{ "slug": "low-voltage-security", "name": "Low-Voltage & Security", "in_level_book": false, "scores": { "resilience": 72.2, "leverage": 80.3, "trade_ai_score": 76.3, "quadrant": "race-to-modernize", "quadrant_label": "Race to Modernize", "quadrant_desc": "Big AI upside but exposed to disruption. Move now, the operators who modernize win.", "resilience_rel": 41.7, "leverage_rel": 72 }, "subscores": { "resilience": { "physical_core": 72, "disintermediation": 68, "entry_barrier": 70, "switching_cost": 80 }, "leverage": { "coordination_drag": 78, "operating_leverage": 76, "revenue_expansion": 86, "data_amplification": 84 }, "basis": "More tech-exposed than pure trades (some remote/monitoring), but recurring monitoring contracts = strong lock-in and revenue expansion. High data-amplification." }, "research": { "wages_detail": { "median_hourly_wage_usd": 29.98, "median_hourly_wage_usd_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_hourly_wage_usd_research_pass_count": 6, "median_hourly_wage_usd_confidence": "high-primary", "median_annual_wage_usd": 62350, "median_annual_wage_usd_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) / Occupational Outlook Handbook (OOH), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/ooh/construction-and-extraction/electricians.htm", "median_annual_wage_usd_research_pass_count": 6, "median_annual_wage_usd_confidence": "high-primary", "pct25_hourly_wage_usd": 23.47, "pct25_hourly_wage_usd_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "pct25_hourly_wage_usd_research_pass_count": 6, "pct25_hourly_wage_usd_confidence": "high", "pct75_hourly_wage_usd": 39.29, "pct75_hourly_wage_usd_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "pct75_hourly_wage_usd_research_pass_count": 6, "pct75_hourly_wage_usd_confidence": "high", "pct90_hourly_wage_usd": 50.98, "pct90_hourly_wage_usd_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "pct90_hourly_wage_usd_research_pass_count": 6, "pct90_hourly_wage_usd_confidence": "high", "pct10_hourly_wage_usd": 18.96, "pct10_hourly_wage_usd_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "pct10_hourly_wage_usd_research_pass_count": 6, "pct10_hourly_wage_usd_confidence": "high", "wage_data_year": "2025", "median_hourly_wage_usd_source_access": "url", "median_annual_wage_usd_source_access": "url", "pct25_hourly_wage_usd_source_access": "url", "pct75_hourly_wage_usd_source_access": "url", "pct90_hourly_wage_usd_source_access": "url", "pct10_hourly_wage_usd_source_access": "url" }, "employment": { "us_employment": 818700, "us_employment_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook (https://www.bls.gov/ooh/construction-and-extraction/electricians.htm)", "us_employment_research_pass_count": 6, "us_employment_confidence": "high-primary", "projected_10yr_growth_pct": 9.5, "projected_10yr_growth_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook (https://www.bls.gov/ooh/construction-and-extraction/electricians.htm)", "projected_10yr_growth_pct_research_pass_count": 6, "projected_10yr_growth_pct_confidence": "high-primary", "annual_openings": 81000, "annual_openings_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook (https://www.bls.gov/ooh/construction-and-extraction/electricians.htm)", "annual_openings_research_pass_count": 6, "annual_openings_confidence": "high-primary", "projected_10yr_net_change": 77400, "projected_10yr_net_change_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook (https://www.bls.gov/ooh/construction-and-extraction/electricians.htm)", "projected_10yr_net_change_research_pass_count": 6, "projected_10yr_net_change_confidence": "high-primary", "us_employment_year": "2024", "us_employment_source_access": "url", "projected_10yr_growth_pct_source_access": "url", "annual_openings_source_access": "url", "projected_10yr_net_change_source_access": "url" }, "labor_shortage": { "unfilled_openings": 292000, "unfilled_openings_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) JOLTS via Associated Builders and Contractors (2026)", "unfilled_openings_research_pass_count": 5, "unfilled_openings_confidence": "med", "vacancy_rate_pct": 3.5, "vacancy_rate_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS), 2026, https://www.bls.gov/news.release/jolts.t01.htm", "vacancy_rate_pct_research_pass_count": 4, "vacancy_rate_pct_confidence": "med", "unfilled_openings_year": "2026", "shortage_note": "Associated Builders and Contractors (ABC) estimates that the U.S. construction sector, including specialty trade contractors, must attract 349,000 net new workers in 2026 and 456,000 in 2027 to balance labor supply and demand, with significant demand driven by specialized technical roles such as electricians and low-voltage systems installers for data center and smart facility infrastructure.", "shortage_note_source": "Associated Builders and Contractors (ABC), 2026, https://www.abc.org/News-Media/News-Releases/entryid/20914/construction-industry-must-attract-349-000-workers-in-2026-despite-macroeconomic-headwinds", "vacancy_rate_pct_shared_across": 7, "vacancy_rate_pct_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 7 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "unfilled_openings_source_access": "citation-text-only", "vacancy_rate_pct_source_access": "url", "shortage_note_source_access": "url" }, "workforce_aging": { "median_worker_age": 39.1, "median_worker_age_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS), Table 11b: Employed persons by detailed occupation and age (Security and fire alarm systems installers), https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat11b.htm", "median_worker_age_research_pass_count": 6, "median_worker_age_confidence": "high-primary", "pct_over_55": 15.5, "pct_over_55_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS), Table 11b: Employed persons by detailed occupation and age (Security and fire alarm systems installers; 9,000 workers aged 55+ out of 58,000 total), https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat11b.htm", "pct_over_55_research_pass_count": 6, "pct_over_55_confidence": "high-primary", "median_worker_age_year": "2024", "retirement_note": "According to the National Electrical Contractors Association (NECA), approximately 30% of the electrician and low-voltage electrical workforce is nearing retirement age, with an estimated 10,000 workers retiring annually against 7,000 new industry entrants.", "retirement_note_source": "National Electrical Contractors Association (NECA) Workforce Study / Electrical Contractor Magazine (2024), https://www.ecmag.com", "median_worker_age_source_access": "url", "pct_over_55_source_access": "url", "retirement_note_source_access": "url" }, "training_pipeline": { "apprenticeship_enrollment": 4088, "apprenticeship_enrollment_source": "U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, 'Registered Apprenticeship National Results Fiscal Year 2021', 2021, https://www.dol.gov/agencies/eta/apprenticeship/about/statistics/2021", "apprenticeship_enrollment_research_pass_count": 3, "apprenticeship_enrollment_confidence": "med", "annual_completions": 1794, "annual_completions_source": "U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration (ETA), Registered Apprenticeship Partners Information Database System (RAPIDS), 'FY 2020 Registered Apprenticeship National Results' (Telecommunications Technician Completers/Graduates), 2021, https://www.dol.gov/agencies/eta/apprenticeship/about/statistics/2020", "annual_completions_research_pass_count": 2, "annual_completions_confidence": "adjudicated", "apprenticeship_enrollment_year": "2021", "pipeline_gap_note": "The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projects 9,400 annual job openings for Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098), whereas a Security Industry Association (SIA) workforce survey revealed 71% of industry respondents find it difficult or very difficult to recruit qualified entry-level technicians, highlighting a substantial deficit between apprenticeship completion outputs and annual trade demand.", "pipeline_gap_note_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics / CareerOneStop, 'Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers Occupational Employment Projections 2024-2034', 2024, Security Industry Association / U.S. Chamber of Commerce, 'America Works Workforce Survey Report', 2021, https://www.uschamber.com", "apprenticeship_enrollment_source_access": "url", "annual_completions_source_access": "url", "pipeline_gap_note_source_access": "url" }, "immigration_reliance": { "pct_foreign_born": 32.5, "pct_foreign_born_source": "National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) analysis of U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) data for construction trades overall (32.5%), cross-checked against detailed ACS occupation breakdowns for specialized electrical, security, and telecommunications installers (12.0% - 16.0%). NAHB source: ; U.S. Census Bureau ACS source: https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs", "pct_foreign_born_research_pass_count": 5, "pct_foreign_born_confidence": "med", "pct_foreign_born_year": "2024", "visa_dependence_note": "Technical electrical and security/alarm installation trades draw fewer foreign-born workers (16%) compared to general construction trades (33%) due to formal training and occupational licensing requirements. Additionally, U.S. visa policies offer few pathways for year-round trade labor: H-2B temporary non-agricultural visas are subject to strict annual caps and limited to seasonal/temporary need, while H-1B visas require a four-year bachelor's degree, leaving specialty contractors with minimal dedicated visa pipelines.", "visa_dependence_note_source": "National Association of Home Builders (NAHB)", "pct_foreign_born_source_access": "url", "visa_dependence_note_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "unionization": { "union_membership_pct": 8.6, "union_membership_pct_source": "Union Membership and Coverage Database from the CPS (unionstats.com)", "union_membership_pct_research_pass_count": 5, "union_membership_pct_confidence": "high", "union_membership_year": "2024", "prevailing_wage_note": "Under the Davis-Bacon and Related Acts (DBRA), low-voltage, security, and fire alarm installation on covered public construction projects exceeding $2,000 is subject to prevailing wage requirements. DOL Wage and Hour Division (WHD) wage determinations published on SAM.gov list prevailing rates for these trades, frequently under specialized classifications such as 'Sound & Communications Technician' or 'Telecommunications / Low Voltage Technician' derived from IBEW collective bargaining agreements, or requiring a formal WHD conformance request if a distinct low-voltage classification is omitted.", "prevailing_wage_note_source": "U.S. Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division (DOL WHD), Davis-Bacon and Related Acts Guidance & SAM.gov Wage Determinations (2026), https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/government-contracts", "union_membership_pct_source_access": "citation-text-only", "prevailing_wage_note_source_access": "url" }, "licensing": { "states_requiring_license": 48, "states_requiring_license_source": "ContractorLicenseRequirements.com (https://contractorlicenserequirements.com)", "states_requiring_license_research_pass_count": 3, "states_requiring_license_confidence": "high", "states_requiring_license_year": "2026", "bonding_note": "Bonding and insurance requirements vary by state and local jurisdiction. State regulatory data indicates that 14 jurisdictions require an explicit surety bond filed prior to low-voltage license issuance (bond amounts commonly range from $4,000 in Washington to $25,000 in California and North Carolina), alongside mandatory commercial general liability insurance typically required between $100,000 and $500,000.", "bonding_note_source": "ContractorLicenseRequirements.com, 2026, https://contractorlicenserequirements.com", "reciprocity_note": "License reciprocity specifically for low-voltage and security system technicians is extremely limited nationwide. Currently, 0 states accept the NASCLA Accredited Examination as a direct reciprocal pathway for low-voltage technician credentials, though select states maintain bilateral reciprocity agreements for general electrical licenses.", "reciprocity_note_source": "ContractorLicenseRequirements.com, 2026, https://contractorlicenserequirements.com", "states_requiring_license_source_access": "url", "bonding_note_source_access": "url", "reciprocity_note_source_access": "url" }, "market_size": { "market_size_usd": 41200000000, "market_size_usd_source": "IBISWorld, Security System Services in the US, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/security-system-services-industry", "market_size_usd_research_pass_count": 3, "market_size_usd_confidence": "high", "cagr_pct": 3.2, "cagr_pct_source": "IBISWorld, Security System Services in the US, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/security-system-services-industry", "cagr_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "cagr_pct_confidence": "med", "market_size_usd_year": "2026", "cagr_forecast_window": "2021-2026", "cagr_forecast_window_source": "IBISWorld, Security System Services in the US, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/security-system-services-industry", "market_size_usd_source_access": "url", "cagr_pct_source_access": "url", "cagr_forecast_window_source_access": "url" }, "firm_counts": { "num_establishments": 81842, "num_establishments_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Statistics of U.S. Businesses (SUSB) (https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/susb.html)", "num_establishments_research_pass_count": 6, "num_establishments_confidence": "high-primary", "num_firms": 79611, "num_firms_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Statistics of U.S. Businesses (SUSB) (https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/susb.html)", "num_firms_research_pass_count": 6, "num_firms_confidence": "high-primary", "avg_employees_per_firm": 11.96, "avg_employees_per_firm_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Statistics of U.S. Businesses (SUSB) (https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/susb.html)", "avg_employees_per_firm_research_pass_count": 6, "avg_employees_per_firm_confidence": "high-primary", "num_establishments_year": "2022", "num_establishments_source_access": "url", "num_firms_source_access": "url", "avg_employees_per_firm_source_access": "url" }, "firm_size_dist": { "pct_firms_under_1m": 77.58, "pct_firms_under_1m_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, 2007 Economic Census, Establishment and Firm Size: Receipts/Revenue Size of Firms for the United States (EC0723SSSZ4), https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/economic-census.html", "pct_firms_under_1m_research_pass_count": 3, "pct_firms_under_1m_confidence": "high-primary", "pct_firms_1m_5m": 18.28, "pct_firms_1m_5m_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, 2007 Economic Census, Establishment and Firm Size: Receipts/Revenue Size of Firms for the United States (EC0723SSSZ4), https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/economic-census.html", "pct_firms_1m_5m_research_pass_count": 3, "pct_firms_1m_5m_confidence": "low", "pct_firms_5m_20m": 5.52, "pct_firms_5m_20m_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 Statistics of U.S. Businesses, https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2022/econ/susb/2022-susb-annual.html", "pct_firms_5m_20m_research_pass_count": 2, "pct_firms_5m_20m_confidence": "adjudicated", "pct_firms_over_20m": 1.49, "pct_firms_over_20m_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Statistics of U.S. Businesses (SUSB), Data by Enterprise Receipts Size, https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/susb/tables/2017/us_6digitnaics_rcptsize_2017.xlsx", "pct_firms_over_20m_research_pass_count": 2, "pct_firms_over_20m_confidence": "adjudicated", "pct_nonemployer": 68.505, "pct_nonemployer_derived": true, "pct_nonemployer_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Census Bureau, Nonemployer Statistics (NES) / CPWR Construction Chart Book 7th Edition, https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/nonemployer-statistics.html", "pct_nonemployer_research_pass_count": 2, "pct_nonemployer_confidence": "high-primary", "size_dist_year": "2017", "pct_firms_under_1m_source_access": "url", "pct_firms_1m_5m_source_access": "url", "pct_firms_5m_20m_source_access": "url", "pct_firms_over_20m_source_access": "url", "pct_nonemployer_source_access": "url" }, "fragmentation": { "top50_firm_share_pct": 58, "top50_firm_share_pct_source": "Vertical IQ, 'Security System Services (NAICS 561621) Industry Profile' (2026), https://verticaliq.com/industry/security-system-services-naics-561621", "top50_firm_share_pct_research_pass_count": 4, "top50_firm_share_pct_confidence": "med", "mom_and_pop_share_note": "Small/mom-and-pop operators generating under $3 million in annual revenue account for approximately 71% of security systems establishments in NAICS 561621.", "mom_and_pop_share_note_source": "CT Acquisitions, 'The Security Integration Acquisition Market: What Buyers Need to Know' (2024 analysis of U.S. Census Bureau County Business Patterns 2022 & IBISWorld 2024 data), https://www.ctacquisitions.com", "concentration_year": "2017", "top50_firm_share_pct_source_access": "url", "mom_and_pop_share_note_source_access": "url" }, "franchise_pen": { "franchise_trend_note": "The U.S. security systems and low-voltage industry features low market share concentration and high fragmentation, dominated by independent operators, regional integrators, and corporate dealer programs rather than traditional franchise models, while private equity consolidation of independent service platforms continues to increase.", "franchise_trend_note_source": "IBISWorld, Security System Services in the US (NAICS 56162), 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/security-alarm-services-industry", "franchise_trend_note_source_access": "url" }, "formation_rate": { "annual_new_firm_formation": 45344.75, "annual_new_firm_formation_derived": true, "annual_new_firm_formation_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Census Bureau, Business Formation Statistics (BFS), Business Applications by Industry (Construction, NAICS 23), https://www.census.gov/econ/bfs/index.html", "annual_new_firm_formation_research_pass_count": 4, "annual_new_firm_formation_confidence": "low", "annual_closure_rate_pct": 8.395, "annual_closure_rate_pct_derived": true, "annual_closure_rate_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Census Bureau, Business Dynamics Statistics (BDS), Establishment Exit Rate (Construction Sector, NAICS 23), https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/bds.html", "annual_closure_rate_pct_research_pass_count": 4, "annual_closure_rate_pct_confidence": "low", "survival_5yr_pct": 53.9, "survival_5yr_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Business Employment Dynamics (BED) - https://www.bls.gov/bdm", "survival_5yr_pct_research_pass_count": 4, "survival_5yr_pct_confidence": "low", "annual_new_firm_formation_year": "2023", "annual_new_firm_formation_source_access": "url", "annual_closure_rate_pct_source_access": "url", "survival_5yr_pct_source_access": "url" }, "margins": { "gross_margin_pct": 22.4, "gross_margin_pct_source": "CFMA 2025 Construction Financial Benchmarker (Specialty Trade Contractors), 2024", "gross_margin_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "gross_margin_pct_confidence": "med", "operating_margin_pct": 7.1, "operating_margin_pct_source": "CFMA 2025 Construction Financial Benchmarker (EBIT Margin), 2024", "operating_margin_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "operating_margin_pct_confidence": "high", "margin_year": "2024", "gross_margin_pct_shared_across": 9, "gross_margin_pct_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 9 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "operating_margin_pct_shared_across": 14, "operating_margin_pct_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 14 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "gross_margin_pct_source_access": "citation-text-only", "operating_margin_pct_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "cost_structure": { "labor_pct_of_revenue": 28.6, "labor_pct_of_revenue_source": "IBISWorld Security System Services in the US Industry Report, 2016, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/security-system-services-industry", "labor_pct_of_revenue_research_pass_count": 3, "labor_pct_of_revenue_confidence": "high", "materials_pct_of_revenue": 34.6, "materials_pct_of_revenue_source": "IBISWorld Security System Services in the US Industry Report, 2016, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/security-system-services-industry", "materials_pct_of_revenue_research_pass_count": 3, "materials_pct_of_revenue_confidence": "med", "sga_overhead_pct": 10.1, "sga_overhead_pct_source": "EMCOR Group, Inc. 2025 Form 10-K, 2026, https://www.emcorgroup.com", "sga_overhead_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "sga_overhead_pct_confidence": "med", "cost_structure_year": "2025", "labor_pct_of_revenue_source_access": "url", "materials_pct_of_revenue_source_access": "url", "sga_overhead_pct_source_access": "url" }, "productivity": { "revenue_per_employee_usd": 256000, "revenue_per_employee_usd_source": "IBISWorld, Industry Report 238210: Electrical Contractors and Other Wiring Installation Contractors in the US (2025), https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports", "revenue_per_employee_usd_research_pass_count": 5, "revenue_per_employee_usd_confidence": "med", "billable_utilization_pct": 60, "billable_utilization_pct_source": "D-Tools, True Cost of a Truck Roll: Labor Utilization Benchmarks for Integration Firms (2025)", "billable_utilization_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "billable_utilization_pct_confidence": "med", "productivity_year": "2022-2025", "revenue_per_employee_usd_source_access": "url", "billable_utilization_pct_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "seasonality_econ": { "peak_period_note": "Peak revenue typically occurs during the third and fourth calendar quarters (summer and fall). Favorable weather conditions allow for higher demand and productivity on outdoor low-voltage and specialty wiring projects, while commercial customers accelerate project completions to spend capital budgets before year-end. For residential security services, installation and new customer additions peak during the second and third quarters to coincide with peak household relocation cycles.", "peak_period_note_source": "APi Group Corporation Form 10-K (2025) - https://www.sec.gov/edgar/browse/?CIK=0001796209", "cyclicality_note": "Revenue and operating results are highly sensitive to overall economic cycles, commercial construction activity, business capital spending, and residential housing turnover. Business operations also experience weather-related cyclical exposure: severe winter weather, rain, and freezing conditions in Q1 cause outdoor job site delays and inefficient overhead recovery, whereas extreme weather events increase service calls and customer support costs.", "cyclicality_note_source": "APi Group Corporation Form 10-K (2025) - https://www.sec.gov/edgar/browse/?CIK=0001796209", "peak_period_note_source_access": "url", "cyclicality_note_source_access": "url" }, "cash_cycle_detail": { "dso_days": 56.6, "dso_days_source": "CFMA 2024 Construction Financial Benchmarker (Specialty Trade Contractors), Construction Financial Management Association (2024), https://www.cfma.org/benchmarker", "dso_days_research_pass_count": 5, "dso_days_confidence": "med", "dpo_days": 33, "dpo_days_source": "CFMA Construction Financial Benchmarker (Specialty Trade Contractors), https://www.cfma.org", "dpo_days_research_pass_count": 5, "dpo_days_confidence": "high", "cash_conversion_cycle_days": 45, "cash_conversion_cycle_days_source": "APi Group Corporation Form 10-K / Financial Disclosures, SEC EDGAR, 2024, https://www.sec.gov/edgar/browse/?CIK=0001783820", "cash_conversion_cycle_days_research_pass_count": 3, "cash_conversion_cycle_days_confidence": "med", "cash_cycle_year": "2024", "dpo_days_shared_across": 8, "dpo_days_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 8 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "dso_days_shared_across": 11, "dso_days_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 11 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "cash_conversion_cycle_days_shared_across": 4, "cash_conversion_cycle_days_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 4 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "dso_days_source_access": "url", "dpo_days_source_access": "url", "cash_conversion_cycle_days_source_access": "url" }, "retainage_liens": { "typical_retainage_pct": 10, "typical_retainage_pct_source": "Construction Financial Management Association (CFMA), 2026, https://www.cfma.org", "typical_retainage_pct_research_pass_count": 1, "typical_retainage_pct_confidence": "med", "payment_dispute_pct": 68, "payment_dispute_pct_source": "Construction Financial Management Association (CFMA), 2023, https://www.cfma.org", "payment_dispute_pct_research_pass_count": 1, "payment_dispute_pct_confidence": "med", "retainage_year": "2022", "typical_retainage_pct_shared_across": 11, "typical_retainage_pct_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 11 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "typical_retainage_pct_source_access": "url", "payment_dispute_pct_source_access": "url" }, "bad_debt": { "bad_debt_write_off_pct": 3.76, "bad_debt_write_off_pct_source": "ADT Inc. 2024 Form 10-K (filed Feb 27, 2025; URL: https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0001703056/000170305625000008/adt-20241231.htm) reports a provision for credit losses of $187.361M on $4,981.878M total revenue (3.76%). Cross-checked against EMCOR Group, Inc. 2024 Form 10-K (filed Feb 20, 2025; URL: https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0000105663/000010566325000009/eme-20241231.htm), which reports a provision for credit losses of $17.303M on $14,380M total revenue (0.12%).", "bad_debt_write_off_pct_research_pass_count": 6, "bad_debt_write_off_pct_confidence": "adjudicated", "collection_rate_pct": 85.1, "collection_rate_pct_source": "Level CFO, State of Contractor Finance 2026, https://levelcfo.com/benchmarks/collection-gap", "collection_rate_pct_research_pass_count": 6, "collection_rate_pct_confidence": "med", "bad_debt_year": "2026", "collection_rate_pct_shared_across": 23, "collection_rate_pct_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 23 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "bad_debt_write_off_pct_source_access": "url", "collection_rate_pct_source_access": "url" }, "ai_task_breakdown": { "pct_physical_onsite_work": 80.8, "pct_physical_onsite_work_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Requirements Survey (2025), https://www.bls.gov/ors", "pct_physical_onsite_work_research_pass_count": 3, "pct_physical_onsite_work_confidence": "adjudicated", "task_breakdown_note": "Physical on-site labor includes mounting control panels, running wiring through walls and roofs, feeding cables, drilling holes, positioning equipment, and testing circuits. Cognitive, coordination, and back-office tasks include examining building plans and electrical blueprints, determining material requirements, providing cost estimates, preparing invoices, planning procedures, and documenting operational activities.", "task_breakdown_note_source": "U.S. Department of Labor, O*NET OnLine: 49-2098.00 - Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (2026), https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/49-2098.00", "ai_resistant_work": "Physical, on-site manual tasks in the low-voltage and physical security trade remain highly resistant to AI automation due to physical labor demands, dynamic field environments, and specialized hand tool work. Core AI-resistant tasks include: (1) Physical installation and routing of structured cabling, fiber optics, conduit, cable trays, J-hooks, drop-ceiling runs, and tight plenum pathways; (2) Mechanical mounting and wiring of physical hardware, including IP security cameras, access control door strikes, magnetic locks, card readers, fire alarm panels/strobes, and AV racks; (3) On-site hardware troubleshooting, wire tracing, physical circuit testing, OTDR fiber testing, and manual camera lens aiming/focusing; and (4) Code compliance and hands-on craftsmanship mandated by local building codes (NEC, NFPA 70/72/731) that require certified, physical human labor.", "ai_resistant_work_source": "Drawer AI, 'AI for Electrical Takeoff and Estimating', 2026, https://drawer.ai | Exayard, 'AI-Powered Low-Voltage & AV Takeoff Software', 2026, https://exayard.com | EstiMatrx.ai, 'Low Voltage Estimating Software for Drawing Review', 2026, https://estimatrx.ai | Panel AI, 'Intelligent Workflows Built for Low Voltage & Security Contractors', 2026, https://panelai.app | ELECTRICAL CONTRACTOR Magazine / Revco, 'Harnessing AI to Empower Electrical Contractors', 2026, https://www.ecmag.com | Deloitte / Drawer AI, 'State of Digital Adoption in the Construction Industry', 2025, https://drawer.ai | Security Industry Association (SIA), 'AI in Physical Security & Security Systems Technician Apprenticeship', 2025, https://www.securityindustry.org | Security 101 / Kenton Brothers Systems, 'AI in Physical Security: Real-World Impact and Integration Strategy', 2025, https://www.security101.com", "ai_resistant_work_confidence": "low", "automatable_work": "Back-office administration, pre-construction workflows, estimating, and service coordination are the most automatable tasks in the trade. Core automatable tasks include: (1) Estimating and Drawing Takeoffs: AI software automatically parses PDF blueprints to detect and tally device symbols (cameras, WAPs, card readers), calculate linear horizontal cable run lengths, extract panel schedules, calculate wire sizing, and assess voltage drop; (2) Scheduling and Field Dispatch: AI routing tools automate technician job scheduling, field route optimization, and crew resource allocation; (3) Administrative and Financial Workflows: Automated expense capture and categorization from emails/invoices, progress-based invoicing, automatic RFI generation, and contract review; and (4) Inbound Communications: AI-driven call-handling and lead capture systems to manage after-hours service requests and prevent missed customer calls.", "automatable_work_source": "Drawer AI, 'AI for Electrical Takeoff and Estimating', 2026, https://drawer.ai | Exayard, 'AI-Powered Low-Voltage & AV Takeoff Software', 2026, https://exayard.com | EstiMatrx.ai, 'Low Voltage Estimating Software for Drawing Review', 2026, https://estimatrx.ai | Panel AI, 'Intelligent Workflows Built for Low Voltage & Security Contractors', 2026, https://panelai.app | ELECTRICAL CONTRACTOR Magazine / Revco, 'Harnessing AI to Empower Electrical Contractors', 2026, https://www.ecmag.com | Deloitte / Drawer AI, 'State of Digital Adoption in the Construction Industry', 2025, https://drawer.ai | Security Industry Association (SIA), 'AI in Physical Security & Security Systems Technician Apprenticeship', 2025, https://www.securityindustry.org | Security 101 / Kenton Brothers Systems, 'AI in Physical Security: Real-World Impact and Integration Strategy', 2025, https://www.security101.com", "automatable_work_confidence": "low", "pct_physical_onsite_work_source_access": "url", "task_breakdown_note_source_access": "url", "ai_resistant_work_source_access": "url", "automatable_work_source_access": "url" }, "automation_physical": { "sources": [ "Hilti Group (2020)", "Dusty Robotics (2025)", "BotCrew (2024) - https://www.botcrew.com", "Kablator (2024) - https://www.kablator.com", "Bricks & Bytes / Zacua Ventures & Hilti Ventures (2026) - https://www.bricks-bytes.com/p/construction-robotics-in-2026", "Technician Economy (2026) - https://technicianeconomy.org", "McKinsey & Company (2025) - https://www.mckinsey.com", "Brookings Institution (2025) - https://www.brookings.edu/articles/technology-and-labor-markets" ] }, "fsm_software": { "fsm_adoption_pct": 67, "fsm_adoption_pct_derived": true, "fsm_adoption_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: Business Research Insights, 2026, https://www.businessresearchinsights.com", "fsm_adoption_pct_research_pass_count": 1, "fsm_adoption_pct_confidence": "med", "dominant_fsm_software": "ServiceTitan, Jobber, Service Fusion, Bold Group (Managely), SedonaOffice, UpKeep", "dominant_fsm_software_source": "Contractor Software Hub, 2026, https://contractorsoftwarehub.com", "fsm_adoption_year": "2024", "fsm_adoption_pct_source_access": "url", "dominant_fsm_software_source_access": "url" }, "accounting_tech": { "common_accounting_software": "In the low-voltage, security, and specialty trade contracting trade, the most common accounting and ERP systems include Sage (Sage 100 Contractor, Sage 300 CRE, Sage Intacct), Viewpoint (Trimble), Intuit QuickBooks, Foundation Software, and trade-specific platforms like SedonaOffice / Managely (Bold Group). According to contractor surveys, Sage leads accounting software adoption at 21.3% of firms, followed by Viewpoint at 19.8%, custom in-house software at 7.8%, QuickBooks at 5.2%, and Foundation Software at 4.9%.", "common_accounting_software_source": "JBKnowledge Annual Construction Technology Report (2021, published 2022) - SDM Magazine (2024) - https://www.sdmmag.com/articles/102602-business-software-how-software-provides-project-solutions-perks", "integration_gap_note": "A significant field-to-accounting integration gap exists across specialty and trade contractors. Survey findings show that 23.6% of contractors have no integrated software applications in their tech stack, over 50% must manually transfer data between field/operations software and back-office accounting applications due to a lack of integration, and 15.3% do not transfer data between applications at all. This lack of integration forces high rates of manual data re-entry, which consumes up to 27 hours per month per team and leads to error rates of roughly 20% in manually processed reports.", "integration_gap_note_source": "JBKnowledge Annual Construction Technology Report (2021, published 2022) - Premier Construction Software Industry Report (2026) - https://premiercs.com", "common_accounting_software_source_access": "url", "integration_gap_note_source_access": "url" }, "ai_adoption": { "ai_adoption_rate_pct": 56, "ai_adoption_rate_pct_source": "Security Industry Association (SIA), State of the Security Industry Survey, 2024, https://www.securityindustry.org/2024/03/19/ai-and-videos-third-wave", "ai_adoption_rate_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "ai_adoption_rate_pct_confidence": "low", "ai_adoption_year": "2026", "adoption_examples": "Documented examples and studies demonstrating AI adoption in the low-voltage and security contracting trade include: (1) Drawer AI (2026) - Built for electrical and low-voltage contractors to automate PDF blueprint takeoffs, branch routing, wire sizing, and voltage-drop calculations; (2) Exayard and EstiMatrx.ai (2026) - Specialized AI takeoff tools that automatically count security, AV, and cabling devices, measure cable pathways, and quantify infrastructure from architectural plans; (3) Panel AI (2026) - An automated workflow platform designed for low-voltage contractors that extracts device counts from plans, parses panel schedules from spec books, categorizes supplier expenses, and manages job costing; (4) Deloitte Construction Study (2025) - Reported an increase in AI integration among construction and trade firms from 26% in 2023 to 37% by 2025, driven by automated takeoff and field documentation tools; and (5) Security Industry Association (SIA) & Integrator Reports (2025-2026) - Documenting the widespread integration of AI edge video analytics (Axis, Hanwha Vision) and launching the SIA Security Systems Technician (SST) Apprenticeship Program to train low-voltage technicians on AI-enabled security hardware and network integration.", "adoption_examples_source": "Drawer AI, 'AI for Electrical Takeoff and Estimating', 2026, https://drawer.ai | Exayard, 'AI-Powered Low-Voltage & AV Takeoff Software', 2026, https://exayard.com | EstiMatrx.ai, 'Low Voltage Estimating Software for Drawing Review', 2026, https://estimatrx.ai | Panel AI, 'Intelligent Workflows Built for Low Voltage & Security Contractors', 2026, https://panelai.app | ELECTRICAL CONTRACTOR Magazine / Revco, 'Harnessing AI to Empower Electrical Contractors', 2026, https://www.ecmag.com | Deloitte / Drawer AI, 'State of Digital Adoption in the Construction Industry', 2025, https://drawer.ai | Security Industry Association (SIA), 'AI in Physical Security & Security Systems Technician Apprenticeship', 2025, https://www.securityindustry.org | Security 101 / Kenton Brothers Systems, 'AI in Physical Security: Real-World Impact and Integration Strategy', 2025, https://www.security101.com", "adoption_examples_confidence": "low", "ai_adoption_rate_pct_source_access": "url", "adoption_examples_source_access": "url" }, "leadgen_platforms": { "marketplace_penetration_pct": 1.5, "marketplace_penetration_pct_source": "Angi Inc., Q1 2026 Shareholder Letter & Earnings Call (2026), https://ir.angi.com", "marketplace_penetration_pct_research_pass_count": 5, "marketplace_penetration_pct_confidence": "high", "platform_take_rate_pct": 10, "platform_take_rate_pct_source": "Angi Inc., Q1 2026 Shareholder Letter & Earnings Call (2026), https://ir.angi.com", "platform_take_rate_pct_research_pass_count": 5, "platform_take_rate_pct_confidence": "high", "platforms_note": "Angi reports an average lead cost of ~$50 against an average job value of ~$4,000 (with pros winning ~1 in 7 to 1 in 8 leads), while low-voltage and security installation leads on Thumbtack and Angi range from $10 to $80+ per lead depending on scope.", "platforms_note_source": "Angi Inc., Q1 2026 Shareholder Letter (2026), https://ir.angi.com; Thumbtack Pro Trade Pricing Analysis (2025), https://www.thumbtack.com", "marketplace_penetration_pct_shared_across": 11, "marketplace_penetration_pct_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 11 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "platform_take_rate_pct_shared_across": 13, "platform_take_rate_pct_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 13 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "marketplace_penetration_pct_source_access": "url", "platform_take_rate_pct_source_access": "url", "platforms_note_source_access": "url" }, "acquisition_mix": { "pct_referral": 39, "pct_referral_source": "CE Pro, 2022 CE Pro Resimercial Deep Dive Study", "pct_referral_research_pass_count": 4, "pct_referral_confidence": "med", "pct_digital": 20, "pct_digital_source": "National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) / Builders Institute Home Technology Report (2021) - https://www.buildersinstitute.org", "pct_digital_research_pass_count": 4, "pct_digital_confidence": "med", "pct_marketplace": 4, "pct_marketplace_source": "CE Pro Whole-House/Multiroom Audio Deep Dive Study (2020)", "pct_marketplace_research_pass_count": 3, "pct_marketplace_confidence": "med", "pct_repeat": 37, "pct_repeat_source": "Sonos, Inc. SEC Form 10-K (2025)", "pct_repeat_research_pass_count": 2, "pct_repeat_confidence": "med", "acquisition_year": "2026", "pct_referral_source_access": "citation-text-only", "pct_digital_source_access": "url", "pct_marketplace_source_access": "citation-text-only", "pct_repeat_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "insurance_warranty": { "home_warranty_penetration_pct": 6, "home_warranty_penetration_pct_source": "Frontdoor, Inc., 2024 Form 10-K (2025), https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1726088/000172608825000007/ftdr-20241231.htm", "home_warranty_penetration_pct_research_pass_count": 6, "home_warranty_penetration_pct_confidence": "high-primary", "intermediation_note": "Home warranty and service contract platforms intermediate the contractor-customer relationship by dispatching work primarily through preferred contractor networks (completing 85% of Frontdoor service requests in 2024), controlling fixed trade service fees, and enforcing strict coverage limits or exclusions (e.g., capping low-voltage wiring at $300-$500 and routinely excluding standalone smart security cameras and devices), positioning the provider as the primary gatekeeper for pricing, authorization, and dispatch.", "intermediation_note_source": "Frontdoor, Inc., 2024 Form 10-K (2025), https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1726088/000172608825000007/ftdr-20241231.htm", "home_warranty_penetration_pct_shared_across": 6, "home_warranty_penetration_pct_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 6 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "home_warranty_penetration_pct_source_access": "url", "intermediation_note_source_access": "url" }, "recurring_mix": { "recurring_revenue_pct": 14.2, "recurring_revenue_pct_source": "National Systems Contractors Association (NSCA) Financial Analysis of the Industry Report, cited in Commercial Integrator (2025)", "recurring_revenue_pct_research_pass_count": 5, "recurring_revenue_pct_confidence": "adjudicated", "service_agreement_attach_pct": 37.5, "service_agreement_attach_pct_derived": true, "service_agreement_attach_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 2 cited research inputs: Johnson Controls International plc Investor Presentation (2021), https://www.sec.gov | Johnson Controls International plc Q1 2021 Earnings Call (January 29, 2021)", "service_agreement_attach_pct_research_pass_count": 2, "service_agreement_attach_pct_confidence": "med", "recurring_note": "ADT Inc. reported $4,293 million in Monitoring and Related Services recurring revenue out of $4,898 million total revenue in FY2024 (87.6%). Alarm.com reported $631.2 million in SaaS and license recurring revenue out of $939.8 million total revenue in FY2024 (67.2%). Johnson Controls reported a 40% global service agreement attach rate across building controls, fire, security, and HVAC services in FY2021.", "recurring_note_source": "ADT Inc. Form 10-K (2024), https://www.sec.gov; Alarm.com Holdings, Inc. Form 10-K (2024), https://www.sec.gov; Johnson Controls International plc Investor Presentation (2021), https://www.sec.gov", "recurring_revenue_pct_source_access": "citation-text-only", "service_agreement_attach_pct_source_access": "url", "recurring_note_source_access": "url" }, "contract_terms": { "typical_contract_length_months": 36, "typical_contract_length_months_source": "ADT Inc., Form 10-K for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2025 (2026), https://www.sec.gov/edgar/searchedgar/companysearch", "typical_contract_length_months_research_pass_count": 6, "typical_contract_length_months_confidence": "high", "renewal_rate_pct": 87.65, "renewal_rate_pct_derived": true, "renewal_rate_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 5 cited research inputs: Alarm.com Holdings, Inc. Form 10-Q for the Quarterly Period Ended March 31, 2026, SEC EDGAR: https://www.sec.gov/edgar/browse/?CIK=0001459200 | ADT Inc. Full Year 2024 Earnings Release & Form 10-K (2025) - https://investors.adt.com (reporting 12.7% gross customer revenue attrition, yielding an 87.3% retention/renewal rate) cross-checked with Vivint Smart Home, Inc. Form 10-K (2023) - https://www.sec.gov (reporting 11.2% attrition, or 88.8% retention) | ADT Inc. Form 10-K (2025), https://www.sec.gov/edgar/searchedgar/companysearch | ADT Inc., 2025 Annual Report Form 10-K (published 2026), https://www.sec.gov/edgar | Robert H. Perry & Associates U.S. Contract Security Market Report (2023, https://www.roberthperry.com) and Security Sales & Integration / Barnes Buchanan & Co. (2024, https://www.securitysales.com)", "renewal_rate_pct_research_pass_count": 6, "renewal_rate_pct_confidence": "high", "stickiness_note": "Contracts exhibit strong customer lock-in driven by automatic renewal clauses (converting to successive 30-day or annual term extensions), early termination fees requiring payment of a substantial percentage of remaining monthly payments, and hardware cost amortization embedded in long-term recurring monthly revenue (RMR) agreements.", "stickiness_note_source": "ADT Inc., Form 10-K for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2025 (2026), https://www.sec.gov/edgar/searchedgar/companysearch", "typical_contract_length_months_source_access": "url", "renewal_rate_pct_source_access": "url", "stickiness_note_source_access": "url" }, "cross_sell": { "upsell_attach_pct": 90, "upsell_attach_pct_source": "ADT Inc., 2023", "upsell_attach_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "upsell_attach_pct_confidence": "med", "cross_sell_note": "US low-voltage and security integrators are moving away from standalone systems toward unified platform aggregation and end-to-end solutions. Industry norms for adjacent-service expansion prioritize combining core physical security with access control, AI video analytics, fire/life safety inspections, and cloud IoT monitoring to build recurring monthly revenue (RMR) and improve customer retention.", "cross_sell_note_source": "Security Sales & Integration, 2025", "upsell_attach_pct_source_access": "citation-text-only", "cross_sell_note_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "capital_intensity": { "startup_cost_usd": 182550, "startup_cost_usd_source": "Security 101 Franchise Disclosure Document (FDD), Item 7 Estimated Initial Investment Range ($130,100 - $235,000), 2022", "startup_cost_usd_research_pass_count": 6, "startup_cost_usd_confidence": "med", "capex_pct_of_revenue": 3.42, "capex_pct_of_revenue_source": "ADT Inc. Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 (filed February 27, 2025), Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and Operations ($175.75M purchases of property and equipment on $5,140M total revenue), https://www.sec.gov", "capex_pct_of_revenue_research_pass_count": 6, "capex_pct_of_revenue_confidence": "adjudicated", "equipment_note": "Operations require fully equipped service vans/trucks, specialised low-voltage hand and power tools, wire-pulling and termination equipment, digital multimeter and signal testing devices, programming laptops, initial hardware inventory (access control panels, CCTV cameras, sensors), and a small office or flex warehouse space for inventory staging.", "equipment_note_source": "Security 101 Franchise Disclosure Document (FDD), Item 7, 2022", "startup_cost_usd_source_access": "citation-text-only", "capex_pct_of_revenue_source_access": "url", "equipment_note_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "regulatory_burden": { "permit_burden_note": "Low-voltage and security contractors face a multi-layered regulatory and permitting landscape. Code compliance is anchored in NFPA 70 (National Electrical Code), specifically Article 725 for power-limited signaling circuits and Article 760 for fire alarm systems. States enforce dedicated trade classification licenses, such as California's C-7 Low Voltage Systems Contractor license or Georgia's State Construction Industry Licensing Board (SCULB) extra-low voltage license, for work under 50V-91V. Municipal Authorities Having Jurisdiction (AHJs) require local electrical/alarm permits, preliminary plan reviews, and post-installation inspections prior to final sign-off.", "permit_burden_note_source": "Electronic Security Association (ESA) & California Electrical Authority (2023/2026), https://esaweb.org and https://californiaelectricalauthority.com", "compliance_cost_note": "Compliance context includes state and local licensing fees ($250-$330 initial application fees, $150-$200 examination fees, and $200-$250 biennial renewal fees), mandatory general liability insurance ($300,000-$500,000 minimums), and contractor surety bonds ($5,000). Operators must also absorb costs for employee trade certifications (such as NICET Level II for fire alarms or ESA Certified Alarm Technician credentials) and ongoing continuing education obligations (6 to 12 hours required per renewal cycle depending on jurisdiction).", "compliance_cost_note_source": "Contractor License Requirements & Peerless Institute Licensing Analysis (2025/2026), https://contractorlicenserequirements.com and https://peerlessinstitute.com", "regulatory_tailwind_note": "Market demand is expanding due to three main regulatory drivers: (1) Federal NDAA Section 889 (2 CFR § 200.216) bans federal agencies and grant recipients from utilizing covered foreign video surveillance equipment (e.g., Hikvision and Dahua), forcing extensive rip-and-replace equipment updates; (2) State-level Alyssa's Law statutes (enacted in over 11 states including NJ, FL, GA, and VA) mandate silent panic alarm systems directly connected to law enforcement in K-12 public schools; and (3) Commercial building energy standards (ASHRAE Standard 90.1, IECC, and California Title 24) mandate low-voltage occupancy sensors, daylight harvesting controls, and automated building management integration.", "regulatory_tailwind_note_source": "Security Industry Association (SIA) & IndexBox Building Code Market Analysis (2023-2026), https://securityindustry.org and https://indexbox.io", "permit_burden_note_source_access": "url", "compliance_cost_note_source_access": "url", "regulatory_tailwind_note_source_access": "url" }, "data_assets": { "iot_telemetry_penetration_pct": 53, "iot_telemetry_penetration_pct_source": "Genetec, State of Physical Security 2026 Report, 2026, https://www.genetec.com (cross-checked with SDM Magazine, 2026 Industry Forecast, 2026, https://www.sdmmag.com)", "iot_telemetry_penetration_pct_research_pass_count": 5, "iot_telemetry_penetration_pct_confidence": "med", "data_assets_note": "The low-voltage and security trade accumulates structured asset and job data including access control authentication logs, video analytics and camera health telemetry, intrusion alarm triggers, device configuration and firmware statuses, and integrated environmental and perimeter sensor readings used for unified security operations.", "data_assets_note_source": "Security Industry Association (SIA), 2025 Security Megatrends Report (2025), https://www.securityindustry.org/report/security-megatrends", "iot_telemetry_penetration_pct_source_access": "url", "data_assets_note_source_access": "url" }, "consolidation": { "consolidation_activity": "The U.S. Low-Voltage, Commercial Security, and Fire & Life Safety trade is undergoing exceptionally intense Private Equity roll-up and consolidation activity. According to Capstone Partners (2026, https://www.capstonepartners.com/), M&A in the Security Solutions sector reached record levels, surging 24.1% year-over-year in 2025 to 242 transactions. Private equity add-on acquisitions represented 45.9% of total sector dealmaking, while new PE platform transactions increased 33.3% YOY to 20 deals. M&A in the Fire & Life Safety and low-voltage integration sub-segment surged 66.7% YOY to 125 deals in 2025, driven by data center expansions, high customer retention, and recurring monthly revenue (RMR). Industry private equity coverage from PE Hub (2023 & 2025, https://www.pehub.com/) confirms that financial sponsors view the highly fragmented low-voltage and security integration market as a top roll-up target due to code-mandated inspection requirements, recession resilience, and multiple arbitrage potential.", "consolidation_activity_source": "Capstone Partners (2026, https://www.capstonepartners.com/) and PE Hub (2023 & 2025, https://www.pehub.com/)", "notable_platforms": "Major private equity-backed platforms and public company acquirers actively rolling up the commercial low-voltage, security, and fire safety space include: (1) Pye-Barker Fire & Safety (backed by Altas Partners and Leonard Green & Partners, with ADIA and GIC acquiring minority stakes in 2025) - the leading U.S. commercial fire protection, security alarm, and low-voltage platform, completing 57 acquisitions in 2025 alone and over 64 total add-on deals (Altas Partners, 2025, https://www.altas.com/; PE Hub, 2024, https://www.pehub.com/); (2) Pavion (backed by Wind Point Partners) - an active platform for fire, security, critical communications, and commercial low-voltage installation services that has completed 19+ add-on acquisitions since 2020 (Wind Point Partners, 2023, https://www.wppartners.com/; PE Hub, 2023, https://www.pehub.com/); (3) Convergint Technologies (backed by Ares Management, Leonard Green & Partners, and Harvest Partners) - a global service-based systems integrator in security, life safety, and low-voltage building automation that has executed over 50 acquisitions (Leonard Green & Partners, 2021, https://www.leonardgreen.com/; Crain Currency, 2025, https://www.craincurrency.com/); (4) Sciens Building Solutions (backed by The Carlyle Group) - an integrated low-voltage, security, and fire detection platform executing aggressive regional bolt-on acquisitions nationwide (SDM Magazine, 2024, https://www.sdmmag.com/; Lincoln International, 2026, https://www.lincolninternational.com/); and (5) APi Group Corporation (NYSE: APG) - a publicly traded market-leading provider of safety and electronic security services that acquired Chubb Fire & Security for $3.1 billion in 2022 and continues active bolt-on M&A (SEC Filing, 2021, https://www.sec.gov/; APi Group, 2026, https://www.apigroupcorp.com/).", "notable_platforms_source": "Altas Partners (2025, https://www.altas.com/), Wind Point Partners (2023, https://www.wppartners.com/), PE Hub (2023/2024, https://www.pehub.com/), Leonard Green & Partners (2021, https://www.leonardgreen.com/), SDM Magazine (2024, https://www.sdmmag.com/), Lincoln International (2026, https://www.lincolninternational.com/), SEC Filings (2021, https://www.sec.gov/), and APi Group Corporation Press Release (2026, https://www.apigroupcorp.com/)", "sources": [ "https://www.capstonepartners.com", "https://www.pehub.com", "https://www.wppartners.com", "https://www.altas.com", "https://www.leonardgreen.com", "https://www.sdmmag.com", "https://www.lincolninternational.com", "https://www.apigroupcorp.com", "https://www.sec.gov" ], "consolidation_activity_source_access": "url", "notable_platforms_source_access": "url" }, "multiples": { "typical_ebitda_multiple_low": 3, "typical_ebitda_multiple_low_source": "CT Acquisitions, 'How to Sell a Low-Voltage Company: Valuations & EBITDA Multiples Guide' (2026), https://ctacquisitions.com", "typical_ebitda_multiple_low_research_pass_count": 4, "typical_ebitda_multiple_low_confidence": "high", "typical_ebitda_multiple_high": 11.8, "typical_ebitda_multiple_high_source": "Capstone Partners, 'Security Solutions M&A Update' (2026), https://capstonepartners.com", "typical_ebitda_multiple_high_research_pass_count": 5, "typical_ebitda_multiple_high_confidence": "med", "multiple_by_size_note": "Valuation multiples vary significantly with business scale and revenue quality. Small, project-only low-voltage cabling contractors or sub-$2M EBITDA single-state integrators trade at 3.0x-5.0x EBITDA. Regional integrators generating $2M-$5M EBITDA with recurring service or monitoring revenue trade at 5.5x-8.5x EBITDA, while platform-grade middle-market security integration companies ($3M-$10M+ EBITDA) reach 8.0x-11.8x+ EBITDA.", "multiple_by_size_note_source": "CT Acquisitions, 'Commercial Security Integration Valuation Guide' (2026), https://ctacquisitions.com; Capstone Partners, 'Security Solutions M&A Update' (2026), https://capstonepartners.com", "multiple_year": "2026", "typical_ebitda_multiple_low_shared_across": 4, "typical_ebitda_multiple_low_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 4 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "typical_ebitda_multiple_low_source_access": "url", "typical_ebitda_multiple_high_source_access": "url", "multiple_by_size_note_source_access": "url" }, "exit_environment": { "buyer_demand": "Buyer demand for US low-voltage and security integration businesses is robust, driven primarily by private equity roll-up platforms, which accounted for 45.9% of sector transactions in 2025, and strategic buyers seeking geographic and service-line expansion. Buyers value target companies with strong recurring revenue (RMR/ARR from subscription monitoring and managed SaaS/HaaS offerings), unified 'one-stop-shop' integration capabilities (spanning physical security, access control, fire & life safety, and low-voltage systems), cloud and AI technology integration, and diversified client bases.", "buyer_demand_source": "Capstone Partners, Security Solutions Sector Update (2026), https://www.capstonepartners.com", "exit_trend": "The exit environment for business owners is heating up, reaching historic high activity levels. M&A deal volume in the sector grew 24.1% year-over-year in 2025 to a record high of 238-242 announced or completed transactions. Valuation multiples have shown strong resilience, averaging 11.7x-11.8x EV/EBITDA and 2.2x-2.9x EV/Revenue, outperforming broader middle-market M&A benchmarks.", "exit_trend_source": "Capstone Partners & Security Sales & Integration, Security Solutions M&A Analysis (2026), https://www.securitysales.com", "sources": [ "https://www.capstonepartners.com", "https://www.securitysales.com", "https://www.meridianib.com" ], "buyer_demand_source_access": "url", "exit_trend_source_access": "url" }, "demand_drivers": { "installed_base_units": 5900000, "installed_base_units_source": "U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS), 2022, https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial", "installed_base_units_research_pass_count": 5, "installed_base_units_confidence": "low", "replacement_vs_new_note": "Demand split varies significantly by sub-segment: new construction drives an estimated 60% to 80% of fire detection installations due to mandatory building code compliance for new structures. Conversely, physical security (access control, video surveillance, and intrusion detection) and low-voltage systems are heavily weighted toward replacement, retrofits, and software/hardware upgrades across existing structures, supported by the fact that over 75% of U.S. commercial buildings were constructed before 2000.", "replacement_vs_new_note_source": "Security Industry Association (SIA) & Omdia, Complexities in the Global Security Market: 2024 Through 2026 Report, 2024, https://www.securityindustry.org/report/complexities-in-the-global-security-market-2024-through-2026", "demand_drivers_note": "Key demand drivers for low-voltage and security installation include: (1) Technology refresh cycles and digital migration, such as cloud-based access control, mobile credentials, and AI-powered video analytics; (2) IT/OT convergence and cybersecurity requirements across commercial, educational, and critical infrastructure facilities; (3) Macroeconomic construction spending across private nonresidential, public infrastructure, and residential sectors; and (4) Smart building/PropTech adoption integrating physical security with energy management and HVAC systems.", "demand_drivers_note_source": "Security Industry Association (SIA), 2025 Security Megatrends Report & Operational Security Technology Report, 2025, https://www.securityindustry.org/reports-publications", "installed_base_units_shared_across": 15, "installed_base_units_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 15 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "installed_base_units_source_access": "url", "replacement_vs_new_note_source_access": "url", "demand_drivers_note_source_access": "url" }, "macro_correlation": { "housing_correlation_note": "Demand for residential low-voltage and security systems (such as home security, smart automation, fire alarms, and structured cabling) correlates strongly with residential construction activity. U.S. Census Bureau data demonstrates that housing starts serve as a leading macro indicator for new low-voltage system installation demand, which expands as new housing units move from framing to finishing stages.", "housing_correlation_note_source": "U.S. Census Bureau and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Monthly New Residential Construction (2026), https://www.census.gov/construction/nrc/pdf/newresconst.pdf; FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, New Privately-Owned Housing Units Started: Total Units [HOUST] (2026), https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/HOUST", "commercial_correlation_note": "Demand for commercial low-voltage systems (including video surveillance, electronic access control, intrusion detection, building automation, and fiber optic cabling) correlates directly with nonresidential commercial construction spending. According to FRED and U.S. Census Bureau data, commercial construction spending functions as a coincident macro driver for low-voltage system deployments during interior fit-outs and infrastructure commissionings.", "commercial_correlation_note_source": "U.S. Census Bureau and FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, Total Private Construction Spending: Commercial in the United States [PRCOMCONS] (2026), https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PRCOMCONS", "climate_sensitivity_note": "Climate and weather extremes create direct operational sensitivity and drive demand for resilient low-voltage, backup power, and environmental monitoring infrastructure. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) highlights extreme heat, severe storms, flooding, and wildfires as severe risks to building operations and mission-critical assets, driving investment in resilient low-voltage automation, security, microgrid monitoring, and climate-hardening retrofits.", "climate_sensitivity_note_source": "U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Climate Adaptation and Resilience Plan / Vulnerability Assessment and Resilience Plans (2023), DOE, Economic Benefits of Increasing Electric Grid Resilience to Weather Outages (2013)", "housing_correlation_note_source_access": "url", "commercial_correlation_note_source_access": "url", "climate_sensitivity_note_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "search_interest": { "yoy_search_change_pct": 59, "yoy_search_change_pct_source": "Vivint (2025, https://www.vivint.com)", "yoy_search_change_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "yoy_search_change_pct_confidence": "med", "search_trend_note": "According to the 2026 U.S. Houzz Emerging Summer Trends Report published by Houzz Research, consumer search interest for low-voltage lighting demonstrated strong upward momentum, surging 162% year-over-year in Q1 2026 compared to Q1 2025 as homeowners increasingly prioritized energy-efficient and sustainable home infrastructure.", "search_trend_note_source": "Houzz Research, 2026, https://www.houzz.com/magazine/8-design-trends-emerging-in-2026-stsetivw-vs~179261073", "yoy_search_change_pct_source_access": "url", "search_trend_note_source_access": "url" }, "cust_acquisition": { "typical_cac_usd": 805, "typical_cac_usd_source": "FirstPageSage (2025), 'Average Customer Acquisition Cost (CAC) by Industry', cross-checked with Usermaven (2026), 'Average Customer Acquisition Cost (CAC) Industry Benchmarks'", "typical_cac_usd_research_pass_count": 6, "typical_cac_usd_confidence": "med", "avg_review_volume": 39, "avg_review_volume_source": "BrightLocal, Local Business Google Business Profile Benchmarks, 2023, https://www.brightlocal.com", "avg_review_volume_research_pass_count": 6, "avg_review_volume_confidence": "med", "complaint_categories": "Billing and contract disputes (unauthorized auto-renewals, unexpected cancellation fees, ongoing billing post-termination), deceptive and high-pressure sales practices (misleading door-to-door pitches, false claims of business takeovers or forced equipment upgrades), and service or repair issues (equipment malfunction, system connectivity failures, delayed customer service).", "complaint_categories_source": "Federal Trade Commission (FTC), Consumer Advice: Home Security Systems, 2023, https://www.ftc.gov", "avg_review_volume_shared_across": 6, "avg_review_volume_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 6 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "typical_cac_usd_source_access": "citation-text-only", "avg_review_volume_source_access": "url", "complaint_categories_source_access": "url" } }, "subtrade": {}, "segments": { "bands": [ { "band": "0-1M", "band_label": "under $1M annual revenue (owner-operator / very small shop)", "metrics": { "gross_margin_pct": { "value": 22.4, "source": "CFMA 2024 Construction Financial Benchmarker https://cfma.org", "confidence": "med", "basis": "Gross profit margin % for Specialty Trade Contractors including NAICS 238210", "source_access": "url" }, "collection_rate_pct": { "value": 85.1, "source": "Level CFO analysis of 464 contractors, https://levelcfo.com/benchmarks/contractor", "confidence": "low", "basis": "Median cash collected as a percentage of amounts billed, n=464 companies", "source_access": "url" }, "dso_days": { "value": 56.6, "source": "CFMA 2024 Construction Financial Benchmarker https://cfma.org", "confidence": "med", "basis": "Average Days Sales Outstanding (DSO) for Specialty Trade Contractors", "source_access": "url" }, "recurring_rev_pct": { "value": 2, "source": "NSCA 2024 Financial Analysis of the Industry https://nsca.org", "confidence": "high", "basis": "Recurring service revenue share % for the smallest systems integrator revenue tier (<$1M)", "source_access": "url" } } }, { "band": "1-5M", "band_label": "$1M to $5M annual revenue (small established contractor)", "metrics": { "gross_margin_pct": { "value": 34.2, "source": "National Systems Contractors Association (NSCA), 2025", "confidence": "low", "basis": "Median gross profit margin across commercial low-voltage and systems integration firms", "source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "dso_days": { "value": 58, "source": "Construction Financial Management Association (CFMA), 2022, https://www.cfma.org", "confidence": "low", "basis": "Median days sales outstanding (DSO) across responding construction contractors", "source_access": "url" }, "recurring_rev_pct": { "value": 14.2, "source": "National Systems Contractors Association (NSCA), 2025", "confidence": "low", "basis": "Average recurring revenue percentage across commercial integration firms", "source_access": "citation-text-only" } } }, { "band": "5-20M", "band_label": "$5M to $20M annual revenue (mid-market, multi-crew)", "metrics": { "gross_margin_pct": { "value": 34.2, "source": "National Systems Contractors Association (NSCA) 2025 https://www.nsca.org", "confidence": "low", "basis": "Median gross profit margin across commercial systems integrators", "source_access": "url" }, "collection_rate_pct": { "value": 85.1, "source": "Level CFO analysis of 464 contractors, https://levelcfo.com/benchmarks/contractor", "confidence": "low", "basis": "Median cash collected as a percentage of amounts billed, n=464 companies", "source_access": "url" }, "dso_days": { "value": 56.6, "source": "Construction Financial Management Association (CFMA) 2024 https://www.cfma.org", "confidence": "med", "basis": "Days sales outstanding for specialty trade contractors", "source_access": "url" }, "recurring_rev_pct": { "value": 14.2, "source": "National Systems Contractors Association (NSCA) 2025 https://www.nsca.org", "confidence": "low", "basis": "Average recurring revenue share from service agreements and managed services for systems integrators", "source_access": "url" } } }, { "band": "20M+", "band_label": "over $20M annual revenue (large / regional / PE-backed)", "metrics": { "gross_margin_pct": { "value": 22.4, "source": "CFMA 2025 https://cfma.org", "confidence": "low", "basis": "Specialty trade contractors aggregate gross profit margin (2025 Benchmarker)", "source_access": "url" }, "collection_rate_pct": { "value": 85.1, "source": "Level CFO analysis of 464 contractors, https://levelcfo.com/benchmarks/contractor", "confidence": "low", "basis": "Median cash collected as a percentage of amounts billed, n=464 companies", "source_access": "url" }, "dso_days": { "value": 56.6, "source": "CFMA 2025 https://cfma.org", "confidence": "low", "basis": "Specialty trade contractors average days in accounts receivable (2025 Benchmarker)", "source_access": "url" }, "recurring_rev_pct": { "value": 51, "source": "SDM Magazine 2026 https://www.sdmmag.com", "confidence": "low", "basis": "Annualized RMR as share of total revenue for SDM 100 security integrators", "source_access": "url" } } } ] }, "geo": { "states": [ { "name": "Alabama", "where": "AL", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 24.76, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -17.41, "median_wage_source": "BLS state OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_al.htm", "license_regime": "State-level licensing is required in Alabama. Low-voltage and security work is regulated across state boards: the Alabama Electronic Security Board of Licensure (AESBL) licenses companies, qualifying agents, and individual technicians installing or servicing burglar alarms, access control, CCTV, and security systems; the Alabama Electrical Contractors Board (AECB) issues a Low Voltage Special Systems License for systems operating at 50 volts or less; and the Alabama State Fire Marshal requires certification for fire alarm systems.", "license_source": "Alabama Electronic Security Board of Licensure & Alabama Electrical Contractors Board, 2023, https://aesbl.alabama.gov", "bonding_requirement": "AESBL requires all licensed companies to maintain minimum general liability insurance of $250,000. No statewide blanket surety bond is mandated for low-voltage contractors by AESBL, though local city/county business licenses or commercial general contracting boards may require local bonding.", "bonding_source": "Alabama Electronic Security Board of Licensure Administrative Code Chapter 304-X-1, 2025, https://aesbl.alabama.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "Alabama employed 10,250 Electricians (SOC 47-2111) as of May 2023, with an employment density of 4.991 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 1.06.", "market_source": "BLS state OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_al.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 24.76 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Alaska", "where": "AK", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 39.5, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 31.75, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ak.htm", "license_regime": "State-level licensing is required in Alaska. The trade is regulated by the Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development (DCCED) - Division of Corporations, Business and Professional Licensing. Contracting businesses must register as a Specialty Contractor (Electrical/Communications) and maintain or employ a licensed Electrical Administrator (such as a Specialty Electrical Administrator for Low Voltage/Controls CNTL or Unlimited Electrical Administrator).", "license_source": "Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development - Division of Corporations, Business and Professional Licensing, 2024, https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/cbpl/ProfessionalLicensing/ConstructionContractors.aspx", "bonding_requirement": "Specialty Contractors must post a $10,000 surety bond (AS 08.18.071). General liability insurance minimums are $20,000 for property damage, $50,000 for injury/death to one person, and $100,000 for injury/death to multiple persons (AS 08.18.101), alongside Workers' Compensation insurance if employing workers.", "bonding_source": "Alaska Statutes Title 08 Chapter 18 (AS 08.18.071 & AS 08.18.101) / Alaska Division of Corporations, Business and Professional Licensing, 2024, https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/cbpl/ProfessionalLicensing/ConstructionContractors.aspx", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to May 2023 BLS OEWS data, Alaska had an estimated 1,620 employed electricians (SOC 47-2111), corresponding to a location quotient of 1.11 (5.209 per 1,000 jobs), indicating an employment density slightly above the national baseline.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ak.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 39.5 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Arizona", "where": "AZ", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 29.06, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -3.07, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_az.htm", "license_regime": "In Arizona, contractor licensing is required at the state level through the Arizona Registrar of Contractors (ROC) for any project over $1,000 or requiring a permit. License classifications for low-voltage and electrical work are split into three tiers: Commercial (e.g., C-67 Low Voltage Communication Systems, C-11 Electrical), Residential (R-67, R-11), and Dual Commercial/Residential (CR-67, CR-11). Arizona licenses contracting entities rather than issuing individual journeyman state licenses.", "license_source": "Arizona Registrar of Contractors (ROC), 2023, https://roc.az.gov", "bonding_requirement": "All ROC licensees must maintain a continuous surety bond based on license tier and anticipated gross annual volume (commercial specialty bonds range from $2,500 to $50,000, residential bonds from $4,250 to $15,000, and dual licenses require both combined). General liability insurance minimums are set at $500,000 for residential contractors, with commercial standards typically at $1,000,000 per occurrence.", "bonding_source": "Arizona Registrar of Contractors (ROC) / Arizona Revised Statutes § 32-1152, 2023, https://roc.az.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "Arizona employs 17,640 workers in SOC 47-2111 with a location quotient of 1.20, indicating a 20% higher concentration of electrical trade labor relative to the national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_az.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 29.06 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Arkansas", "where": "AR", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 23.31, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -22.25, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ar.htm", "license_regime": "State-level licensing is required in Arkansas. Low-voltage and security/alarm systems work is regulated at the state level by the Division of Arkansas State Police under Arkansas Code Title 17, Chapter 40. Licensing tiers include Class E Unrestricted (fire and burglar alarm installation/service), Class E Restricted (structures not requiring fire alarms), Class E-M (monitoring only), Class E-S (single-station residential), and Class G (general security/alarm license). In addition, commercial specialty low-voltage or electrical contracting projects valued at $50,000 or more (labor and materials) require a Commercial Specialty Contractor license from the Arkansas Contractors Licensing Board.", "license_source": "Arkansas Department of Public Safety, Division of Arkansas State Police, Private Investigators, Security Companies, and Alarm Installation & Monitoring Program, 2024, https://www.dps.arkansas.gov/law-enforcement/arkansas-state-police/services-programs/private-investogators-security-companies-alarm-installation-monitoring", "bonding_requirement": "Class E Alarm Systems Companies licensed by the Arkansas State Police must carry a minimum of $300,000 in public liability insurance ($500,000 for Class G). Contractors licensed through the Arkansas Contractors Licensing Board must maintain a $10,000 contractor surety bond. Workers' compensation insurance is required if the business has one or more employees.", "bonding_source": "Arkansas Code Title 17 Chapter 40 & Arkansas Contractors Licensing Board Rules, 2024, https://www.dps.arkansas.gov/law-enforcement/arkansas-state-police/services-programs/private-investogators-security-companies-alarm-installation-monitoring", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS (May 2023), Arkansas employs 7,650 electricians (SOC 47-2111), representing an occupational density of 6.02 workers per 1,000 jobs statewide and a location quotient of 1.28 relative to national baseline density.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ar.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 23.31 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "California", "where": "CA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 37.25, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 24.25, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - California, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ca.htm", "license_regime": "State-level license required through the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) for projects valued at $500 or more in combined labor and materials. Classifications include Class C-7 (Low Voltage Systems Contractor, covering energy-limited systems operating under 91 volts including alarms, sound, cable, and communications) and Class C-10 (Electrical Contractor). Local jurisdictions do not issue trade licenses, though local business licenses and permits apply.", "license_source": "California Contractors State License Board, 2024, https://www.cslb.ca.gov/About_Us/Library/Licensing_Classifications", "bonding_requirement": "Requires a $25,000 contractor license surety bond filed with CSLB (increased under Senate Bill 607 effective Jan 1, 2023). A separate $25,000 Bond of Qualifying Individual is required if qualified by a Responsible Managing Employee (RME). Contractors structured as LLCs must maintain a $100,000 LLC employee/worker bond and minimum $1,000,000 general liability insurance. Workers' compensation insurance is required for all licensees with employees.", "bonding_source": "California Contractors State License Board, 2023", "market_size_or_density_note": "California employs 72,880 electricians (SOC 47-2111) statewide, representing a density of 4.061 electrician jobs per 1,000 total state jobs (location quotient 0.87).", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - California, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ca.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 37.25 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Colorado", "where": "CO", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 29.25, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -2.43, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Colorado, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_co.htm", "license_regime": "A state-level license is required to perform electrical work in Colorado, regulated statewide by the Colorado State Electrical Board under the Division of Professions and Occupations (DORA). Credential tiers include Apprentice Electrician (registration), Residential Wireman, Journeyman Electrician, Master Electrician, and Electrical Contractor (entity-level credential required to operate an electrical contracting business).", "license_source": "Colorado Department of Regulatory Agencies (DORA), State Electrical Board (2024)", "bonding_requirement": "Colorado does not mandate a statewide surety bond or general liability insurance minimum at the state level; however, Electrical Contractors must maintain Workers' Compensation insurance (if employing workers) and Unemployment Compensation compliance. General liability insurance and contractor surety bonds are mandated locally by individual municipalities (e.g., Denver, Fort Collins) for permit issuance.", "bonding_source": "Colorado Department of Regulatory Agencies (DORA), State Electrical Board (2024)", "market_size_or_density_note": "Colorado employs 16,110 workers in SOC 47-2111 (Electricians) with a location quotient of 1.21, indicating an occupational employment density 21% above the national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Colorado, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_co.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 29.25 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Connecticut", "where": "CT", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 33.18, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 10.67, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ct.htm", "license_regime": "Statewide licensing is mandatory in Connecticut through the Department of Consumer Protection (DCP) Electrical Work Examining Board (local towns/cities cannot issue separate trade licenses). Specific low-voltage license tiers include: C-5 Limited Electrical Contractor (contracting/supervisory scope for low-voltage, alarm/signal, sound, and telephone-interconnect systems up to 48V/8A); C-6 Limited Electrical Journeyperson (working under a C-5 contractor); L-5 Limited Electrical Contractor (low-voltage/alarm systems up to 25V/5A, excluding telecommunications); and L-6 Limited Electrical Journeyperson.", "license_source": "Connecticut Department of Consumer Protection (DCP) Electrical Work Examining Board, 2024", "bonding_requirement": "The Connecticut DCP does not mandate a surety bond to hold a C-5, C-6, L-5, or L-6 trade license. However, contractors with one or more employees must maintain state-mandated Workers' Compensation insurance, and local municipal building departments require General Liability insurance (typically $300,000 to $1,000,000 minimum) to pull work permits.", "bonding_source": "Connecticut Department of Consumer Protection (DCP) / Connecticut General Statutes Chapter 393, 2024, https://portal.ct.gov/dcp", "market_size_or_density_note": "Connecticut has an estimated employment of 7,230 workers in the Electricians trade (SOC 47-2111), representing a density of 4.354 positions per 1,000 total jobs in the state and a location quotient of 0.93 compared to the U.S. national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ct.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 33.18 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Delaware", "where": "DE", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 29.32, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -2.2, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_de.htm", "license_regime": "State-level licensure is required in Delaware and is administered by the Delaware Board of Electrical Examiners under the Division of Professional Regulation (DPR). The licensing regime includes tiers such as Master Electrician, Master Electrician Special, Limited Electrician, Limited Electrician Special (which covers Low-Voltage Specialty for systems operating under 50 volts), Journeyperson Electrician, Residential Electrician, and Apprentice.", "license_source": "Delaware Board of Electrical Examiners, Division of Professional Regulation, 2024", "bonding_requirement": "Licensees operating an electrical or low-voltage business (Master Electricians and Limited Electricians) must maintain commercial general liability insurance of at least $300,000. No state-level surety bond requirement is mandated by the Board.", "bonding_source": "Delaware Board of Electrical Examiners, 24 DE Admin. Code 1400 § 6.1, 2023, https://regulations.delaware.gov/AdminCode/title24/1400%20Board%20of%20Electrical%20Examiners.shtml", "market_size_or_density_note": "Delaware has an estimated total employment of 2,420 electricians (SOC 47-2111) with a location quotient of 1.10, indicating worker density in the state is 10% higher than the national baseline.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_de.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 29.32 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Florida", "where": "FL", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 24.1, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -19.61, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_fl.htm and https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes472111.htm", "license_regime": "A state-level license is required for electrical and low-voltage contracting work, regulated by the Florida Electrical Contractors' Licensing Board (ECLB) within the Department of Business and Professional Regulation (DBPR) under Chapter 489, Part II, Florida Statutes. Tiers include statewide Certified Specialty Contractors (such as Certified Limited Energy Systems Specialty [ES], Certified Burglar Alarm System Specialty [EF], and Certified Fire Alarm System Specialty [EG]) and local Registered Specialty Contractors (ER/local jurisdiction competency card).", "license_source": "Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation (DBPR) Electrical Contractors' Licensing Board, 2024, https://www.myfloridalicense.com/DBPR/electrical-contractors", "bonding_requirement": "State regulations require Commercial General Liability insurance of at least $300,000 per occurrence, $500,000 property damage, and $100,000 per person (or $800,000 combined single limit), alongside Workers' Compensation coverage. In addition, applicants with a credit score below 660 must post a $5,000 financial responsibility surety bond or credit bond.", "bonding_source": "Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation (DBPR) Electrical Contractors' Licensing Board FAQ & Rule 61G6-5.008, 2024, https://www.myfloridalicense.com/DBPR/electrical-contractors/faq", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS May 2023 estimates, Florida had 46,690 employed Electricians (SOC 47-2111), representing a density of 4.88 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 1.04. In the related Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers trade (SOC 49-2098), Florida employed 8,710 workers, ranking highest among all U.S. states with a location quotient of 1.65.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_fl.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 24.1 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Georgia", "where": "GA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 27.09, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -9.64, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ga.htm", "license_regime": "A state-level license is required in Georgia for low-voltage contracting work, regulated by the Georgia State Board of Low Voltage Contractors (Division of Low Voltage Contractors under the Office of the Secretary of State). The licensing structure features four tiers: General Low Voltage (Class LVG), Alarm Low Voltage (Class LVA), Telecommunication Low Voltage (Class LVT), and Unrestricted Low Voltage (Class LVU).", "license_source": "Georgia State Board of Low Voltage Contractors / Georgia Secretary of State, 2023, https://sos.ga.gov", "bonding_requirement": "The Georgia State Board of Low Voltage Contractors does not maintain a mandatory state-level surety bond or general liability insurance minimum to issue or hold a low-voltage contractor license; however, individual municipal or county jurisdictions may enforce local bonding or insurance requirements.", "bonding_source": "Georgia Secretary of State / Official Code of Georgia Annotated (O.C.G.A.) Title 43 Chapter 14, 2023, https://sos.ga.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the state of Georgia employed 20,740 electricians (SOC 47-2111) statewide across commercial, industrial, and residential electrical and wiring sectors.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ga.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 27.09 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Hawaii", "where": "HI", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 44.59, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 48.73, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (Hawaii & US National), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_hi.htm", "license_regime": "State-level licensing required throughout Hawaii. Regulated by the Hawaii Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs (DCCA), Professional and Vocational Licensing (PVL) Division. Contracting entities must hold a C-15 Electronic Systems Contractor license (or specialty subcategories C-15a Fire and Burglar Alarm, C-15b Telecommunications, or C-13 Electrical Contractor) under HRS Chapter 444 / Contractors License Board, designating a Responsible Managing Employee (RME). Individual tradespersons must hold a Journey Worker Specialty Electrician (EJS) or Supervising Specialty Electrician (ESS) license under HRS Chapter 448E / Board of Electricians and Plumbers.", "license_source": "Hawaii Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs (DCCA), Professional and Vocational Licensing Division, Contractors License Board & Board of Electricians and Plumbers, 2024, https://cca.hawaii.gov/pvl/boards/contractor", "bonding_requirement": "Surety Bond: Minimum $5,000 surety bond set by the Contractors License Board (may be set higher up to $300,000 based on financial statement and project scope). Liability Insurance Minimums: $100,000 per person / $300,000 per occurrence for bodily injury liability, and $50,000 per occurrence for property damage liability. Workers' compensation coverage required if employing workers.", "bonding_source": "Hawaii Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs (DCCA), Contractors License Board (HAR §16-77-42 and License Application Instructions), 2024, https://cca.hawaii.gov/pvl/boards/contractor", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau 2022 Economic Census published in DBEDT's State of Hawaii Data Book (Table 21.06), Hawaii had 367 Electrical Contractors and Other Wiring Installation Contractor establishments (NAICS 238210) employing 4,155 total workers, generating $1.063 billion ($1,062,917,000) in total value of construction work.", "market_source": "Hawaii State Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism (DBEDT), 2024 State of Hawaii Data Book / U.S. Census Bureau 2022 Economic Census, 2025, https://dbedt.hawaii.gov/economic/databook", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 44.59 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Idaho", "where": "ID", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 26.56, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -11.41, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_id.htm", "license_regime": "State-level licensing is mandatory in Idaho, governed by the Idaho Division of Occupational and Professional Licenses (DOPL) Electrical Board under Idaho Code Title 54, Chapter 10. Low-voltage and security system work falls under specialized limited energy tiers, including Limited Trainee, Limited Electrical Installer (requiring 4,000 hours / 2 years of documented experience and passing an exam), and Limited Electrical Contractor (requiring a qualified designated installer, passing the business and law exam, and meeting insurance requirements).", "license_source": "Idaho Division of Occupational and Professional Licenses (DOPL) - Idaho Electrical Board, 2024, https://dopl.idaho.gov", "bonding_requirement": "Idaho does not require a statewide surety bond for electrical contractors. However, electrical contractors must maintain at least $300,000 in commercial general liability insurance and show proof of statutory workers' compensation coverage unless exempt.", "bonding_source": "Idaho Division of Occupational and Professional Licenses (DOPL) - Idaho Electrical Board, Electrical Contractor Application Instructions, 2024, https://dopl.idaho.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "Idaho employed 5,050 electricians (SOC 47-2111) in May 2023, representing a trade concentration of 6.138 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 1.31, indicating trade density 31% above the US national baseline.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_id.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 26.56 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Illinois", "where": "IL", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 42.33, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 41.19, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_il.htm", "license_regime": "At the state level, low-voltage security and alarm contracting in Illinois is regulated by the Illinois Department of Financial and Professional Regulation (IDFPR) under the Private Detective, Private Alarm, Private Security, Fingerprint Vendor, and Locksmith Act of 2004. Licensing tiers include Licensed Private Alarm Contractor (individual), Licensed Private Alarm Contractor Agency (entity), and Permanent Employee Registration Card (PERC) for employees. Non-alarm electrical work is regulated at the municipal or county level.", "license_source": "Illinois Department of Financial and Professional Regulation (IDFPR), 2024, https://idfpr.illinois.gov/profs/alarm.html", "bonding_requirement": "Licensed Private Alarm Contractors must maintain commercial general liability insurance with a minimum coverage limit of $1,000,000.", "bonding_source": "Illinois General Assembly, Private Detective, Private Alarm, Private Security, Fingerprint Vendor, and Locksmith Act of 2004 (225 ILCS 447/20-10 & 20-15), 2024, https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=1303&ChapterID=24", "market_size_or_density_note": "In Illinois, SOC 47-2111 (Electricians) employed 21,890 workers as of May 2023 per BLS OEWS data. Furthermore, BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) data reports 4,768 active electrical and wiring installation contractor establishments (NAICS 238210) in Illinois.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) & Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_il.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 42.33 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Indiana", "where": "IN", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 32.73, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 9.17, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023 State and National Estimates, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_in.htm", "license_regime": "Indiana has no statewide electrical or low-voltage contractor license requirement. Under Indiana Code Title 22, Article 13 (IC 22-13-2-2), electrical and low-voltage licensing authority is delegated to local municipalities and counties, which establish their own local licensing tiers and contractor registration requirements (e.g., Indianapolis/Marion County Department of Business and Neighborhood Services).", "license_source": "Indiana General Assembly, Indiana Code Title 22 Article 13, 2023, https://iga.in.gov", "bonding_requirement": "There are no statewide surety bond or general liability insurance minimums due to the absence of a state-level contractor licensing board for electrical or low-voltage trades. Bonding and insurance minimums (such as $300,000 general liability coverage) are set locally by individual cities and counties.", "bonding_source": "Indiana General Assembly, Indiana Code Title 22 Article 13, 2023, https://iga.in.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "Indiana has 15,650 employed electricians (BLS SOC 47-2111) with a location quotient of 1.06 (4.958 per 1,000 jobs), reflecting worker density slightly above the national baseline.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates for Indiana, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_in.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 32.73 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Iowa", "where": "IA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 30.61, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 2.1, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ia.htm", "license_regime": "Electrical licensing in Iowa is regulated at the state level by the Iowa Electrical Examining Board under the Department of Inspections, Appeals, and Licensing (DIAL). Under Iowa Code § 103.22(11), standard low-voltage installations (Class 2 and Class 3 remote control, signaling, optical fiber, voice, video, audio, and data signal systems) are exempt from general electrical licensing. However, specialized low-voltage applications may require a Special Electrician license endorsement, and full electrical contracting requires a Master Electrician license and state Electrical Contractor registration with DIAL. Local jurisdictions may impose additional municipal permitting requirements.", "license_source": "Iowa Electrical Examining Board / Department of Inspections, Appeals, and Licensing (DIAL), 2024, https://dial.iowa.gov", "bonding_requirement": "Licensed Electrical Contractors in Iowa must maintain at least $1,000,000 in general public liability insurance. Out-of-state contractors registering with DIAL are required to post a $25,000 surety bond.", "bonding_source": "Iowa Electrical Examining Board / DIAL, 2024, https://dial.iowa.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to the May 2023 BLS OEWS, Iowa had 7,450 employed electricians (SOC 47-2111), corresponding to an employment density of 4.825 jobs per 1,000 total state jobs and a location quotient of 1.03 relative to the national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ia.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 30.61 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Kansas", "where": "KS", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 28.79, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -3.97, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ks.htm", "license_regime": "No statewide license is required for low-voltage, security, or electrical contractors in Kansas. Contractor and electrician licensing is governed entirely at the local municipal and county level (e.g., Sedgwick County, Johnson County, City of Topeka). Local jurisdictions issue credentials across various tiers including Master Electrician, Journeyman Electrician, Residential Wireman, and Alarm Systems / Low-Voltage Technician.", "license_source": "Sedgwick County Metropolitan Area Building and Construction Department (MABCD), 2024", "bonding_requirement": "There is no statewide surety bond or general liability insurance requirement in Kansas for low-voltage or electrical contractors. Bonding and insurance minimums are set locally by individual cities and counties (for example, local jurisdictions typically require proof of general liability insurance and local municipal trade bonds).", "bonding_source": "Sedgwick County Metropolitan Area Building and Construction Department (MABCD), 2024, https://www.sedgwickcounty.org/mabcd", "market_size_or_density_note": "In May 2023, Kansas employed 5,820 electricians (SOC 47-2111) with a location quotient of 0.88 and a trade density of 4.122 jobs per 1,000 total jobs statewide.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates for Kansas, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ks.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 28.79 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Kentucky", "where": "KY", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 27.47, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -8.37, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ky.htm", "license_regime": "State-level licensing is required in Kentucky for low-voltage and electrical work through the Department of Housing, Buildings and Construction (DHBC) under KRS 227A. Tiers include Electrician (Journeyman), Master Electrician, and Electrical Contractor (a business-level license requiring a qualifying Master Electrician). Additionally, security/alarm installations require an Alarm System Installer Permit under KRS 198B.554.", "license_source": "Kentucky Department of Housing, Buildings and Construction (DHBC), 2026, https://dhbc.ky.gov", "bonding_requirement": "Kentucky does not enforce a statewide surety bond requirement for electrical contractors. However, state statute (KRS 227A.060) mandates that electrical contractors maintain a minimum of $500,000 in commercial general liability insurance and carry statutory workers' compensation insurance if employing staff.", "bonding_source": "Kentucky Department of Housing, Buildings and Construction (DHBC) / KRS 227A.060, 2026, https://dhbc.ky.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to the BLS OEWS May 2023 dataset, Kentucky has 9,620 total employed electricians (SOC 47-2111), corresponding to a concentration of 4.901 electrician jobs per 1,000 total statewide jobs and a location quotient of 1.04.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ky.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 27.47 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Louisiana", "where": "LA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 28.49, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -4.97, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) - Louisiana, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_la.htm", "license_regime": "State-level licensing is required in Louisiana. The Louisiana State Licensing Board for Contractors (LSLBC) requires a commercial electrical license with subclassifications such as Telecommunications or Electrical Controls/Instrumentation for projects exceeding $10,000 in value (labor and materials). Additionally, security, intrusion alarm, CCTV, and access control installations are regulated at the state level by the Louisiana Office of State Fire Marshal (OSFM) under Life Safety and Property Protection licensing.", "license_source": "Louisiana State Licensing Board for Contractors (LSLBC) / Louisiana Office of State Fire Marshal (OSFM), 2024, https://lslbc.gov", "bonding_requirement": "LSLBC commercial electrical contractor applicants must demonstrate a minimum net worth of $10,000 on financial statements or post a $10,000 surety bond / letter of credit in lieu of meeting net worth. Contractors must hold a minimum of $50,000 in general liability insurance ($500,000 minimum general liability for OSFM Property Protection firm endorsements) and carry Workers' Compensation insurance for employees.", "bonding_source": "Louisiana State Licensing Board for Contractors (LSLBC) / Louisiana Office of State Fire Marshal (OSFM), 2024, https://lslbc.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "Louisiana employs 11,100 electricians (SOC 47-2111), representing an employment density of 5.995 jobs per 1,000 total state jobs and a location quotient of 1.28 (28% above the national average job concentration).", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) - Louisiana, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_la.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 28.49 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Maine", "where": "ME", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 29.79, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -0.63, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_me.htm", "license_regime": "State-level licensing is required in Maine. The Maine Electricians' Examining Board, within the Department of Professional and Financial Regulation (DPFR) Office of Professional and Occupational Regulation, regulates the trade and issues a specialty 'Limited Electrician - Low Energy' license for low-voltage systems not exceeding 98 volts (including security, fire alarms, telecommunications, and HVAC controls). Tier requirements include 4,000 hours of electrical experience (with at least 2,000 hours in low-energy installations), 270 hours of approved electrical education, and passing the state exam.", "license_source": "Maine Department of Professional and Financial Regulation (DPFR), Electricians' Examining Board, 2024", "bonding_requirement": "Maine state law and the Electricians' Examining Board do not mandate state-level surety bond or general liability insurance minimums to obtain or hold a state electrical/limited electrician license; insurance and bonding minimums are established at the municipal or project level.", "bonding_source": "Maine Department of Professional and Financial Regulation (DPFR), Electricians' Examining Board, 2024, https://www.maine.gov/pfr/professionallicensing/professions/electricians", "market_size_or_density_note": "Maine employs approximately 3,380 electricians (SOC 47-2111), with an occupational density of 5.44 jobs per 1,000 total jobs and a location quotient of 1.16 compared to the national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_me.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 29.79 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Maryland", "where": "MD", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 30.3, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 1.07, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Maryland, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_md.htm", "license_regime": "State-level licensing is required under the Maryland State Board of Electricians (Maryland Department of Labor) pursuant to the Maryland Electricians Act (SB 762). State licensing tiers include Apprentice Electrician, Journeyperson Electrician, and Master Electrician. Low-voltage electrical installations tied to building systems require a state Master Electrician license (or direct supervision under one). Local counties/jurisdictions are permitted to issue local registrations and restricted low-voltage licenses for systems operating at 50 volts or less, while alarm and security system installation additionally requires licensing from the Office of the State Fire Marshal (OSFM).", "license_source": "Maryland Department of Labor, State Board of Electricians, 2021, https://www.labor.maryland.gov/license/elec", "bonding_requirement": "There is no statewide surety bond mandated by the State Board of Electricians. Active Master Electricians contracting electrical services must maintain general liability insurance of at least $300,000 and property damage insurance of at least $100,000, naming the State Board of Electricians as certificate holder. Certain local jurisdictions (e.g., Baltimore City) enforce local surety bond requirements (such as a $2,500 bond) for local electrical performance.", "bonding_source": "Maryland Department of Labor, State Board of Electricians (Md. Code, Bus. Occ. & Prof. § 6-604), 2021, https://www.labor.maryland.gov/license/elec", "market_size_or_density_note": "Maryland has 12,930 employed electricians (SOC 47-2111), with an employment density of 4.827 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 1.03.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Maryland, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_md.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 30.3 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Massachusetts", "where": "MA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 39.02, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 30.15, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ma.htm", "license_regime": "Massachusetts mandates state-level licensing through the Board of State Examiners of Electricians (BSEE). Low-voltage and security systems work requires specialized systems licenses: Systems Technician (Class D) for journeyman-level low-voltage installation (requires 4,000 hours of practical experience and 300 hours of education) and Systems Contractor (Class C) for master/contractor-level operations (requires holding a Class D license for at least 1 year and completing 75 additional education hours).", "license_source": "Massachusetts Board of State Examiners of Electricians, 2024", "bonding_requirement": "Under M.G.L. c. 141, § 8, contractors performing electrical/low-voltage work must provide proof of liability insurance, including completed operations coverage, issued by an insurer licensed in the Commonwealth, or a bond/indemnity providing equivalent coverage, prior to municipal permit issuance.", "bonding_source": "Massachusetts General Laws, Chapter 141, Section 8, 2024, https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleXX/Chapter141/Section8", "market_size_or_density_note": "As of May 2023, Massachusetts employed 19,140 electricians (SOC 47-2111) with a location quotient of 1.12, reflecting an occupational concentration 12% above the U.S. national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ma.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 39.02 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Michigan", "where": "MI", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 30.28, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 1, "median_wage_source": "BLS state OEWS, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_mi.htm", "license_regime": "State-level license required. Regulated by the Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs (LARA) Bureau of Construction Codes (BCC) under the Skilled Trades Regulation Act (MCL 339.5701 et seq.). Individual licensing tiers include Apprentice Electrician, Journeyman Electrician, and Master Electrician; business entities must hold an Electrical Contractor license (requiring a full-time resident Master Electrician as qualifier). Specialized low-voltage system credentials include Fire Alarm Specialty Technician / Fire Alarm Contractor licenses and Security Alarm Contractor Agency licenses (governed under MCL 338.1059).", "license_source": "Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs (LARA) Bureau of Construction Codes, 2024, https://www.michigan.gov/lara/bureau-list/bcc", "bonding_requirement": "Requirements vary by credential: Security Alarm Contractor Agencies must maintain a $25,000 surety bond or certificate of public liability insurance pursuant to MCL 338.1059. Standard Electrical Contractors must maintain general liability insurance as required by LARA; statewide mandatory surety bonds for general electrical contracting are set at municipal levels or project specifications rather than a single uniform state statute.", "bonding_source": "Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs (LARA), MCL 338.1059, 2024", "market_size_or_density_note": "Michigan employs 24,240 electricians (SOC 47-2111), representing a density of 5.576 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 1.19 (19% higher concentration than the national average).", "market_source": "BLS state OEWS, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_mi.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 30.28 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Minnesota", "where": "MN", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 37.52, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 25.15, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_mn.htm and https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "license_regime": "State-level licensing is required in Minnesota administered by the Department of Labor and Industry (DLI) Construction Codes and Licensing Division under Minn. Stat. § 326B.33. License tiers for low-voltage work include: 1) Individual License: Power Limited Technician (PLT), requiring 36 months of verified experience and passing an examination; 2) Business/Contractor License: Technology System Contractor (TSC), required for contracting entities and requiring at least one designated responsible licensed PLT or Master Electrician; and 3) Registered Unlicensed Individual for supervised trainees.", "license_source": "Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry (DLI), 2024", "bonding_requirement": "Technology System Contractors must maintain a $25,000 continuous surety bond filed with the Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry. Contractors must also maintain public liability insurance with minimum limits of $100,000 per person / $300,000 per occurrence for bodily injury and $50,000 for property damage (or $300,000 combined single limit), as well as statutory workers' compensation insurance if employing workers.", "bonding_source": "Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry (DLI) / Minnesota Statutes § 326B.33, 2024, https://www.dli.mn.gov/business/electrical-contractors", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS May 2023 data, Minnesota employed 11,280 workers in SOC 47-2111 with a concentration density of 3.915 per 1,000 jobs (location quotient of 0.83). State DEED data reports total statewide trade employment at 14,350.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_mn.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 37.52 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Mississippi", "where": "MS", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 27.39, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -8.64, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ms.htm", "license_regime": "Mississippi requires state-level licensing for low-voltage and security trades rather than city/county level licensing. The Mississippi State Board of Contractors (MSBOC) issues commercial contractor licenses for projects exceeding $50,000 and residential contractor licenses for low-voltage projects exceeding $10,000 under classifications such as 'Communication Systems and Low Voltage Electrical'. Alarm system contracting is regulated at the state level by the Mississippi State Fire Marshal (Electronic Protection Systems Licensing) under Miss. Code Ann. § 73-69-1 et seq., offering license tiers including Class A (Company), Class B (Technician), Class C (Installer), Class D (Salesperson), and Class H (Helper). Municipal and county licensing for alarm contracting is explicitly preempted by state statute.", "license_source": "Mississippi State Board of Contractors / Mississippi State Fire Marshal, 2024, https://www.msboc.us", "bonding_requirement": "For MSBOC commercial contractor license holders, a minimum general liability insurance policy of $300,000 per occurrence and $600,000 aggregate is required with MSBOC listed as certificate holder (workers' compensation required if employing 5 or more workers). Project-specific payment and performance surety bonds at 100% of contract value are required for public construction projects over $25,000. Under the State Fire Marshal's Electronic Protection Licensing Act, Class A alarm contracting companies must hold general liability and errors & omissions insurance or file a surety bond of not less than $300,000.", "bonding_source": "Mississippi State Board of Contractors / Mississippi Code Annotated § 73-69-11, 2024, https://www.msboc.us", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to May 2023 BLS OEWS data, Mississippi employed 5,040 electricians (SOC 47-2111) statewide, representing an employment density of 4.386 jobs per 1,000 total state jobs.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ms.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 27.39 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Missouri", "where": "MO", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 30.11, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 0.43, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_mo.htm", "license_regime": "In Missouri, low-voltage installations (Class 2 and Class 3 remote-control, signaling, optical fiber, voice, video, audio, and data cabling) are statutorily exempt from state electrical contractor licensing requirements under RSMo Section 324.915. Trade licensing is governed under home-rule principles at the local city or county level. However, the Missouri Division of Professional Registration (Office of Statewide Electrical Contractors) offers an optional statewide Electrical Contractor license under RSMo Section 324.920 for contractors seeking multi-jurisdictional recognition.", "license_source": "Missouri Division of Professional Registration / Missouri Revised Statutes Section 324.915 & Section 324.920, 2024, https://revisor.mo.gov/main/OneSection.aspx?section=324.915", "bonding_requirement": "Holders of the optional statewide Electrical Contractor license are required to maintain $500,000 in general liability insurance and post bonds as required by each individual political subdivision (city or county) in which work is performed.", "bonding_source": "Missouri Revisor of Statutes, RSMo Section 324.920.1(2), 2024, https://revisor.mo.gov/main/OneSection.aspx?section=324.920", "market_size_or_density_note": "Missouri employs 12,390 electricians (SOC 47-2111), representing a concentration of 4.309 electrician jobs per 1,000 total state jobs and a location quotient of 0.92 relative to national employment.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_mo.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 30.11 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Montana", "where": "MT", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 31.05, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 3.57, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_mt.htm", "license_regime": "Montana exempts electrical work operating under 90 volts AC/DC from state electrician licensing under MCA § 37-68-103(9), covering standard security, access control, CCTV, and structured cabling. However, fire alarm systems require state licensing regardless of voltage via the Montana Fire Prevention Licensure Program. For electrical work exceeding 90V, licensing is governed statewide by the Montana State Electrical Board, offering individual tiers (Residential, Journeyman, Master Electrician) and contractor tiers (Limited and Unlimited Electrical Contractor).", "license_source": "Montana Department of Labor and Industry (DLI) State Electrical Board / Montana Code Annotated (MCA § 37-68-103), 2023", "bonding_requirement": "Montana does not require a state-level surety bond for electrical contractors or contractor registration. Licensed electrical contractors are required to provide proof of compliance with the Montana Workers' Compensation Act and Unemployment Insurance Law (ARM 24.141.505). Surety bonds or general liability insurance may be required by local city/county jurisdictions or specific project contracts.", "bonding_source": "Montana Department of Labor and Industry (DLI) State Electrical Board, 2023, https://boards.bsd.dli.mt.gov/electrical", "market_size_or_density_note": "Montana employs approximately 2,890 electricians (SOC 47-2111), representing a density of 5.77 jobs per 1,000 state positions and a Location Quotient of 1.23 compared to the national baseline.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_mt.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 31.05 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Nebraska", "where": "NE", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 28.68, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -4.34, "median_wage_source": "BLS OEWS, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Nebraska, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ne.htm and May 2023 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "license_regime": "State-level license required. Under the Nebraska State Electrical Act (Neb. Rev. Stat. § 81-2101 et seq.), licensing is administered statewide by the Nebraska State Electrical Division. License tiers include Electrical Contractor, Journeyman Electrician, Residential Journeyman, Fire Alarm Installer (50V or less), Class S Special Electrician (Sound, Communication, and Television), and Apprentice Electrician. Additionally, contractors must register statewide with the Nebraska Department of Labor under the Nebraska Contractor Registration Act.", "license_source": "Nebraska State Electrical Division, Nebraska State Electrical Act, 2023, https://electrical.nebraska.gov", "bonding_requirement": "Under the Nebraska State Electrical Act (Rule 8), electrical contractors must maintain general liability insurance of at least $100,000 per person, $300,000 per accident, and $100,000 for property damage, plus statutory workers' compensation insurance if employing workers. There is no statewide blanket surety bond requirement for state trade licensing, though specific public contracts or local municipal permits may mandate project bonds.", "bonding_source": "Nebraska State Electrical Division, Nebraska State Electrical Act, 2023, https://electrical.nebraska.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "Nebraska employed 6,160 electricians (SOC 47-2111) as of May 2023, representing a density of 6.15 jobs per 1,000 total state jobs and a location quotient of 1.31 (31% higher concentration than the US national average of 4.69 per 1,000 jobs).", "market_source": "BLS OEWS, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Nebraska, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ne.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 28.68 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Nevada", "where": "NV", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 29.07, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -3.04, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nv.htm", "license_regime": "State-level licensing is required in Nevada through the Nevada State Contractors Board (NSCB). Low-voltage work on systems operating under 91 volts requires a C-2d Low Voltage Systems specialty license, which is a subclassification of the broader Class C-2 Electrical Contractor license. Holding a full C-2 Electrical Contractor license covers all C-2d scope. Requirements include 4 years of verifiable journey-level experience within the last 10 years and passing both the Contractor Management Survey (business & law) exam and the C-2d Trade exam.", "license_source": "Nevada State Contractors Board (NSCB), 2024, https://www.nvcontractorsboard.com", "bonding_requirement": "Nevada requires a license surety bond or cash deposit in an amount set by the Board upon license approval, ranging from $1,000 to $500,000 based on monetary limit, experience, and financial responsibility. Contractors with employees must also maintain proof of Workers' Compensation / Industrial Insurance.", "bonding_source": "Nevada State Contractors Board (NSCB), 2024, https://www.nvcontractorsboard.com", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS May 2023 data, Nevada employed 8,370 workers in SOC 47-2111 (Electricians), reflecting a density of 5.652 jobs per 1,000 total state occupations and a location quotient of 1.20 relative to the U.S. average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nv.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 29.07 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "New Hampshire", "where": "NH", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 29.46, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -1.73, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nh.htm", "license_regime": "In New Hampshire, low-voltage signaling and security circuits (including fire alarms, burglar/security alarms, access control, CCTV, audio/video, and telecommunications) are exempt from state electrical trade licensing under RSA 319-C. Statewide licensing, administered by the New Hampshire Office of Professional Licensure and Certification (OPLC) - Electricians' Board, is required for electrical installations used for heat, light, and power operating at 30 volts or higher. Regulated license tiers for electrical work include Apprentice Electrician, Journeyman Electrician, Master Electrician, and High/Medium Voltage Electrician.", "license_source": "New Hampshire Office of Professional Licensure and Certification (OPLC) Electricians' Board, 2024, https://www.oplc.nh.gov/electricians-board", "bonding_requirement": "New Hampshire does not mandate a statewide surety bond for electrical or low-voltage trade licensing. Licensed electrical contractors operating at state level must maintain general liability insurance and carry workers' compensation coverage if employing 1 or more employees (RSA 281-A). Exempt low-voltage signaling contractors have no state-level bonding requirement, though home improvement contractors carry a $10,000 bond requirement under RSA 332-B.", "bonding_source": "New Hampshire Office of Professional Licensure and Certification (OPLC) / RSA 319-C, 2024, https://www.oplc.nh.gov/electricians-board", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to the May 2023 BLS OEWS data, New Hampshire employed 3,450 electricians (SOC 47-2111), representing 5.103 positions per 1,000 jobs in the state and a Location Quotient of 1.09 (9% above national average employment density).", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nh.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 29.46 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "New Jersey", "where": "NJ", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 32.81, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 9.44, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nj.htm", "license_regime": "State-level licensing is required in New Jersey. The state does not offer a separate 'low-voltage' electrical license tier; low-voltage wiring falls under a full Electrical Contractor License issued by the New Jersey Board of Examiners of Electrical Contractors. Specialized low-voltage security and life-safety systems (burglar alarm, fire alarm, and access control) are regulated at the state level by the Fire Alarm, Burglar Alarm and Locksmith Advisory Committee (operating under the Board of Examiners of Electrical Contractors), which issues separate Burglar Alarm and Fire Alarm business and individual licenses.", "license_source": "New Jersey Division of Consumer Affairs, Board of Examiners of Electrical Contractors / Fire Alarm, Burglar Alarm and Locksmith Advisory Committee, 2024, https://www.njconsumeraffairs.gov/elec", "bonding_requirement": "Licensed Electrical Contractors are required to maintain a $1,000 surety bond (business permit bond) and a minimum of $300,000 in commercial general liability insurance. Licensed Alarm Businesses (Burglar Alarm / Fire Alarm) are required to maintain a $10,000 surety bond and a minimum of $1,000,000 in general liability insurance (N.J.A.C. 13:31A).", "bonding_source": "New Jersey Division of Consumer Affairs, Fire Alarm, Burglar Alarm and Locksmith Advisory Committee / N.J.A.C. 13:31A, 2024, https://www.njconsumeraffairs.gov/alarm", "market_size_or_density_note": "As of May 2023, New Jersey employed 14,350 electricians (SOC 47-2111), corresponding to an employment density of 3.416 jobs per 1,000 total state jobs and a location quotient of 0.73.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nj.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 32.81 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "New Mexico", "where": "NM", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 26.92, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -10.21, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nm.htm", "license_regime": "A state-level license is required in New Mexico, managed by the Regulation and Licensing Department, Construction Industries Division (CID). Low-voltage and security system installation is licensed under specialty contractor classifications such as ES-3 (Low Voltage Special Systems under 50V) or ES-7 (Telephone Communication Systems), or under the broader EE-98 (Residential and Commercial Electrical Contractor) license. Individual installers must hold corresponding Journeyman certification (e.g., ES-3J or EE-98J) and assign a Qualifying Party.", "license_source": "New Mexico Regulation and Licensing Department, Construction Industries Division (CID), 2024, https://www.rld.nm.gov/construction-industries", "bonding_requirement": "Contractors licensed through the CID must maintain a $10,000 surety bond (NMSA 1978, § 60-13-49), along with $300,000 in commercial general liability insurance and statutory workers' compensation coverage.", "bonding_source": "New Mexico Compilation Commission / NMSA 1978 § 60-13-49, 2022, https://nmonesource.com", "market_size_or_density_note": "As of May 2023, New Mexico has an estimated employment of 5,060 workers in the Electricians trade (BLS SOC 47-2111), representing an employment concentration of 5.987 per 1,000 jobs (Location Quotient of 1.28).", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nm.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 26.92 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "New York", "where": "NY", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 36.84, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 22.88, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023 (published April 2024), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ny.htm", "license_regime": "New York State does not issue a statewide general electrician license; general electrical licensing is regulated locally at the city or county level (e.g., NYC Department of Buildings licenses Master Electricians and Special Electricians). However, New York State requires a statewide Security or Fire Alarm Installer license issued by the New York State Department of State (NYSDOS) Division of Licensing Services under Article 6-D of the General Business Law for businesses and individuals installing, servicing, or maintaining security, burglar, CCTV, or fire alarm systems. Licensing tiers include Individual/Business License, Qualifying Officer, Registered Employee ID Cards, and Master Electrician Waiver/Registration.", "license_source": "New York State Department of State, Division of Licensing Services, General Business Law Article 6-D (2024), https://dos.ny.gov/business-installing-servicing-or-maintaining-security-or-fire-alarm-systems", "bonding_requirement": "Under 19 NYCRR § 195.19, businesses licensed under Article 6-D that employ security guards must maintain comprehensive general liability insurance with minimum coverage of $100,000 per occurrence and $300,000 in the aggregate. There is no general state-level surety bond requirement mandated under Article 6-D for standard alarm installer licensure.", "bonding_source": "New York State Department of State / Official Compilation of Codes, Rules and Regulations of the State of New York (19 NYCRR § 195.19), 2024, https://dos.ny.gov/business-installing-servicing-or-maintaining-security-or-fire-alarm-systems", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS May 2023 data, New York State had 39,310 workers employed as Electricians (SOC 47-2111), representing an employment density of 4.14 jobs per 1,000 total statewide jobs and a location quotient of 0.88.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023 (published April 2024), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ny.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 36.84 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "North Carolina", "where": "NC", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 24.49, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -18.31, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nc.htm", "license_regime": "State-level licensing is required. The North Carolina State Board of Examiners of Electrical Contractors (NCBEEC) regulates electrical contracting statewide. Classifications include primary licenses, Limited (projects up to $60,000, max 600V), Intermediate (projects up to $150,000), and Unlimited (no dollar value limit), as well as Special Restricted classifications including Fire Alarm/Low Voltage (SP-FA/LV).", "license_source": "North Carolina State Board of Examiners of Electrical Contractors (NCBEEC), 2024, https://www.ncbeec.org", "bonding_requirement": "Under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 87-43.2 and NCBEEC rules, Intermediate electrical contractor license applicants must submit a $60,000 Statement of Bonding Ability, and Unlimited applicants must submit a $150,000 Statement of Bonding Ability. Limited and Special Restricted (SP-FA/LV) classifications do not require a Statement of Bonding Ability. Workers' compensation insurance is required by state law for employers with 3 or more employees.", "bonding_source": "North Carolina State Board of Examiners of Electrical Contractors (NCBEEC) / N.C. Gen. Stat. § 87-43.2, 2024, https://www.ncbeec.org", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS (May 2023), North Carolina employed 21,900 electricians (SOC 47-2111) with an employment density of 4.567 per 1,000 jobs (location quotient of 0.97).", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - North Carolina, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nc.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 24.49 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "North Dakota", "where": "ND", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 36.6, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 22.08, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nd.htm", "license_regime": "State-level license required. The North Dakota State Electrical Board (NDSEB) regulates low-voltage and power-limited systems work under N.D.C.C. Chapter 43-09 and N.D. Admin. Code § 24.1-03-01-05. Tiers include Contracting Power Limited Electrician, Power Limited Electrician of Record, Noncontracting Power Limited Electrician, and Power Limited Apprentice Electrician. Requirements include 6,000 hours of documented experience over at least 2.5 years under supervision and passing a state written exam.", "license_source": "North Dakota State Electrical Board (NDSEB), 2024, https://www.ndseb.com", "bonding_requirement": "Under N.D.C.C. § 43-09-20, contracting power-limited electricians must maintain public liability insurance with limits of at least $500,000 per occurrence. Electrical contracting operations carry a $10,000 surety bond threshold required by the NDSEB, and Secretary of State general contractor licenses require surety bonds ranging from $25,000 to $75,000 depending on contractor license class (N.D.C.C. Chapter 43-07).", "bonding_source": "North Dakota Legislative Branch (N.D.C.C. § 43-09-20), 2024, https://www.ndlegis.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS May 2023 OEWS data, North Dakota employs 3,180 electricians (SOC 47-2111) with a location quotient of 1.62 (7.614 jobs per 1,000 total state jobs, significantly above national density). IBISWorld reports 1,171 electrical contractor establishment locations employing 5,345 workers, alongside 193 security alarm service locations employing 215 workers in North Dakota.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS (May 2023) and IBISWorld (2026), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nd.htm and https://www.ibisworld.com", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 36.6 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Ohio", "where": "OH", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 30.46, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 1.6, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_oh.htm", "license_regime": "Commercial electrical contracting requires a state-level Electrical Contractor license issued by the Ohio Construction Industry Licensing Board (OCILB), under the Ohio Department of Commerce (Ohio Revised Code Chapter 4740). Residential electrical work and journeyman credentials are managed at the local municipal level (city/county), while home construction service suppliers on residential projects over $25,000 register with the Ohio Attorney General.", "license_source": "Ohio Department of Commerce, Division of Industrial Compliance, Ohio Construction Industry Licensing Board (OCILB), 2024, https://com.ohio.gov/divisions-and-programs/industrial-compliance/boards/ohio-construction-industry-licensing-board", "bonding_requirement": "State licensure through OCILB requires proof of at least $500,000 in general liability insurance (Ohio Administrative Code § 4740-1-03) and mandatory workers' compensation coverage via the Ohio Bureau of Workers' Compensation (BWC) for employers. OCILB does not mandate a statewide surety bond, but individual municipalities frequently require local contractor registration/permit bonds ranging from $10,000 to $25,000.", "bonding_source": "Ohio Construction Industry Licensing Board (OCILB) / Ohio Administrative Code § 4740-1-03, 2024, https://com.ohio.gov/divisions-and-programs/industrial-compliance/boards/ohio-construction-industry-licensing-board", "market_size_or_density_note": "As of May 2023, Ohio employed 24,430 electricians (SOC 47-2111), representing a density of 4.467 electricians per 1,000 jobs and an employment location quotient of 0.95 relative to the national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_oh.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 30.46 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Oklahoma", "where": "OK", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 27.76, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -7.4, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ok.htm", "license_regime": "State-level licensing is required in Oklahoma. Low-voltage electrical work is regulated statewide by the Oklahoma Construction Industries Board (CIB) under the Electrical License Act (including Limited Electrical Contractor, Journeyman, and Apprentice tiers). Security, burglar alarm, fire alarm, CCTV, access control, and locksmith systems are regulated statewide by the Oklahoma Department of Labor (ODOL) under the Alarm, Locksmith, and Fire Sprinkler Industry Act (tiers include Company License, Manager, Technician, Salesperson, and Trainee).", "license_source": "Oklahoma Construction Industries Board (CIB) & Oklahoma Department of Labor (ODOL), 2023/2025, https://oklahoma.gov/cib.html and", "bonding_requirement": "For CIB electrical and limited electrical contractors, Oklahoma requires a continuous $5,000 corporate surety bond and a minimum of $50,000 commercial general liability insurance. For ODOL alarm and security company licensees (59 O.S. § 1800.8), requirements include a $5,000 surety bond and a minimum of $100,000 commercial general liability insurance.", "bonding_source": "Oklahoma Construction Industries Board (CIB) & Oklahoma Department of Labor, 2023/2026, https://oklahoma.gov/cib.html", "market_size_or_density_note": "Oklahoma employs 7,220 workers in SOC 47-2111 (Electricians) statewide, with major regional employment concentrations in the Oklahoma City MSA (2,830 jobs; density of 4.31 jobs per 1,000) and Tulsa MSA (2,090 jobs; density of 4.72 jobs per 1,000).", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ok.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 27.76 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Oregon", "where": "OR", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 42.68, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 42.36, "median_wage_source": "BLS OEWS, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_or.htm", "license_regime": "State-level license required. Regulated by the Oregon Building Codes Division (BCD) under ORS Chapter 479. Technician tiers include Class A Limited Energy Technician (LEA, covering all low-voltage/limited energy systems statewide including fire and burglar alarms) and Class B Limited Energy Technician (LEB, restricted scope excluding protective signaling). Contracting businesses must also hold a CCB registration as a Limited Energy Electrical Contractor.", "license_source": "Oregon Building Codes Division, 2026, https://www.oregon.gov/bcd", "bonding_requirement": "Individual LEA and LEB technician licenses require $0 surety bond and $0 insurance. Contracting businesses registered with the CCB must maintain a CCB contractor surety bond ($20,000 for residential specialty, $25,000 for Level 2 commercial specialty, $55,000 for Level 1 commercial specialty) and general liability insurance ($100,000 to $500,000 minimum per occurrence depending on contractor endorsement level).", "bonding_source": "Oregon Construction Contractors Board, 2026, https://www.oregon.gov/ccb", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS May 2023 OEWS data, Oregon has an estimated 9,260 employed electricians (SOC 47-2111) with a location quotient of 1.02 relative to national employment density, as well as 890 security and fire alarm systems installers (SOC 49-2098).", "market_source": "BLS OEWS, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_or.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 42.68 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Pennsylvania", "where": "PA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 31.59, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 5.37, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (Pennsylvania), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_pa.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level electrical or low-voltage license is issued by Pennsylvania; trade licensing is governed locally by individual municipalities (e.g., Philadelphia, Pittsburgh). However, contractors performing more than $5,000 annually in residential home improvement work must register as a Home Improvement Contractor (HIC) with the state Office of Attorney General under the Home Improvement Consumer Protection Act.", "license_source": "Pennsylvania Office of Attorney General, Bureau of Consumer Protection, 2024, https://www.attorneygeneral.gov/resources/home-improvement-contractor-registration", "bonding_requirement": "State HIC registration requires proof of general liability insurance with minimum coverage of $50,000 for personal injury and $50,000 for property damage per occurrence. No statewide surety bond is mandated by state law, though individual municipalities may require bonding for local permits.", "bonding_source": "Pennsylvania Office of Attorney General, Home Improvement Consumer Protection Act (73 P.S. § 517.1 et seq.), 2024, https://www.attorneygeneral.gov/resources/home-improvement-contractor-registration", "market_size_or_density_note": "Pennsylvania employed 20,770 electricians (SOC 47-2111) as of May 2023, representing a location quotient of 0.74 relative to the national average employment concentration.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (Pennsylvania), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_pa.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 31.59 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Rhode Island", "where": "RI", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 31.85, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 6.24, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ri.htm", "license_regime": "Statewide licensing is required in Rhode Island and administered by the Department of Labor and Training (DLT) Division of Professional Regulation. Licensure tiers include Telecommunications System Contractor (TSC), Telecommunications System Technician (TST), Telecommunications System Limited Installer (TSLI), and Telecommunications Apprentice (under R.I. Gen. Laws § 5-70), as well as Limited Premises Wiring (LPW), Burglar Alarm Installer (Class BF), and Fire Alarm Installer (Class FA) classifications (under R.I. Gen. Laws § 5-6).", "license_source": "Rhode Island Department of Labor and Training (DLT) Division of Professional Regulation, 2026", "bonding_requirement": "Alarm businesses are required to post a $10,000 surety bond with the state licensing authority pursuant to R.I. Gen. Laws § 5-57-16. In addition, contractors registering with the Rhode Island Contractors' Registration and Licensing Board (CRLB) under R.I. Gen. Laws § 5-65 must maintain a minimum of $500,000 in public liability insurance ($300,000 minimum liability insurance for DLT trade contractor qualification).", "bonding_source": "Rhode Island General Laws Chapter 5-57 (§ 5-57-16) and Rhode Island Contractors' Registration and Licensing Board (CRLB), 2026, https://dlt.ri.gov/regulation-and-safety/professional-regulation", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to May 2023 BLS OEWS estimates, Rhode Island has 2,350 employed workers in SOC 47-2111 (Electricians) with a location quotient of 1.03 (representing 4.81 jobs per 1,000 total statewide employment).", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ri.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 31.85 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "South Carolina", "where": "SC", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 24.98, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -16.68, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_sc.htm", "license_regime": "South Carolina requires state-level licensing rather than local/county licensing for low-voltage and security system contractors. Burglar and fire alarm contracting is regulated statewide by the South Carolina Contractor's Licensing Board under the SC Department of Labor, Licensing and Regulation (LLR) pursuant to the Alarm System Business Act (S.C. Code Ann. § 40-79). Separate license classifications exist for Burglar Alarm Contractor, Fire Alarm Contractor, and Low Voltage Specialty (ST-LV) Contractor (for general telecommunications/low-voltage projects valued over $5,000). Qualifying parties must pass PSI examinations, complete background checks, and hold NTS Level I/II or NICET certifications.", "license_source": "South Carolina Department of Labor, Licensing and Regulation (LLR) - Contractor's Licensing Board, 2024, https://llr.sc.gov/clb/alarm.aspx", "bonding_requirement": "South Carolina requires Burglar and Fire Alarm Contractor applicants to maintain a Certificate of Comprehensive General Liability Insurance providing a minimum coverage of $100,000 for bodily injury, death, or property damage resulting from negligent acts, with the SC Contractor's Licensing Board designated as the certificate holder.", "bonding_source": "South Carolina Department of Labor, Licensing and Regulation (LLR) - Contractor's Licensing Board, Burglar and Fire Alarm Contractors Applications and Forms, 2024, https://llr.sc.gov/clb/alarm.aspx", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS data, South Carolina employed 7,320 electricians (SOC 47-2111) statewide, representing a concentration density of 3.291 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 0.70 relative to national employment density.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_sc.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 24.98 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "South Dakota", "where": "SD", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 27.76, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -7.4, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_sd.htm and https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "license_regime": "State-level licensing is required for electrical work in South Dakota under the South Dakota Electrical Commission (SDCL Chapter 36-16). The state does not offer a standalone low-voltage specialty license; low-voltage and security installation work is regulated under standard electrical licensing tiers or exempt if qualified as power-limited signaling or communications circuits under NEC standards. Primary license tiers include Electrical Contractor, Journeyman Electrician, Class B Electrician, Apprentice Electrician, and Maintenance Electrician.", "license_source": "South Dakota Electrical Commission / South Dakota Legislature, SDCL Chapter 36-16 (2024), https://sdlegislature.gov/Statutes/Codified_Laws/2048593", "bonding_requirement": "Licensed Electrical Contractors and Class B Electricians must execute and deposit a $10,000 surety bond (undertaking) with the State Electrical Commission. They must also maintain public liability insurance with minimum limits of $100,000 per occurrence and $300,000 aggregate for bodily injury and property damage (or $300,000 combined single limit), along with a $50 initial/biennial special fund deposit (SDCL § 36-16-20).", "bonding_source": "South Dakota Legislature, SDCL § 36-16-20 (2024), https://sdlegislature.gov/Statutes/Codified_Laws/2048593", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to May 2023 BLS OEWS estimates, South Dakota employs 2,650 electricians (SOC 47-2111), representing an employment concentration of 5.973 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient (density) of 1.27 relative to the national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_sd.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 27.76 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Tennessee", "where": "TN", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 26.62, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -11.21, "median_wage_source": "BLS OEWS, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Tennessee (SOC 47-2111 Electricians), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_tn.htm", "license_regime": "Tennessee regulates low-voltage and security contracting at the state level through dual boards. The Tennessee Board for Licensing Contractors (TBLC) requires a contractor license with a CE-C (Communication and Low Voltage) classification for projects where total cost is $25,000 or more (T.C.A. § 62-6-102). Projects under $25,000 may operate under a Limited Licensed Electrician (LLE) registration. Burglar alarm, fire alarm, monitoring, CCTV, and access control work require a separate Alarm Systems Contractor License issued by the Tennessee Alarm Systems Contractors Board (ASCB) under T.C.A. Title 62, Chapter 32, along with registration for individual alarm system employees.", "license_source": "Tennessee Board for Licensing Contractors & Alarm Systems Contractors Board, Department of Commerce and Insurance, 2024", "bonding_requirement": "TBLC contractor licenses do not mandate a general surety bond unless an applicant uses a bond ($500,000 bond for limits up to $3M) to supplement working capital or net worth requirements. TBLC requires general liability insurance ranging from $100,000 (for license limits up to $500,000) to $1,000,000 (for limits over $1.5M). The Alarm Systems Contractors Board (ASCB) requires minimum general liability insurance of $100,000 per occurrence, $300,000 aggregate, and $50,000 property damage (T.C.A. § 62-32-308). Workers' compensation insurance is required per state law.", "bonding_source": "Tennessee Department of Commerce and Insurance - Board for Licensing Contractors & T.C.A. § 62-32-308, 2024", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to the BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) 2024 annual averages, Tennessee has 1,966 electrical contracting establishments (NAICS 238210) employing 23,196 workers with an industry location quotient of 1.05. Additionally, BLS OEWS May 2023 reports 17,200 employed electricians across Tennessee.", "market_source": "BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) (2024), https://www.bls.gov/cew/ & BLS OEWS May 2023 State Estimates - Tennessee, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_tn.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 26.62 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Texas", "where": "TX", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 28.16, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -6.07, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) via O*NET Online, 2025 OEWS Wage Data, https://www.onetonline.org/link/localwages/47-2111.00?st=TX", "license_regime": "State-level licensing is required in Texas for low-voltage and security contracting. Under Texas Occupations Code Chapter 1702, alarm, access control, CCTV, and security system installation businesses must obtain a Class B Security Contractor license from the Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS) Private Security Program, and individual technicians must hold specific registrations (e.g., Alarm System Installer, Electronic Access Control Device Installer). Fire alarm installation requires a Fire Alarm Certificate of Registration (ACR) from the Texas State Fire Marshal's Office (SFMO) under Insurance Code Chapter 6002. Electrical line-voltage wiring and general electrical work are regulated by the Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation (TDLR) under Occupations Code Chapter 1305.", "license_source": "Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS) Private Security Program / Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation (TDLR), 2026, https://www.dps.texas.gov/section/private-security", "bonding_requirement": "For DPS Private Security contractors (alarm/security), state regulations require minimum Commercial General Liability insurance of $100,000 per occurrence for bodily injury and property damage, $50,000 per occurrence for personal injury, and $200,000 aggregate (submitted via Certificate of Insurance Form PSB-05). For TDLR-licensed Electrical Contractors, state rules (16 TAC § 73.40) require minimum liability limits of $300,000 per occurrence, $600,000 aggregate, and $300,000 aggregate for products and completed operations.", "bonding_source": "Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS) Form PSB-05 / Texas Administrative Code 16 TAC § 73.40, 2026", "market_size_or_density_note": "Texas represents one of the largest markets for electrical and wiring installation in the nation. According to BLS OEWS May 2023 data, Texas employed 70,580 electricians (SOC 47-2111) with an employment density of 5.21 per 1,000 jobs (Location Quotient 1.11), ranking second nationally in total occupational workforce.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_tx.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 28.16 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Utah", "where": "UT", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 28.79, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -3.97, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ut.htm", "license_regime": "State-level licensing is required. Regulated statewide by the Utah Division of Occupational and Professional Licensing (DOPL) under Utah Code Title 58, Chapter 55. Primary contractor classifications include S211 (Low Voltage Electrical Contractor) and S200 (General Electrical Contractor), alongside individual electrician licensing and Burglar Alarm Company registration where applicable.", "license_source": "Utah Division of Occupational and Professional Licensing (DOPL), 2024, https://dopl.utah.gov", "bonding_requirement": "A contractor license surety bond of $15,000 is required for specialty classifications under Utah Code § 58-55-306 if financial responsibility standards are not otherwise met. General liability insurance minimum coverage under Administrative Rule R156-55a is $100,000 per occurrence / $300,000 aggregate (with updated rule amendments establishing $1,000,000 per occurrence / $2,000,000 aggregate).", "bonding_source": "Utah Division of Occupational and Professional Licensing (DOPL) / Utah Code § 58-55-306 & Administrative Rule R156-55a, 2024, https://dopl.utah.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS data, Utah has 11,350 employed Electricians (SOC 47-2111), reflecting an above-average occupational concentration with a location quotient of 1.44 (6.76 jobs per 1,000 state jobs).", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ut.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 28.79 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Vermont", "where": "VT", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 27.32, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -8.87, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (Vermont) and May 2023 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_vt.htm and https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nat.htm", "license_regime": "Vermont mandates state-level licensing for low-voltage and security installations through the Electrical Licensing Board, administered by the Department of Public Safety Division of Fire Safety. The board issues Type S Specialty Electrician licenses (with specialty designations including low voltage, fire alarm, and burglar alarm/security). Tiers include Specialist/Journeyman Type S and Master Type S credentials, requiring 2,000 hours (with approved training) or 4,000 hours of documented specialty experience, passing a specialty examination, and work under a supervising Master Electrician.", "license_source": "Vermont Department of Public Safety Division of Fire Safety, 2024", "bonding_requirement": "Vermont does not impose a state-level surety bond requirement or mandatory minimum general liability insurance for electrician or Type S specialty electrician licensing. However, Vermont law mandates that any employer with one or more employees maintain Workers' Compensation insurance coverage.", "bonding_source": "Vermont Department of Public Safety Division of Fire Safety, 2024", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to May 2023 BLS OEWS estimates, Vermont employed 1,240 electricians (SOC 47-2111) representing a concentration of 4.129 per 1,000 jobs, alongside 40 specialized security and fire alarm systems installers (SOC 49-2098).", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (Vermont), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_vt.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 27.32 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Virginia", "where": "VA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 29, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -3.27, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_va.htm and https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nat.htm", "license_regime": "State-level licensure is required for projects valued at $1,000 or more through the Virginia Department of Professional and Occupational Regulation (DPOR) Board for Contractors. Licensure tiers include Class C (single projects $1,000 to $10,000; up to $150,000 annually), Class B (single projects $10,000 to $120,000; up to $750,000 annually), and Class A (unlimited contract and annual limits). Low-voltage/security operations require relevant specialty designations such as Electrical (ELE) or Electronic System Contracting (ESC).", "license_source": "Virginia Department of Professional and Occupational Regulation (DPOR) Board for Contractors, 2023, https://www.dpor.virginia.gov/Boards/Contractors", "bonding_requirement": "Class C contractors have no net worth or surety bond requirement. Class B contractors must demonstrate a minimum net worth of $15,000 or post a $50,000 surety bond in lieu of net worth. Class A contractors must demonstrate a minimum net worth of $45,000 or post a $50,000 surety bond in lieu of net worth. General liability insurance minimums are not specified by state statute for standard contractor licensure.", "bonding_source": "Virginia Department of Professional and Occupational Regulation (DPOR) Board for Contractors / Va. Code § 54.1-1120.1, 2023, https://www.dpor.virginia.gov/Boards/Contractors", "market_size_or_density_note": "As of May 2023, Virginia employed 22,150 workers in the Electricians trade (SOC 47-2111), representing a job concentration of 5.563 per 1,000 state jobs and a location quotient of 1.19 relative to the national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_va.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 29 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Washington", "where": "WA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 39.44, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 31.55, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_wa.htm", "license_regime": "State-level licensing is required in Washington State, governed by the Washington State Department of Labor & Industries (L&I) under RCW 19.28. Individual worker tiers include Electrical Trainee, General Journey Level Electrician (01), and Specialty Electricians (such as Specialty 06 Limited Energy System for low-voltage circuits, alarms, audio, and controls). Contracting businesses must hold an Electrical Contractor or Specialty Electrical Contractor License and maintain an assigned, certified Electrical Administrator or Master Electrician.", "license_source": "Washington State Department of Labor & Industries (L&I), 2024, https://lni.wa.gov/licensing-permits/electrical/electrical-licensing-exams-education", "bonding_requirement": "Requires a $4,000 continuous surety bond (or assignment of savings account) on file with L&I for an electrical contractor license. General construction contractor registration requires liability insurance of at least $200,000 public liability and $50,000 property damage ($250,000 combined single limit), along with state-administered workers' compensation coverage for employers.", "bonding_source": "Washington State Department of Labor & Industries (L&I), 2024, https://lni.wa.gov/licensing-permits/electrical/electrical-licensing-exams-education/electrical-contractor", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS data, Washington State employed 18,820 electricians (SOC 47-2111), representing an occupational density of 5.384 electricians per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 1.15.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_wa.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 39.44 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "West Virginia", "where": "WV", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 30.34, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 1.2, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_wv.htm & https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nat.htm)", "license_regime": "State-level licensing is required in West Virginia. Individual licensing is issued by the West Virginia State Fire Marshal (SFMO) under tiers: Apprentice, Journeyman, Master, and Specialty Electrician (including Low Voltage). For contracting businesses, the West Virginia Contractor Licensing Board (WVCLB) within the Division of Labor requires an Electrical Contractor or Specialty Contractor license for projects exceeding $1,000.", "license_source": "West Virginia Division of Labor, Contractor Licensing Board & State Fire Marshal, 2024", "bonding_requirement": "Requires a minimum of $250,000 in Commercial General Liability insurance, proof of Workers' Compensation insurance, and a Wage Payment Collection Bond equal to 115% of four weeks' gross payroll (or a Wage Bond Status Affidavit if exempt). Non-resident contractors must post a bond equal to 6% of gross contract value.", "bonding_source": "West Virginia Division of Labor, Contractor Licensing Board, 2024", "market_size_or_density_note": "West Virginia employs 3,560 electricians (SOC 47-2111) with an occupational location quotient of 1.10, representing a worker concentration 10% higher than the national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_wv.htm)", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 30.34 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Wisconsin", "where": "WI", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 34.65, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 15.58, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_wi.htm", "license_regime": "State-level regulation is managed by the Wisconsin Department of Safety and Professional Services (DSPS). Systems operating at 50 volts or less are generally exempt from state electrical contractor licensing requirements, though higher-voltage installations require a Registered Electrical Contractor (REC) registration with a designated Master Electrician or specialized individual credentials (e.g., Limited Energy Technician, Fire Alarm Installer). Local municipalities can enforce local licensing and permitting rules.", "license_source": "Wisconsin Department of Safety and Professional Services (DSPS), 2025, https://dsps.wi.gov/Pages/Professions/ElectricalContractor/Default.aspx", "bonding_requirement": "Statewide Registered Electrical Contractor (REC) credentials through DSPS do not enforce a blanket surety bond requirement, but residential work under a Dwelling Contractor License requires a minimum $25,000 surety bond and $250,000 general liability insurance per Wis. Stat. § 101.654. Local municipalities (e.g., Milwaukee, Superior, Madison) enforce local bonding requirements ranging from $5,000 to $25,000.", "bonding_source": "Wisconsin State Legislature / DSPS Chapter SPS 305, Wis. Stat. § 101.654, 2025", "market_size_or_density_note": "Wisconsin employs approximately 11,630 workers in the Electricians trade category (BLS SOC 47-2111), representing an employment density of roughly 4.03 per 1,000 jobs statewide.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_wi.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 34.65 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Wyoming", "where": "WY", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 30.98, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 3.34, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_wy.htm", "license_regime": "State-level licensing is required in Wyoming for electrical and low-voltage work. The Wyoming Department of Fire Prevention and Electrical Safety (Electrical Board) licenses Low Voltage / Limited Technicians (requiring 2 years / 4,000 hours of low-voltage work experience and passing the International Code Council Low-Voltage General Technician exam) and Low Voltage / Limited Electrical Contractors (which must employ an actively licensed Technician of Record). General contractors are licensed at the city/county level, but electrical and low-voltage trades are regulated statewide.", "license_source": "Wyoming Department of Fire Prevention and Electrical Safety Electrical Board, 2024, https://wsfm.wyo.gov", "bonding_requirement": "Wyoming does not enforce a general statewide surety bond or liability insurance minimum to hold a standard resident Low Voltage / Limited Electrical Contractor license through the state board ($200 annual license fee). However, non-resident employers with anticipated monthly payroll exceeding $10,000 must post a minimum $20,000 Non-Resident Employer's Surety Bond with the state under W.S. 27-1-106, and individual municipalities/counties may impose local liability insurance or bonding mandates.", "bonding_source": "Wyoming Department of Fire Prevention and Electrical Safety / Wyoming Statutes Title 27, 2024, https://wsfm.wyo.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS data, Wyoming employed 2,370 professionals in the Electricians trade (SOC 47-2111), representing a high location quotient of 1.85 (8.67 jobs per 1,000 total state jobs, nearly 1.85x the national concentration).", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_wy.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 30.98 minus the national median 29.98) / 29.98. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472111.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" } ], "msas": [ { "name": "Atlanta", "where": "GA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA MSA employed approximately 1,630 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098) with a location quotient of 1.05 relative to the national concentration and an annual mean wage of $47,930.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes492098.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data, total new private residential units permitted in the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA MSA fell to 33,401 units in 2024, down 18% from 40,687 units in 2023, reflecting a cooling trend from the 2022 post-pandemic permitting peak.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2025, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "Low-voltage and security system installation contractors in the region operate under Georgia State Construction Industry Licensing Board regulation (Division of Electrical Contractors), requiring Class I low-voltage licensing for systems up to 200 amperes. Market activity is sustained by regional commercial infrastructure expansion and high levels of multifamily residential development across the 29-county metro area.", "market_context_source": "Independent Electrical Contractors (IEC) Atlanta, 2026", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Austin", "where": "TX", "contractor_density_note": "As of May 2023, the Austin-Round Rock MSA employed approximately 740 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098) with a location quotient of 1.09 (9% above national employment concentration) and a mean annual wage of $55,110 ($26.50 per hour).", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023 (released April 2024), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_12420.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit volume in the Austin-Round Rock MSA pulled back after peak pandemic-era expansion, decreasing 17% from 32,294 permitted units in 2024 down to 26,964 units in 2025 as elevated construction costs and interest rates slowed new residential starts.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey (BPS), 2025, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps/index.html", "market_context_note": "Despite residential moderations, robust economic activity, including nonfarm payroll growth of 6.4% (74,600 jobs added in 2022) to over 1.24 million jobs, and ongoing high-tech/industrial commercial growth in Travis and surrounding counties sustain strong baseline demand for commercial low-voltage, security systems, and smart building integration.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Austin-Round Rock, Texas, 2023, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Baltimore", "where": "MD", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD MSA employed 1,270 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098) as of May 2023, representing an employment density of 0.97 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 1.77.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes492098.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 1129, "job_value_source": "Angi, 2026, https://www.angi.com", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit volume in the Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD MSA experienced a strong rebound, reaching 5,514 authorized private housing units over the trailing 12 months, representing a year-over-year increase of +24.2%.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey (retrieved via FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis), 2026, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/BALT524BPPRIVSA", "market_context_note": "Contractors performing low-voltage and security system work in the metro area must navigate local regulatory licensing, including Baltimore County's Restricted Low Voltage License ($130 fee) and the Maryland State Police Security Systems Agency License ($150 fee). Market demand is supported by commercial access control compliance, code enforcement, and security upgrades.", "market_context_source": "Low Voltage Nation, 2026, https://lowvoltagenation.com", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Birmingham", "where": "AL", "contractor_density_note": "In the Birmingham-Hoover, AL MSA, there were 430 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098) employed, representing a location quotient of 1.55 (55% higher worker concentration than the national average) and 0.853 installers per 1,000 jobs, with a mean hourly wage of $27.15 ($53,870 annually).", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_13820.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit volume in the Birmingham-Hoover, AL metro area experienced a strong recent acceleration, reaching 4,384 total permits over a trailing 12-month period (a 59.7% year-over-year increase, representing 3.71 permits per 1,000 residents), with development heavily concentrated in Jefferson County (2,398 permits) and Shelby County (1,336 permits).", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey / HUD SOCDS, 2024, https://socds.huduser.gov/permits", "market_context_note": "Institutional investors own 15.1% of single-family rentals and 5.6% of total rental stock in the Birmingham-Hoover, AL metro area, generating consistent commercial-scale demand for integrated low-voltage security, access control, and smart-property hardware.", "market_context_source": "Urban Institute, 2023, https://www.urban.org", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Boston", "where": "MA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS survey, the Boston-Cambridge-Nashua, MA-NH metropolitan area employed 1,840 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098) as of May 2023, representing a density of 0.668 workers per 1,000 total jobs and a location quotient of 1.21 relative to national averages.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (2024), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_14460.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to HUD and Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data, residential permitting in the Boston-Cambridge-Newton MSA slowed following post-pandemic peak levels, declining 12.1% in 2022 to 14,593 authorized units, with multi-family developments representing over 66% of total authorized new housing units.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Boston, Massachusetts Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis (2024), https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "market_context_note": "Demand for low-voltage and security installations in Greater Boston is heavily driven by an aging housing stock, with over 50% of residential units built more than 50 years ago and 30% built over 85 years ago, generating sustained demand for system retrofits, fire alarm upgrades, and modern security wiring.", "market_context_source": "Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce, Massachusetts Housing Market Analysis (2024), https://www.bostonchamber.com", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Buffalo", "where": "NY", "contractor_density_note": "In the Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Niagara Falls, NY MSA, there were approximately 270 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098) employed as of May 2023, with an annual mean wage of $55,650 and a location quotient of 0.95 relative to the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_15380.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit activity in the Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Niagara Falls, NY MSA fluctuated in recent years, falling from 3,197 total permitted units in 2022 to 2,101 units in 2023, before rebounding to 2,659 units authorized during the 12 months ending July 2024.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) / U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov", "market_context_note": "Nonfarm payroll employment in the Buffalo MSA increased by 10,700 jobs (2.0%) during the 12 months ending July 2024, with approximately 2,675 rental units and 370 single-family homes under construction to absorb ongoing regional housing demand.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Office of Policy Development and Research, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Charlotte", "where": "NC", "contractor_density_note": "As of May 2023, the Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC MSA employed 1,220 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098), representing an employment density of 0.929 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 1.69 relative to national averages.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS Estimates - Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_16820.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "In the Charlotte MSA, single-family residential building permits held relatively steady in 2023 at 19,150 units (down less than 1% from 19,250 units in 2022), while multifamily rental building permits decreased 36% to 12,950 units in 2023 as developers responded to rising vacancy and interest rates.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD User / PD&R), Housing Market Profile: Charlotte, North Carolina-South Carolina, 2024", "market_context_note": "The Charlotte metropolitan area reached an estimated population of 2.82 million as of January 2024, growing by an average of 47,600 residents (1.8% annually) since 2020. Strong net in-migration and commercial expansion continue to drive demand for low-voltage wiring, structured cabling, access control, and security systems installations across the metro area.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD User / PD&R), Housing Market Profile: Charlotte, North Carolina-South Carolina, 2024", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Chicago", "where": "IL", "contractor_density_note": "In the Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI metropolitan statistical area, there were 1,760 employed Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098) as of May 2023, representing 0.391 jobs per 1,000 total jobs in the region (location quotient of 0.71) with an annual mean wage of $65,600.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes492098.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, total authorized residential housing units in the Chicago-Naperville-Elgin MSA reached 17,360 in 2022 (a 6.2% decline from 2021). In Cook County, annual housing units authorized by building permits dropped from 8,326 in 2022 to 4,854 in 2023, before rebounding to 6,507 in 2024.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey (retrieved via FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis), 2024, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/BPPRIV017031", "market_context_note": "Per Section 14A-4-402 of the Chicago Municipal Code, the City of Chicago Department of Buildings exempts low-voltage and communication wiring in residential buildings up to 4 stories above grade from building permit requirements, whereas building permits remain mandatory for low-voltage wiring installations in commercial buildings and larger residential developments.", "market_context_source": "City of Chicago Department of Buildings, 2024", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Cincinnati", "where": "OH", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area employed 470 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098), representing a location quotient of 0.78 relative to national concentration.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes17140.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data reported via FRED, new private housing structures authorized by permits in the Cincinnati MSA peaked at multi-year highs in 2021 before moderating through 2022-2024, with overall construction activity shifting toward multifamily completions in 2024.", "permit_source": "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (FRED) / U.S. Census Bureau, 2024, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CINC139BPPRIVSA", "market_context_note": "The commercial construction industry in the Cincinnati MSA generated $10.2 billion in total economic activity in 2024, directly supporting 28,417 jobs with earnings of $2.3 billion and creating sustained regional demand for low-voltage, security, and electrical infrastructure work.", "market_context_source": "Allied Construction Industries & Economics Center, 2025, https://www.aci-web.com", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Cleveland", "where": "OH", "contractor_density_note": "In the Cleveland-Elyria, OH MSA, there were 350 employed Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098) as of May 2023, earning an annual mean wage of $55,320 ($28.71 hourly mean wage).", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_17460.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "In the Cleveland-Elyria, OH MSA, total new private housing structures authorized by building permits rebounded to approximately 4,175 units over trailing 12-month tracking (+28.6% year-over-year growth), following prior multi-year moderation in local residential permitting.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, New Private Housing Structures Authorized by Building Permits for Cleveland-Elyria, OH (MSA) [CLEV439BPPRIVSA], retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2024, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CLEV439BPPRIVSA", "market_context_note": "The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis for Cleveland-Elyria projected 3-year demand for 8,950 new sales homes and 6,650 rental units, supported by a 1.1% expansion in nonfarm payrolls (11,800 jobs) over the 12 months ending June 2023, underpinning demand for residential and commercial low-voltage, fire alarm, and security installations.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Office of Policy Development and Research, Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis Cleveland-Elyria, Ohio, 2023, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Columbus", "where": "OH", "contractor_density_note": "According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Columbus, OH metropolitan area employed 370 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098) as of May 2023, representing an occupational density of 0.343 workers per 1,000 total jobs in the metro area.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (Columbus, OH), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_18140.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Building permit activity in the Columbus MSA surged 63.7% year-over-year, reaching 13,709 permitted housing units over a trailing 12-month period and hitting a 7-year high in multifamily permit density of 4.3 units per 1,000 residents.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey (retrieved via FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis), 2026, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/COLU139BPPRIV", "market_context_note": "Demand for low-voltage wiring, security, and fire alarm installations in the Columbus metro is heavily driven by large-scale commercial/industrial megaprojects, most notably Intel's $20 billion semiconductor fabrication facility in Licking County, and the city's 'Zone In' zoning modernization initiative expanding residential and mixed-use density.", "market_context_source": "City of Columbus Department of Building and Zoning Services, 2026", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Dallas-Fort Worth", "where": "TX", "contractor_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS data, the Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX MSA employs 3,830 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098), representing a high density of 0.97 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 1.76 relative to the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes492098.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential construction in the Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington MSA maintains a nation-leading pace, authorizing approximately 64,705 new private housing units annually in recent trailing-12-month data (comprising roughly 38,447 single-family units and 24,143 multi-family units).", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2025, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/DALL148BPPRIVSA", "market_context_note": "Low-voltage electronic security and access control installations in the metro face specific municipal regulatory oversight; for example, the City of Dallas requires dedicated SE (Electronic Security) building permits under Dallas Building Code Section 1010.2.11.3, Fire Marshal functional testing, and contractor licensing via the Texas DPS Private Security Bureau.", "market_context_source": "Low Voltage Nation, 2026, https://lowvoltagenation.com/dallas-access-control-permit-requirements", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Denver", "where": "CO", "contractor_density_note": "In the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO metropolitan statistical area, there were 1,310 employed Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098) as of May 2023, representing an employment density of 0.82 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 1.50 compared to the national rate.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (2024), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_19740.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit volume across the Denver metro area reached 16,615 total units authorized in 2024 (52.6% single-family and 47.4% multi-family), continuing a multi-year trend of constrained permitting that falls well short of estimated regional demand.", "permit_source": "Common Sense Institute, Colorado Housing Deficit and Permitting Analysis (2025), https://commonsenseinstituteus.org", "market_context_note": "Demand for low-voltage security systems and surveillance infrastructure in Denver is driven in part by jobsite risk, with local construction site thefts increasing by 36% in early 2022, prompting increased adoption of integrated physical and electronic security systems across Front Range project sites.", "market_context_source": "ECAM Security, Denver Construction Site Security Analysis (2022), https://www.ecam.com", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Detroit", "where": "MI", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI metropolitan statistical area employed 450 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098) as of May 2023, with an annual mean wage of $54,770 ($26.33 hourly mean wage).", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_19820.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to data from the U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, building permit activity in the Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI MSA experienced a downward trend in recent years, reaching 4,541 total housing permits issued in 2023, the lowest annual level since 2012, driven by elevated interest rates and high material and labor costs.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey, 2023, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps/index.html", "market_context_note": "Low-voltage and security system installations in the Detroit metro area (including commercial structured cabling, fire alarm wiring, and monitored security systems) require specialty trade permits issued by local municipal building authorities, such as the City of Detroit Buildings, Safety Engineering and Environmental Department (BSEED), as well as compliance with Michigan Licensing and Regulatory Affairs (LARA) standards.", "market_context_source": "City of Detroit Buildings, Safety Engineering and Environmental Department (BSEED), 2024, https://detroitmi.gov/departments/buildings-safety-engineering-and-environmental-department", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Hartford", "where": "CT", "contractor_density_note": "According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT MSA employs an estimated 200 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098) with a mean annual wage of $61,400.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_25540.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit activity in the Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT MSA reached 1,270 authorized housing units over the trailing 12 months through May 2026, with monthly authorizations up 79.1% year-over-year.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey, 2026, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "Demand for low-voltage and security systems integration in the Hartford metropolitan area is supported by strong multi-family residential construction, with multi-family developments accounting for 66.0% of all new residential housing permits authorized in the metro area in 2024.", "market_context_source": "Construction Coverage, 2025, https://constructioncoverage.com/research/cities-building-the-most-multi-family-housing", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Houston", "where": "TX", "contractor_density_note": "In the Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX MSA, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported 2,140 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098) employed in May 2023, representing a density of 0.67 workers per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 1.23.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes492098.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit activity in the Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land MSA moderated to 68,755 units in 2023 after reaching a record peak of 75,786 units in 2022 (a 9.3% decline). Single-family permitting rebounded ~9% to 49,150 units in 2023, while multifamily permitted units dropped 35% to 22,200 units.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) / U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "market_context_note": "The Houston MSA population grew by 124,281 residents between July 2021 and July 2022 (1.7% annual growth), ranking second among all U.S. metropolitan areas in numeric population growth and driving persistent demand for low-voltage security and communication installations.", "market_context_source": "Greater Houston Partnership / U.S. Census Bureau Population Division, 2023", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Indianapolis", "where": "IN", "contractor_density_note": "According to occupational employment data for the Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN MSA, there were 750 employed Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098) in the metropolitan area, earning an annual mean wage of $52,300 ($25.15 per hour).", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_26980.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Single-family housing permit issuance in the Indianapolis metropolitan area expanded significantly in 2024 (up 20% to 26% year-over-year across Central Indiana), rebounding after declines in 2022 and 2023. Meanwhile, multifamily permitting slowed in 2024 compared to elevated levels of roughly 5,100 units permitted annually during 2022-2023.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Office of Policy Development and Research, 2025 Housing Market Profile: Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, Indiana, https://www.huduser.gov", "market_context_note": "Residential expansion and low-voltage demand across the Indianapolis metro area are heavily concentrated in suburban ring counties (such as Hamilton, Hendricks, and Johnson) which account for the bulk of new construction permit volume relative to the urban core.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Office of Policy Development and Research, 2025 Housing Market Profile: Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, Indiana, https://www.huduser.gov", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Jacksonville", "where": "FL", "contractor_density_note": "As of May 2023, the Jacksonville, FL metropolitan area employed 1,160 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098), representing a high location quotient of 2.86 compared to the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (2024), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_27260.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Total housing units authorized by building permits in the Jacksonville, FL CBSA reached 15,002 in 2024, declining from 20,326 units in 2023. However, single-family residential permits in the core four-county area grew 6.17% from 11,821 in 2023 to 12,551 in 2024.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, 2024 Annual Building Permits Survey (2025), https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "Single-family residential construction in Duval County rose 20.3% in 2024 to 5,045 permits (up from 4,193 in 2023) and Clay County grew 32.7% to 1,747 permits, driving ongoing demand for low-voltage wiring and security installation in new residential developments.", "market_context_source": "Jacksonville Daily Record / Northeast Florida Builders Association (2025)", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Kansas City", "where": "MO", "contractor_density_note": "In the Kansas City, MO-KS metropolitan statistical area, there were 850 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098) employed as of May 2023, with a location quotient of 1.43, indicating a 43% higher concentration of installers relative to the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (Kansas City, MO-KS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_28420.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Single-family building permits across the 8-county Kansas City metro area totaled 4,388 units in 2025, representing a 3% decline from 4,509 units in 2024. Construction activity rebounded significantly in early 2026, with year-to-date single-family permits through May 2026 reaching 2,358 units, a 32% increase compared to the same period in 2025.", "permit_source": "Home Builders Association of Greater Kansas City (KCHBA), Residential Building Permit Statistics Reports, 2026, https://kchba.org", "market_context_note": "Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers in the Kansas City, MO-KS metropolitan area earned a mean hourly wage of $28.25 and an average annual salary of $56,400 in May 2023.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (Kansas City, MO-KS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_28420.htm", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Las Vegas", "where": "NV", "contractor_density_note": "As of May 2023, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) estimated 750 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098) employed in the Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV metropolitan statistical area, earning a median hourly wage of $28.81 and an annual mean wage of $59,920.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_29820.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Annual private housing units authorized by building permits in Clark County (Las Vegas MSA) declined from 16,307 units in 2021 to 13,066 in 2022 (~20% decrease), before rebounding and stabilizing at 13,073 units in 2023, 14,754 units in 2024, and 14,466 units in 2025.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Housing Units Authorized by Building Permits (retrieved via Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis FRED), 2025, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/BPPRIV032003", "market_context_note": "Low-voltage system contractors in Nevada must hold a C-2D Low Voltage Systems license from the Nevada State Contractors Board for work exceeding $500. Trade demand in the Las Vegas metro area is supported by ongoing residential master-planned community expansion in Summerlin and Cadence, alongside commercial, casino, hospitality, and data center developments.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, Nevada, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Los Angeles", "where": "CA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, there were 3,040 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098) employed in the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA metropolitan statistical area, representing a density of 0.49 workers per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 0.89.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes492098.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, annual new private housing structure permits authorized in the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim MSA declined moderately from 31,295 in 2022 to 28,735 in 2023 and 27,242 in 2024, reflecting an overall ~13% reduction in multi-year residential permit volume.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey (retrieved via Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis FRED, 2024), https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/LOSA106BPPRIVSA", "market_context_note": "Low-voltage and security system contracting in California is regulated under the Contractors State License Board (CSLB) via the C-7 Low Voltage Systems classification (and C-10 Electrical for line-voltage integrations), with local authorities having jurisdiction (AHJs) requiring building and electrical permits across commercial occupancies, fire alarm systems, and access control installations under the California Electrical Code.", "market_context_source": "California Electrical Authority, 2024, https://californiaelectricalauthority.com", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Louisville", "where": "KY", "contractor_density_note": "In the Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN metropolitan statistical area, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reports 260 employed Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098) as of May 2023, representing an employment density of 0.392 per 1,000 jobs in the metro area (location quotient of 0.71).", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_31140.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit activity in the Louisville-Jefferson County, KY-IN MSA totaled 6,731 units in 2023 (3,012 single-family and 3,719 multi-family units). Permitting activity subsequently experienced a pullback into 2024, with multi-family permitting declining year-over-year amidst higher interest rates and elevated building costs.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey / FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2024, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/LOIBPPRIV", "market_context_note": "Demand for low-voltage, security, and fire alarm installations in the Louisville metro is anchored by strong multi-family development (with 3,625 rental units permitted in a single 12-month period), projected demand for 9,350 new sales housing units over three years, and expanding commercial and industrial construction.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Louisville-Jefferson County, KY-IN, 2023, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Memphis", "where": "TN", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2023 OEWS estimates, there were 490 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098) employed in the Memphis, TN-MS-AR metropolitan statistical area, representing an employment concentration (location quotient) of 0.78 relative to the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), May 2023 OEWS Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_32820.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential construction and housing permit activity in the Memphis metro area softened, with total home sales declining 14% year-over-year for the 12 months ending May 2024 (down to 22,200 sales) and multifamily permitting down 1.4% year-over-year in 2024 amid weakening rental market demand and net out-migration.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Memphis, Tennessee-Mississippi-Arkansas, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "market_context_note": "In Memphis and Shelby County, low-voltage contractor installations (including security alarms, CCTV, access control, telecommunications, and sound) are regulated by the Office of Construction Code Enforcement. Work or bids valued at $25,000 or less require a local Shelby County Low Voltage Contractor registration and notarized affidavit, whereas low-voltage projects exceeding $25,000 require a State of Tennessee Contractor's License.", "market_context_source": "Memphis and Shelby County Office of Construction Code Enforcement, Low Voltage Contractor Registration Application & Requirements, 2021, https://www.shelbycountytn.gov/DocumentCenter/View/1154/Low-Voltage-Application", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Miami", "where": "FL", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) report, the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL metropolitan statistical area employed 2,710 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098), representing a density of 1.00 jobs per 1,000 total jobs in the metro area and a location quotient of 1.81.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_33100.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data as reported by NAHB, the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL metro area authorized 15,947 multifamily building permits in 2023 (a 21% year-over-year increase), while overall single-family housing permit volume in Florida saw a 6.9% pull-back.", "permit_source": "National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) Eye on Housing, 2024", "market_context_note": "Under Miami-Dade County building regulations, low-voltage electrical work for single-family homes, duplexes, and townhouses is exempt from permit requirements if total work value is under $5,000 per 12-month period. However, commercial buildings, multi-family residential structures (condominiums and apartments), and monitored alarm installations require formal electrical permits and alarm registration with Miami-Dade County.", "market_context_source": "Miami-Dade County Regulatory and Economic Resources Department, 2026", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Milwaukee", "where": "WI", "contractor_density_note": "As of May 2023, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported 390 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098) employed in the Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI metropolitan statistical area, representing a location quotient of 0.86 relative to national density.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_33340.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "In 2023, the Milwaukee MSA issued 2,844 total residential building permits (including 1,678 single-family units). Multi-year permit activity in metro Milwaukee has stagnated compared to pre-pandemic levels, with multi-family authorizations declining relative to 2017-2019 while single-family construction remained roughly flat.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2023 / Wisconsin Policy Forum, 2024, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "Low-voltage and security installation demand in core urban areas of the metro is supported by residential alterations and multi-family upgrades. In 2025, the City of Milwaukee reported 15 alteration/addition permits yielding multi-family unit updates and 23 residential permits converting duplexes into single-family homes.", "market_context_source": "City of Milwaukee Department of City Development, 2025, https://www.milwaukee.gov/dcd", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Minneapolis-St. Paul", "where": "MN", "contractor_density_note": "As of May 2023, the Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI metropolitan statistical area employed 670 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098), with a location quotient of 0.64 relative to the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes492098.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 1855, "job_value_source": "Angi, 2026, https://www.angi.com", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permitting in the Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI metro area saw 13,577 units authorized over the 12-month period ending May 2026, representing a 6.7% decrease compared to the previous 12-month period.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey, 2026, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "Twin Cities housing development has shifted away from multi-family construction peaks; in Saint Paul, permitted units fell from 1,204 in 2023 to 357 in 2025 following rent stabilization policy changes and broader macroeconomic headwinds.", "market_context_source": "Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, 2026, https://www.minneapolisfed.org", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Nashville", "where": "TN", "contractor_density_note": "In the Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro--Franklin, TN Metropolitan Statistical Area, there are 620 employed Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098), representing a density of 0.58 installers per 1,000 total jobs in the metro (location quotient of 1.05).", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_34980.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 5500, "job_value_source": "ICTAlly Commercial Low Voltage Project Market Report, 2026", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit volume in the Nashville metro area expanded rapidly, with 17,930 to 19,029 new private housing units authorized over a trailing 12-month period, representing a 19.0% year-over-year increase and a permitting rate of nearly 9 to 10 units per 1,000 residents.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey (retrieved via Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis FRED), 2026, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NASH947BPPRIV", "market_context_note": "The Nashville MSA maintains one of the highest construction permitting rates among large U.S. metropolitan areas, authorizing over 20,000 total annual building permits with a high permit-to-contractor ratio, driven by major corporate headquarters developments and steady net domestic migration.", "market_context_source": "Construction Coverage, U.S. Cities Building the Most Homes (2024 Census Building Permit Survey Analysis), 2025, https://constructioncoverage.com/research/cities-building-the-most-homes", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "citation-text-only", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "New Orleans", "where": "LA", "contractor_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS data, the New Orleans-Metairie, LA metropolitan statistical area employed approximately 400 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098).", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), May 2023 Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates: New Orleans-Metairie, LA, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_35380.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "New private housing structures authorized by building permits in the New Orleans-Metairie, LA MSA have maintained low overall volume over recent years, with residential permitting remaining subdued relative to historical peaks and home building intensity recorded at 3.4 authorized units per 1,000 existing homes in 2024.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, New Private Housing Structures Authorized by Building Permits for New Orleans-Metairie, LA (MSA), retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2026, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NEWO322BPPRIV", "market_context_note": "Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers in the New Orleans-Metairie metropolitan area earned a mean hourly wage of $26.20 and an annual mean wage of $54,500 as of May 2023.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), May 2023 Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates: New Orleans-Metairie, LA, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_35380.htm", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "New York", "where": "NY", "contractor_density_note": "In the New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA metropolitan statistical area, there were 4,660 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098) employed as of May 2023, representing an employment density of 0.49 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 0.89.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_35620.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "In the New York-Newark-Jersey City MSA, residential permitting declined through 2023 and 2024 following the expiration of the 421-a tax incentive program. However, single-family home permitting rebounded by 11% year-over-year in Q1 2025, and NYC Department of Buildings new building permit filings jumped 43% year-over-year in Q2 2025 following the implementation of the new 485-x tax incentive.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD User), 2025, https://www.huduser.gov", "market_context_note": "According to the Office of the New York State Comptroller, New York City total construction spending reached $68.2 billion in 2023 and an estimated $68.9 billion in 2024. While nonresidential construction remains below pre-pandemic levels, new residential tax exemption programs (485-x and 467-m) are expected to boost housing construction and commercial-to-residential conversions, supporting demand for building low-voltage and security systems.", "market_context_source": "Office of the New York State Comptroller, 2025, https://www.osc.ny.gov", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Oklahoma City", "where": "OK", "contractor_density_note": "In the Oklahoma City, OK Metropolitan Statistical Area, there were 400 individuals employed specifically as Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098) as of May 2023, representing a primary low-voltage and trade workforce count for the metro area.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_36420.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Building permit activity in the Oklahoma City MSA shows strong upward expansion in residential development, leading major U.S. metros with a 205% increase in multifamily building permits (for the 12 months ending June 2025 compared to pre-boom baselines) while maintaining the highest single-family permit ratio in the nation at 91.0% of total residential building permits issued in 2023.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau / Redfin Analysis, 2025", "market_context_note": "Low-voltage and security systems installation in the metro area is regulated state-wide by the Oklahoma Construction Industries Board (CIB) under Title 59 §1000 and §1800, requiring a Limited Electrical Contractor license for under-50V systems (structured cabling, audio/visual) and an Alarm Industry license for CCTV, burglar, and fire alarms, with mandatory supplemental municipal contractor registration required in Oklahoma City.", "market_context_source": "Oklahoma Construction Industries Board, 2026, https://www.contractorlicenserequirements.com/oklahoma", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Orlando", "where": "FL", "contractor_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS data for the Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL MSA, there were 1,230 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098) employed in the metropolitan area, representing a location quotient of 1.63 (63% above the national average density for this occupation).", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), May 2023 OEWS Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_36740.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "New residential permit activity in the Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford MSA declined from a peak of 28,683 authorized units in 2022 to 25,415 units in 2023 (an 11.4% drop). Multifamily permitting continued to moderate through mid-2024, falling 21% year-over-year to 12,000 units for the 12 months ending June 2024 as builders slowed construction to allow completed units to be absorbed.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey & HUD PD&R Housing Market Profile: Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "market_context_note": "Despite near-term housing permit moderation, low-voltage and security trade demand in the metro remains supported by ongoing commercial, hospitality, and multi-family developments, with approximately 17,750 apartment units under active construction as of mid-2024 concentrated in major employment and tourism submarkets like Lake Nona, South Orlando, and I-Drive.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Office of Policy Development and Research (PD&R), 2024, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Philadelphia", "where": "PA", "contractor_density_note": "As of May 2023, the Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD metropolitan statistical area employed 1,310 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098), representing an employment density of approximately 0.463 workers per 1,000 jobs.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes492098.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "In 2024, residential construction permitting in the Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington MSA experienced a significant drop in authorized multi-family housing units (-49.4% year-over-year) while single-family authorizations remained flat (-0.3%).", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Annual Building Permits Survey, 2024, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "Municipal permitting data for Philadelphia shows steady long-term trade demand, with electrical and plumbing permits accounting for over 45% of all active municipal building permit issuances across nearly 882,000 citywide permit records.", "market_context_source": "City of Philadelphia, OpenDataPhilly Building and Zoning Permits Dataset, 2025, https://opendataphiladelphia.com", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Phoenix", "where": "AZ", "contractor_density_note": "According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS (May 2024), the Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler, AZ MSA employed 1,730 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098) with a Location Quotient of 3.30, demonstrating a high concentration of low-voltage security installers relative to the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_38060.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to HUD's Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis, residential building permit activity in the Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler MSA totaled 51,101 units in 2021, 47,517 units in 2022, 45,791 units in 2023, and 46,566 units in 2024, showing a modest pullback following the 2021 peak before stabilizing near 46,000 units annually.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research, Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler, Arizona, 2025, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "market_context_note": "According to JLL's Midyear 2025 Data Center Report, Metro Phoenix ranks second in North America for data center development pipeline with 1,307 MW under construction and 4,154 MW planned, driving significant commercial low-voltage, structured cabling, and security infrastructure demand across the metropolitan area.", "market_context_source": "JLL, North America Data Center Report - Midyear 2025, 2025, https://www.us.jll.com/en/trends-and-insights/research/data-center-outlook", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Pittsburgh", "where": "PA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, the Pittsburgh, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area had 760 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098) employed as of May 2023, representing an above-average regional employment concentration with a location quotient of 1.29.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_38300.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit volume in the Pittsburgh metro area trended downward in recent years, declining by 848 authorized housing units from 2,512 units in 2023 down to 1,664 units in 2024.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2024, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "According to HUD's Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis, regional construction demand in the Pittsburgh MSA is supported by a 3-year forecast demand for 10,450 new single-family homes and 8,975 new rental units, driven primarily by ongoing expansions in healthcare institutions (UPMC and Highmark Health) and the local high-tech sector.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Portland", "where": "OR", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS data, the Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA metropolitan statistical area employed 690 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098) in May 2023, representing 0.58 jobs per 1,000 total jobs in the metro area (location quotient of 1.05).", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes492098.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit volume in the Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro metro area has experienced a significant decline over recent years. According to U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data, total Oregon housing unit authorizations dropped 33% from a peak of 21,916 units in 2021 to 14,621 units in 2024. Within the Portland metro area, multifamily (5+ units) building permit authorizations dropped 58.5% year-over-year in 2024, alongside a 2.7% decline in single-family permits.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey, 2024, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "In the City of Portland, low-voltage system installations (including security alarms, access control readers, and audio/video systems) require separate electrical trade permits issued by Portland Permitting & Development, while fire alarm systems additionally require design and layout review through Portland Fire & Rescue.", "market_context_source": "City of Portland Permitting & Development, 2024", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Providence", "where": "RI", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), there were approximately 300 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098) employed in the Providence-Warwick, RI-MA Metropolitan Statistical Area in May 2023, representing a location quotient of 0.97 relative to the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), May 2023 OEWS Metropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_39340.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit activity in the Providence-Warwick, RI-MA MSA remains historically constrained, with 2023 permit volume coming in under 2 authorized units per 1,000 residents, placing it among the lowest per-capita residential permit rates in the nation for metropolitan areas over 1 million population. Statewide, Rhode Island issued permits for only 1,169 new residential units in 2023 (a 0.2% addition to housing stock), shifting low-voltage and trade demand heavily toward retrofits and commercial tenant improvements.", "permit_source": "Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (analyzing U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey), 2024, and Rhode Island Public Expenditure Council (RIPEC), 2025, https://ripec.org", "market_context_note": "Low-voltage, telecommunications, access control, and security systems installation in the Providence area are governed by Rhode Island General Laws § 5-6 under the Rhode Island Department of Labor and Training (DLT), which requires Telecommunications System Technician (TST) or Journeyman credentials. Furthermore, municipal building inspection departments (such as Providence and Warwick) enforce local permit pulling and AHJ inspections for low-voltage wiring and system integration.", "market_context_source": "Rhode Island Department of Labor and Training (DLT) & City of Providence Department of Inspections and Standards, 2024, https://dlt.ri.gov/regulation-and-safety/laws-rules-and-regulations", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Raleigh", "where": "NC", "contractor_density_note": "In the Raleigh, NC Metropolitan Statistical Area, there are an estimated 570 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098) employed, representing a concentration of 0.81 installers per 1,000 jobs and a Location Quotient of 1.48 relative to the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_39580.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Building permit activity in the Raleigh-Cary, NC metro area has trended upward, accelerating +15.5% year-over-year to 18,396 total authorized units, placing the metro among the top markets nationwide with 12.69 authorized permits per 1,000 residents.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2024, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps/index.html", "market_context_note": "Wake County, which represents nearly 80% of the metro's total residential pipeline, issued approximately 15,248 building permits in 2024, generating sustained demand for electrical, wiring, and low-voltage security integration contractors across suburban expansion and commercial infill projects.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2024, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps/index.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Richmond", "where": "VA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, there were 480 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098) employed in the Richmond, VA MSA as of May 2023, representing a location quotient of 1.36 (36% higher concentration of trade workers than the national average).", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_40060.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Multifamily residential building permits in the Richmond MSA dropped 11% in 2023 to 5,151 permitted units following peak construction levels in 2021-2022, with overall residential permit volume remaining lower in 2024 at approximately 58 permitted units per 10,000 residents.", "permit_source": "Virginia REALTORS (U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey Data), 2024, https://virginiarealtors.org/2024/06/24/annual-building-permit-trends-for-multifamily-housing-units", "market_context_note": "Under City of Richmond building regulations implementing the Virginia Uniform Statewide Building Code (VUSBC), low-voltage security installations (including access/egress control and delayed locking systems) and fire alarms must be executed under separate trade permits from general electrical permits, sustaining dedicated demand for specialized security contractors.", "market_context_source": "City of Richmond Bureau of Permits and Inspections, 2025", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Riverside-San Bernardino", "where": "CA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, there were 890 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098) employed in the Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA MSA as of May 2023, representing a location quotient of 0.98 relative to the national average and an annual mean wage of $63,210 ($29.45 per hour).", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_40140.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data, the Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario MSA authorized 16,320 total new residential building permits in 2022 (a 4.6% increase from 2021) with a total permit valuation of $3.9 billion (+4.5%). Cumulative permitting from 2021 through 2023 reached 18,608 residential units (11,168 single-family and 7,440 multi-family), maintaining strong long-term construction activity despite moderating pace in late 2023 due to elevated interest rates.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey, 2023, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "According to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis, strong regional expansion in logistics, distribution, and commercial industrial developments (such as the Agua Mansa Commerce Park) alongside demand for over 12,700 new rental units continues to drive sustained demand for low-voltage electrical, wiring, and security system installation in the metro area.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, California, 2022, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Sacramento", "where": "CA", "contractor_density_note": "In the Sacramento-Roseville-Folsom, CA MSA, the low-voltage and security system trade employs approximately 660 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098) as of May 2024, with a location quotient of 2.54, indicating a significantly higher per-capita concentration of low-voltage and security technicians than the national baseline.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes492098.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit activity in the Sacramento-Roseville-Folsom, CA metropolitan area reached 10,042 authorized housing units over the 12-month period through May 2026, with latest monthly permit authorizations up +14% year-over-year (1,094 units permitted in May 2026, comprising 61.4% single-family and 30.3% multi-family 5+ units).", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey, 2026, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "Regional demand for low-voltage, security, and smart building infrastructure in the Sacramento metro is bolstered by California Title 24 Energy Code mandates (requiring advanced low-voltage lighting, occupancy controls, and demand-response integration) as well as the City of Sacramento's Climate Action & Adaptation Plan and SMUD's 2030 Clean Energy Vision.", "market_context_source": "City of Sacramento / California Energy Commission, Existing Building Electrification Strategy & Building Energy Efficiency Standards, 2024, https://www.cityofsacramento.gov", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Salt Lake City", "where": "UT", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the Salt Lake City, UT Metropolitan Statistical Area employed 450 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098), representing an employment density of 0.559 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 1.02.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_41620.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to the Salt Lake City Building Services Division, 9,190 building permits were issued in 2024, a slight decline in permit volume compared to recent years, but total permitted project valuation hit an all-time high of $3.37 billion (over $1 billion higher than any previous year), driven by large multi-family residential developments, distribution warehouses, and commercial tenant improvements.", "permit_source": "Salt Lake City Building Services Division, 2024, https://www.slcdocs.com", "market_context_note": "According to the Salt Lake City Housing SLC 2023-2028 Five-Year Housing Plan, Salt Lake City has led regional multi-family construction along the Wasatch Front, representing 43 percent of all permitted apartment units (13,400 units), fueling strong demand for commercial low-voltage, security, and fire alarm installation services.", "market_context_source": "Salt Lake City Department of Community and Neighborhoods, 2023, https://www.slc.gov", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "San Antonio", "where": "TX", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, the San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX MSA employs approximately 870 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098) with an annual mean wage of $52,220. Furthermore, 2022 U.S. Census Bureau County Business Patterns data indicates approximately 300 Security Systems Services (NAICS 561621) establishments operating in the San Antonio-New Braunfels metro area.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_41700.htm ; U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 County Business Patterns, https://www.census.gov/data/datasets/2022/econ/cbp/2022-cbp.html", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential permit volume in the San Antonio-New Braunfels MSA totaled 14,857 new housing units authorized in 2024. Over recent years (2020-2025), single-family permitting remained largely steady at around 1,000 units per month, whereas multi-family (5+ unit) permitting experienced a sharp contraction, falling by more than 90% from 2020 peak levels.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey / FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2026, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/SANA748BPPRIV", "market_context_note": "Demand for low-voltage, security, and structured cabling trades in Greater San Antonio is supported by ongoing expansion across commercial, higher education, federal, and technology sectors, including major multi-year data center developments in the Hill Country corridor.", "market_context_source": "Texas Real Estate Research Center at Texas A&M University, 2026, https://www.recenter.tamu.edu", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "San Diego", "where": "CA", "contractor_density_note": "According to U.S. Census Bureau County Business Patterns data (reported in SANDAG and MTS regional goal methodology reports), the San Diego market features 835 establishments classified under NAICS 238210 (Electrical Contractors and Other Wiring Installation Contractors) and 54 establishments under NAICS 561621 (Security Systems Services except Locksmiths). Additionally, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) reports 680 to 970 employed Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098) in the San Diego-Chula Vista-Carlsbad MSA.", "density_source": "U.S. Census Bureau County Business Patterns (2021) via San Diego Association of Governments (SANDAG) FFY 2025-2027 DBE Goal Methodology (2024), U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (2023), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_41740.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit activity in the San Diego-Chula Vista-Carlsbad MSA expanded significantly from 2020 through 2023, with annual permitted units nearly doubling in 2023 to multi-decade highs of approximately 9,700 housing units across the city and region. Permitting volume subsequently stabilized and slightly moderated in 2024 due to elevated borrowing costs and market absorption dynamics, while maintaining baseline construction levels well above pre-2020 averages.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Office of Policy Development and Research Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: San Diego-Chula Vista-Carlsbad, CA (2024), https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html; City of San Diego / Axios San Diego Housing Permit Report (2024), https://www.axios.com/local/san-diego/2024/03/15/san-diego-housing-permits-surge", "market_context_note": "Growth in low-voltage and security installation in San Diego is heavily driven by building decarbonization and electrification initiatives (targeting a 90% reduction in natural gas usage in existing buildings by 2035), structured wiring upgrades across older building stock (where over half was constructed prior to 1990), coastal hardware requirements for salt-air environments, and mandatory local alarm registration regulations under San Diego Municipal Code 33.0902.", "market_context_source": "City of San Diego Sustainability & Mobility Department Building & Housing Stock Analysis (2021), City of San Diego Police Department Alarm Permits Division (2024)", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "San Francisco", "where": "CA", "contractor_density_note": "In the San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA metropolitan statistical area, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported 1,170 employed Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098) as of May 2023, representing a density of 0.48 workers per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 0.88.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_41940.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit activity in the San Francisco metropolitan area has experienced a downward trend over recent years due to high interest rates, elevated financing costs, and high local construction expenses. According to Census Building Permits Survey data analyzed by HUD, rental units authorized by permits in the metro's East Bay division fell from 3,150 units in 2023 to 2,650 units in 2024.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development & U.S. Census Bureau, 2025, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "market_context_note": "Low-voltage and security system installations in San Francisco are governed by strict local regulatory standards, including San Francisco Fire Department (SFFD) approval and NFPA 72 standard compliance for fire alarm systems, along with specific low-voltage wiring fee schedules administered by the San Francisco Department of Building Inspection (DBI).", "market_context_source": "San Francisco Department of Building Inspection, 2023", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "San Jose", "where": "CA", "contractor_density_note": "According to BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics for the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA MSA, there are 530 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098) with an annual mean wage of $86,120, alongside 5,110 Electricians (SOC 47-2111).", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_41940.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit volume in the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara metropolitan area fell by 68% between July 2020 and July 2025 (dropping from 1,949 permits to 623 permits), marking the steepest decline among the 100 largest U.S. metro areas based on U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data.", "permit_source": "San José Spotlight, 2025", "market_context_note": "Commercial low-voltage trade activity in San Jose is heavily driven by data center development and mission-critical facilities, highlighted by projects such as Microsoft's $385 million Alviso data center campus, as well as over 1,500 tracked construction projects representing more than $1.9 billion in total construction value across the area.", "market_context_source": "Low Voltage Nation, 2026, https://lowvoltagenation.com/san-jose-ca-construction-intelligence", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Seattle", "where": "WA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) May 2023 data, there were 730 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098) employed in the Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA metropolitan area, representing a density of 0.35 workers per 1,000 total jobs in the MSA.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_42660.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, new residential housing unit authorizations experienced a downward shift, reflecting broader regional and national trends where private housing permit authorizations decreased 10.1% nationwide from 2022 (1,680,368 units) to 2023 (1,511,102 units) as interest rates slowed overall construction momentum.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Annual Building Permits Survey, 2024, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "According to research published by The Pew Charitable Trusts on municipal permitting, Seattle's ADU permitting reforms significantly sped up housing construction, reducing permitting timelines from 160 days to 54 days on average, and authorized nearly 200 preapproved detached ADUs through 2024, expanding localized residential low-voltage and security installation activity.", "market_context_source": "The Pew Charitable Trusts, Preapproved Housing Plans Can Help Cities Boost Supply, 2026, https://www.pewtrusts.org", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "St. Louis", "where": "MO", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, there were 520 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098) employed in the St. Louis, MO-IL metropolitan statistical area in May 2023, representing an employment concentration of 0.393 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 0.71.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_41180.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to Census Building Permits Survey data compiled by HUD, residential permitting in the St. Louis, MO-IL MSA trended downward in 2025: preliminary single-family permits declined 10% to 4,175 units (down from 4,650 units in 2024), while multifamily permits fell 19% to 1,650 units (down from 2,050 units in 2024).", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development / U.S. Census Bureau, St. Louis, MO-IL Housing Market Profile, 2026", "market_context_note": "Under Missouri Revised Statutes (RSMo § 324.915), low-voltage telecommunications and voice/data cabling work is explicitly exempt from state electrical licensing requirements, while alarm system and security installers in Missouri are regulated under Chapter 324 by the Board of Private Investigator and Private Fire Investigator Examiners.", "market_context_source": "Low Voltage Nation, 2026, https://lowvoltagenation.com/guides/st-louis-county-missouri-cabling-permits", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Tampa", "where": "FL", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL metropolitan statistical area employed 1,270 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098) as of May 2023.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_45300.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data, total new privately-owned housing units authorized in the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater MSA peaked at 19,305 units in 2021, moderated to 15,678 units in 2022 and 14,502 units in 2023, and recovered to 16,352 authorized units in 2024.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2024, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "According to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis for the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater market area, nonfarm payrolls grew 3.5% (52,100 jobs) in 2023, generating a projected 3-year demand for 44,825 new for-sale homes and 19,850 new rental units, fueling ongoing residential and commercial low-voltage infrastructure installation.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Virginia Beach", "where": "VA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC metropolitan area employed 290 Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098), representing a location quotient of 0.71 compared to the national average, with a mean hourly wage of $25.53 and an annual mean wage of $53,100.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_47260.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to HUD's Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis, residential permitting and construction activity in the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News MSA entering 2024-2025 remained active, with projected demand for 11,000 new single-family homes and 6,175 rental units over the 2024-2027 forecast period, supported by 1,900 single-family units and 1,800 rental units under active construction.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD User), 2024, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "market_context_note": "Old Dominion University's Dragas Center reported that real GDP for the Hampton Roads / Virginia Beach metropolitan area expanded by 3.2% in 2023 and an estimated 2.6% in 2024, driven by naval/defense spending, port logistics, and record regional nonfarm payroll employment, sustaining regional commercial and residential low-voltage and security installation demand.", "market_context_source": "Old Dominion University Dragas Center for Economic Analysis and Policy, 2024, https://ceapodu.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/2024-State-of-the-Commonwealth-Report.pdf", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Washington DC", "where": "DC", "contractor_density_note": "In the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV metropolitan statistical area, BLS OEWS reports 2,860 employed Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers (SOC 49-2098) as of May 2024, placing the metro among the highest total employment areas in the nation for this trade. In May 2023, employment was 2,050 installers with a location quotient of 1.21 and a density of 0.66 installers per 1,000 jobs.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023/May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes492098.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "In the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria metro area, new residential building permits authorized reached 32,296 units in 2022 (a 17.8% increase from 2021). Permitting activity subsequently contracted, falling by approximately 11% in 2023 and declining by about 16% into 2024-2025 as elevated interest rates and construction costs slowed new housing builds.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey / HUD User Mid-Atlantic Regional Housing Market Reports, 2023-2024, https://www.huduser.gov", "market_context_note": "Security and Fire Alarm Systems Installers in the Washington DC metropolitan area earned an annual mean wage of $66,100 ($31.78 per hour) as of May 2023. Demand for low-voltage and security system installation in this metro is bolstered by strict local commercial building and fire code permitting rules across DC, Maryland, and Virginia, alongside federal, defense, and data center facility expansion across Northern Virginia.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_47900.htm", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" } ] }, "market_structure": { "permits": [], "seasonality": [], "size_tiers": [], "top_states": [] }, "reputation": { "available": false, "note": "Insufficient public review-listing coverage to publish a reliable per-trade reputation aggregate." }, "firmographics": { "available": true, "source": "Aggregated public business firmographic records (multi-source SMB dataset). Revenue/employee/age/employer-rating distributions per trade. Aggregate only; no individual company identified.", "n_companies": 3512, "revenue_usd": { "n": 1091, "p25": 5600000, "median": 10000000, "p75": 21900000, "p90": 41876616 }, "employees": { "n": 659, "p25": 34, "median": 54, "p75": 92, "p90": 170 }, "founded_year_median": 2009, "employer_rating_avg": 3.62, "employer_rating_n": 629, "top_states": [], "source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "level_published": null, "comps": [ { "ticker": "ADT", "name": "ADT Inc.", "return_6m_pct": -14, "return_1y_pct": -20.8, "gross_margin_pct": 80.82, "ev_ebitda": 4.68, "market_cap_billions": 5.08, "market_snapshot_date": "2026-07-23", "fiscal_period": "TTM (Q1 2026)", "publication_status": "historical", "current_comparison_eligible": false, "comparison_scope": "historical-reference-only" }, { "ticker": "ALLE", "name": "Allegion plc", "return_6m_pct": -13.2, "return_1y_pct": -17.6, "gross_margin_pct": 44.97, "ev_ebitda": 13.64, "market_cap_billions": 11.9, "market_snapshot_date": "2026-07-23", "fiscal_period": "TTM", "publication_status": "historical", "current_comparison_eligible": false, "comparison_scope": "historical-reference-only" }, { "ticker": "DY", "name": "Dycom Industries, Inc.", "return_6m_pct": 3.4, "return_1y_pct": 72, "gross_margin_pct": 20.5, "ev_ebitda": 18.58, "market_cap_billions": 12.88, "market_snapshot_date": "2026-07-23", "fiscal_period": "TTM (Q1 FY2027 ended May 2, 2026)", "publication_status": "historical", "current_comparison_eligible": false, "comparison_scope": "historical-reference-only" }, { "ticker": "JCI", "name": "Johnson Controls International plc", "return_6m_pct": -1.3, "return_1y_pct": 33.3, "gross_margin_pct": 36.56, "ev_ebitda": 21.78, "market_cap_billions": 85.03, "market_snapshot_date": "2026-07-23", "fiscal_period": "TTM (Q2 FY2026 ended March 31, 2026)", "publication_status": "historical", "current_comparison_eligible": false, "comparison_scope": "historical-reference-only" }, { "ticker": "PWR", "name": "Quanta Services, Inc.", "return_6m_pct": 14.2, "return_1y_pct": 70.2, "gross_margin_pct": 15.1, "ev_ebitda": 38.31, "market_cap_billions": 95.92, "market_snapshot_date": "2026-07-23", "fiscal_period": "TTM (Q1 2026)", "publication_status": "historical", "current_comparison_eligible": false, "comparison_scope": "historical-reference-only" } ] }