targeted water damage remediation alongside roof and foundation repairs, averaging $46,000 in repair value per property.", "market_context_source": "Housing Initiative at Penn, 2025 Whole Home Repairs in Allegheny County Report, https://www.housinginitiative.org", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Portland", "where": "OR", "contractor_density_note": "The Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA metropolitan statistical area employs approximately 440 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041) with a location quotient of 1.12, reflecting a workforce density slightly higher than the national baseline.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_38900.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 3663, "job_value_source": "Angi, Water Damage Restoration Cost in Portland, OR, 2025, https://www.angi.com/articles/water-damage-restoration-cost.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit volume in the Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro MSA experienced a sharp downward trend in 2024, with multi-family permits falling 58.5% year-over-year to 2,696 units and single-family permits declining 2.7% to 1,649 units amidst elevated construction costs and interest rates.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey (via Realtor.com 2025 Metro Permitting Analysis), 2025, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "Restoration and remediation activity in the Portland region is sustained by Pacific Northwest weather conditions leading to moisture and mold issues, an aging regional housing stock, and stringent environmental regulations regarding abatement and property maintenance.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, Oregon-Washington Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis, 2021, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Providence", "where": "RI", "contractor_density_note": "According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, there were 320 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers employed in the Providence-Warwick, RI-MA metropolitan statistical area, earning an annual mean wage of $57,580 ($27.68 per hour).", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates: Providence-Warwick, RI-MA, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_39300.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit activity in the Providence-Warwick metro area and across Rhode Island trended sharply upward from 2022 through 2024, increasing from approximately 1,169 permitted units in 2023 to over 2,600 residential units permitted in 2024 (an 84% increase over 2022 levels), supported by state-level housing supply initiatives.", "permit_source": "State of Rhode Island / U.S. HUD State of the Cities Data Systems (SOCDS) Building Permits Database, 2024, https://www.ri.gov", "market_context_note": "Market demand for remediation and restoration in the Providence area is substantially driven by an aging regional housing stock, where over half of residential structures were built before 1978. State regulations require mandatory Lead-Safe Remodeler/Renovator certification for structural work on pre-1978 buildings, generating consistent demand for hazardous material abatement and environmental remediation services.", "market_context_source": "Rhode Island Builders Association, 2024, https://www.ribuilders.org", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Raleigh", "where": "NC", "contractor_density_note": "According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the Raleigh-Cary, NC metropolitan statistical area employs approximately 70 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041) performing restoration, remediation, and abatement activities, with an above-average location quotient of 2.33.", "density_source": "Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (2024), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474041.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 8407, "job_value_source": "Angi Water Damage Restoration Cost Guide (2026), https://www.angi.com/articles/how-much-does-water-damage-restoration-cost.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential permitting activity in the Raleigh-Cary metro area reached 18,206 authorized housing units trailing twelve months (TTM) at a density of 12.81 permits per 1,000 residents, representing a year-over-year acceleration of +15.5%.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey (2024), https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "The Raleigh-Cary MSA is among the fastest-growing Sun Belt metropolitan areas with over 1.42 million residents, leading major U.S. metros in per-capita residential construction and generating steady baseline demand for residential and commercial water damage restoration, mold remediation, and hazardous environmental services.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Population Estimates and ACS (2024), https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/raleighcitynorthcarolina/PST045223", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Richmond", "where": "VA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the Richmond, VA Metropolitan Statistical Area employed 410 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041) as of May 2023, representing a density of 0.631 workers per 1,000 total jobs in the metropolitan area.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_40060.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to HUD and U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data, homebuilding activity in the Richmond, VA MSA saw single-family permits total 20,850 units for the 12 months ending November 2024, representing a 4% decline compared to 21,750 units permitted in the previous 12-month period.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) / U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey (4Q 2024 Mid-Atlantic Regional Report), 2024", "market_context_note": "In the City of Richmond, structural restoration, repairs, and trade reconstruction work require building permits managed by the Permits and Inspections Bureau. Permit fees for residential repair and alteration work are set at a base rate of $63.00 for the first $2,000 of project value plus $6.07 per $1,000 of valuation above $2,000, plus a 2% Virginia state surcharge.", "market_context_source": "City of Richmond Department of Planning and Development Review, Permits and Inspections Bureau Fee Schedule, 2024", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Riverside-San Bernardino", "where": "CA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA metropolitan area employed 470 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041) as of May 2023, with a mean hourly wage of $27.48 ($57,150 annually) and a location quotient of 0.85.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023 OEWS, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_40140.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data shows new residential housing units authorized by building permits in the Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario MSA reached 16,320 units in 2022 (a 4.6% increase over 2021) valued at $3.9 billion. Permitting accelerated in early 2023, rising 24.17% year-over-year in the first half of 2023 to 11,355 units before broader regional construction activity moderated.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps/", "market_context_note": "According to HUD's Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis, multi-family construction permitted in the Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario MSA rose over 45% in 2022 to 5,150 units, driven by tight rental vacancy rates (4.6%) and significant ongoing master-planned housing development such as Ontario Ranch in San Bernardino County, expanding the overall property footprint requiring mitigation and restoration services.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA (2022), https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Sacramento", "where": "CA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), there were 360 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041) employed in the Sacramento--Roseville--Arden-Arcade, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, earning a mean hourly wage of $29.55 and an annual mean wage of $61,470.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_40900.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 3100, "job_value_source": "Good Life Restoration, 2024", "permit_volume_trend": "In Sacramento County, total building permit volume dipped 2.1% from 6,894 permits in 2023 to 6,747 permits in 2024, while total permit valuation increased 10.7% from $1.77 billion to $1.96 billion over the same period.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey via California Employment Development Department, 2024, https://labormarketinfo.edd.ca.gov/data/building-permits.html", "market_context_note": "In the City of Sacramento, new residential unit building permits decreased 7.5% in 2023 to 2,603 units due to higher borrowing costs, though accessory dwelling unit (ADU) permits increased 7% to 246 units, sustaining demand for localized residential renovation and mitigation work.", "market_context_source": "City of Sacramento Express, 2024, https://sacramentocityexpress.com/2024/03/29/sacramento-seeing-highs-and-lows-in-housing-development-according-to-recent-update", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "citation-text-only", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Salt Lake City", "where": "UT", "contractor_density_note": "According to the BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) report, the Salt Lake City, UT Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated 60 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041) employed as of May 2023, representing a location quotient of 0.37 relative to the national average concentration.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_41620.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permitting in the Wasatch Front / Salt Lake metro area peaked in 2021-2022 at over 28,000 authorized housing units before declining through 2023-2024 down to 17,970 units in 2024 due to elevated mortgage rates, before experiencing a local rebound in multi-family permitting activity in 2025.", "permit_source": "Kem C. Gardner Policy Institute, 2025, https://gardner.utah.edu/economics/ivory-boyer-construction-database", "market_context_note": "The Salt Lake City Building Services Division issued 9,190 total permits in 2024 representing an all-time record total project valuation of $3,370,854,818 ($3.37 billion), driven by a surge in large-scale multi-level apartment projects, new distribution warehouses, and major commercial tenant improvements.", "market_context_source": "Salt Lake City Building Services Division, 2024", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "San Antonio", "where": "TX", "contractor_density_note": "According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS estimates, the San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX MSA employed approximately 320 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041) with a location quotient of 0.89 relative to the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics: San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_41700.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 2900, "job_value_source": "Water Damage Restoration Cost Calculator, Water Damage Restoration Cost in San Antonio, TX, 2026, https://www.waterdamagerestorationcostcalculator.com", "permit_volume_trend": "Single-family building permits in the San Antonio-New Braunfels MSA increased 29% year-over-year in Q2 2024 to 3,300 homes, while multifamily permitting slowed following robust deliveries of over 25,000 apartment units between mid-2021 and mid-2024.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) User, Regional Activity - Southwest 2Q 2024 Report, 2024", "market_context_note": "The San Antonio-New Braunfels MSA population reached approximately 2.77 million in 2024, growing by an average of 47,100 residents per year since 2020 (79% driven by net in-migration), sustaining consistent demand for residential property maintenance and restoration.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) User, Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: San Antonio-New Braunfels, Texas, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "San Diego", "where": "CA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2023 OEWS data, the San Diego-Carlsbad, CA metropolitan statistical area employed 590 hazardous materials removal workers (SOC 47-4051).", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_41740.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "In 2024, local building permit offices in the San Diego-Chula Vista-Carlsbad, CA MSA authorized permits for 6,615 new residential housing units, an increase of 850 units (+14.7%) compared to 5,765 units authorized in 2023.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, 2024, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "Demand for remediation and restoration services in San Diego is driven by municipal infrastructure upkeep and severe weather events. The City of San Diego maintains approximately 3,462 miles of water mains and 2,972 miles of sewers, responding to an average of 75 water main breaks and 40 sewer backups annually that require emergency cleanup, mold testing, and structural restoration on private property.", "market_context_source": "City of San Diego, 2024, https://www.sandiego.gov", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "San Francisco", "where": "CA", "median_job_value_usd": 3159, "job_value_source": "Angi (2026), https://www.angi.com/articles/water-damage-restoration-cost.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "New private housing unit authorizations in San Francisco County declined from 2,519 units in 2021 to 2,044 in 2022, 1,136 in 2023, and 770 in 2024, representing a 69.4% cumulative drop over three years.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau via Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis FRED (2026), https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/BPPRIV006075", "market_context_note": "Restoration and remediation demand in San Francisco is heavily supported by an aging housing stock, with many residential structures built between 1900 and 1950 featuring legacy galvanized plumbing and older roofing, as well as ongoing risks from atmospheric storms, localized flooding, and seismic hazards.", "market_context_source": "San Francisco Planning Department (2022) / Allied Restoration (2025), https://sfplanning.org and https://www.sanfranciscofloodrepair.com", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "San Jose", "where": "CA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2023 OEWS data, there were 300 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041) employed in the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA metropolitan statistical area, representing an employment density of 0.267 per 1,000 jobs (location quotient of 0.81).", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates: San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_41940.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit activity in the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara metro area has trended downward in recent years, declining from 8,207 total units permitted in 2022 to 6,847 units in 2023, and reaching 6,714 units for the 12 months ending November 2024 (with rental unit permits falling 7% year-over-year).", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Office of Policy Development and Research, Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, California, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "market_context_note": "High housing purchase prices (average sales price of $1.67 million as of late 2024) and high local development fees ($50,000 to $120,000 per market-rate home) have constrained new construction, resulting in only 10% of local households earning the minimum income threshold ($437,963) required to afford a median-priced new home in 2025.", "market_context_source": "National Association of Home Builders (NAHB), Metropolitan Area Priced-Out Estimates for 2025, 2025, https://www.nahb.org", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Seattle", "where": "WA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2023 OEWS, the Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA MSA employed 830 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041) representing a location quotient of 1.21 relative to national concentration, with an annual mean wage of $68,790.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_42660.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "New privately-owned housing units authorized by building permits in the Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue MSA grew by approximately 4.4%, rising from 15,002 authorized units in 2024 to 15,659 authorized units in 2025, placing the metro among the top 20 nationwide in overall permitting volume.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Annual Building Permits Survey - Top 20 Metropolitan CBSAs: 2025, 2026, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "Demand for restoration and remediation in the Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue metropolitan area is supported by ongoing regional environmental management activities as well as climate-driven maintenance requirements. Hazardous materials removal workers in the metro area earn a median hourly wage of $29.98 and a mean hourly wage of $33.07.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2023 - 47-4041 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474041.htm", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "St. Louis", "where": "MO", "contractor_density_note": "According to BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) data, there were approximately 260 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041) employed across all industries in the St. Louis, MO-IL metropolitan statistical area.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_41180.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 1398, "job_value_source": "Angi St. Louis Water Damage Restoration Cost Report, 2025, https://www.angi.com/articles/water-damage-restoration-cost.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit activity in the St. Louis metropolitan area has trended downward since 2019, reaching a low point of 5,417 total authorized housing permits (including 3,530 single-family units) in 2025, ranking 58th nationwide among major U.S. metro areas.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey (reported by KSDK News), 2026, https://www.ksdk.com/article/news/local/housing-permits-st-louis-metropolitan-area-census-data/63-9eb12f5a-c606-44cb-bc0d-7d7ee4d84f29", "market_context_note": "An analysis of Census Building Permits Survey data indicates that residential building permit generation per 1,000 residents in urban markets like St. Louis remains below pre-2007 historical averages, resulting in stagnant new construction supply and driving sustained demand for restoration and remediation across the aging existing housing stock.", "market_context_source": "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2024", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Tampa", "where": "FL", "contractor_density_note": "As of May 2023, the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL metropolitan statistical area employed approximately 700 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041), representing an employment density of 0.494 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 1.50 compared to the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_45300.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "In 2023, Tampa Bay region counties authorized 55,085 total residential units, representing a 27% increase compared to 2019. Within Hillsborough County, total permitted units peaked at 19,305 in 2021 before moderating to 14,502 units in 2023.", "permit_source": "Plan Hillsborough / U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2024, https://planhillsborough.org/in-2023-tampa-bay-issued-27-more-residential-building-permits-than-2019", "market_context_note": "The Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater MSA population reached over 3.3 million in 2023 and is projected to expand by 2.4% through 2028, after adding more than 51,200 new residents between 2022 and 2023, driving sustained structural demand for property repair and environmental remediation services.", "market_context_source": "Tampa Bay Economic Development Council (EDC) / U.S. Census Bureau, 2024, https://tampabayedc.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Tampa-MSA-Demographics-2024.pdf", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Virginia Beach", "where": "VA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC metropolitan statistical area employed 300 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041), with a location quotient of 1.25, indicating an employment density 25% higher than the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_47300.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit activity in the Virginia Beach MSA has trended downward in recent years, declining from 7,516 authorized units in 2022 to 6,772 units in 2023, and further dropping to 6,166 units for the 12 months ending October 2024 (an approximate 10.6% year-over-year decline).", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) / U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "market_context_note": "Demand for remediation and restoration services in the Virginia Beach metro is heavily driven by coastal humidity and coastal weather risks, alongside a major military presence across nine regional installations where Department of Defense spending accounts for nearly 46% of all economic activity.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Office of Policy Development and Research, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Washington DC", "where": "DC", "contractor_density_note": "In the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV metropolitan statistical area, there were 890 Hazardous Materials Removal Workers (SOC 47-4041) employed, representing an employment density of 0.288 per 1,000 jobs (location quotient of 0.88).", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes474041.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential construction permit activity in the Mid-Atlantic and Washington-Arlington-Alexandria MSA experienced a downward trend, with first-quarter 2025 regional housing authorizations declining by 3% year-over-year amid elevated interest rates.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 2025", "market_context_note": "The Washington-Arlington-Alexandria metro population reached 6.46 million in 2025, with household growth outpacing population growth in central areas, sustaining structural demand for residential restoration and environmental remediation.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, 2026", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" } ] }, "market_structure": { "permits": [], "seasonality": [], "size_tiers": [], "top_states": [] }, "reputation": { "available": false, "note": "Insufficient public review-listing coverage to publish a reliable per-trade reputation aggregate." }, "firmographics": { "available": true, "source": "Aggregated public business firmographic records (multi-source SMB dataset). Revenue/employee/age/employer-rating distributions per trade. Aggregate only; no individual company identified.", "n_companies": 18438, "revenue_usd": { "n": 5629, "p25": 5856665, "median": 10300000, "p75": 22734671, "p90": 47300000 }, "employees": { "n": 3364, "p25": 35, "median": 52, "p75": 96, "p90": 250 }, "founded_year_median": 2008, "employer_rating_avg": 3.66, "employer_rating_n": 3425, "top_states": [], "source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "level_published": null, "comps": [ { "ticker": "ACM", "name": "AECOM", "return_6m_pct": -31.1, "return_1y_pct": -46, "gross_margin_pct": 7.73, "ev_ebitda": 8.68, "market_cap_billions": 8.78, "market_snapshot_date": "2026-07-23", "fiscal_period": "TTM", "publication_status": "historical", "current_comparison_eligible": false, "comparison_scope": "historical-reference-only" }, { "ticker": "CLH", "name": "Clean Harbors, Inc.", "return_6m_pct": 4.5, "return_1y_pct": 26.4, "gross_margin_pct": 31.72, "ev_ebitda": 16.6, "market_cap_billions": 16.41, "market_snapshot_date": "2026-07-23", "fiscal_period": "TTM", "publication_status": "historical", "current_comparison_eligible": false, "comparison_scope": "historical-reference-only" }, { "ticker": "FSV", "name": "FirstService Corporation", "return_6m_pct": -10.1, "return_1y_pct": -29.6, "gross_margin_pct": 33.57, "ev_ebitda": 15.37, "market_cap_billions": 6.6, "market_snapshot_date": "2026-07-23", "fiscal_period": "TTM (Q1 2026)", "publication_status": "historical", "current_comparison_eligible": false, "comparison_scope": "historical-reference-only" }, { "ticker": "FTDR", "name": "Frontdoor, Inc.", "return_6m_pct": 5.1, "return_1y_pct": 18.6, "gross_margin_pct": 55.24, "ev_ebitda": 11.76, "market_cap_billions": 5.15, "market_snapshot_date": "2026-07-23", "fiscal_period": "TTM Q1 2026", "publication_status": "historical", "current_comparison_eligible": false, "comparison_scope": "historical-reference-only" }, { "ticker": "RPM", "name": "RPM International Inc.", "return_6m_pct": -5.9, "return_1y_pct": -14.3, "gross_margin_pct": 41.36, "ev_ebitda": 13.89, "market_cap_billions": 13.41, "market_snapshot_date": "2026-07-23", "fiscal_period": "TTM", "publication_status": "historical", "current_comparison_eligible": false, "comparison_scope": "historical-reference-only" }, { "ticker": "TTEK", "name": "Tetra Tech, Inc.", "return_6m_pct": -13.6, "return_1y_pct": -14.9, "gross_margin_pct": 21.81, "ev_ebitda": 13.75, "market_cap_billions": 8.2, "market_snapshot_date": "2026-07-23", "fiscal_period": "TTM (Q2 FY2026)", "publication_status": "historical", "current_comparison_eligible": false, "comparison_scope": "historical-reference-only" } ] }