{ "slug": "glass-glazing", "name": "Glass & Glazing", "in_level_book": true, "scores": { "resilience": 76.8, "leverage": 76.9, "trade_ai_score": 76.8, "quadrant": "safe-haven", "quadrant_label": "Safe Haven", "quadrant_desc": "Hard for AI to touch, but already efficient. Defend the moat; upside is incremental.", "resilience_rel": 65.6, "leverage_rel": 38 }, "subscores": { "resilience": { "physical_core": 88, "disintermediation": 72, "entry_barrier": 74, "switching_cost": 66 }, "leverage": { "coordination_drag": 80, "operating_leverage": 82, "revenue_expansion": 70, "data_amplification": 72 }, "basis": "Custom fabrication + install, project-driven, PM-referral relationships. Job-costing complexity = strong AI-leverage. A vertical Level works in." }, "research": { "wages_detail": { "median_hourly_wage_usd": 25.61, "median_hourly_wage_usd_derived": true, "median_hourly_wage_usd_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_hourly_wage_usd_research_pass_count": 4, "median_hourly_wage_usd_confidence": "high-primary", "median_annual_wage_usd": 53270, "median_annual_wage_usd_derived": true, "median_annual_wage_usd_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_annual_wage_usd_research_pass_count": 4, "median_annual_wage_usd_confidence": "high-primary", "pct25_hourly_wage_usd": 21.485, "pct25_hourly_wage_usd_derived": true, "pct25_hourly_wage_usd_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "pct25_hourly_wage_usd_research_pass_count": 4, "pct25_hourly_wage_usd_confidence": "high-primary", "pct75_hourly_wage_usd": 31.92, "pct75_hourly_wage_usd_derived": true, "pct75_hourly_wage_usd_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "pct75_hourly_wage_usd_research_pass_count": 4, "pct75_hourly_wage_usd_confidence": "high-primary", "pct90_hourly_wage_usd": 47.07, "pct90_hourly_wage_usd_derived": true, "pct90_hourly_wage_usd_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "pct90_hourly_wage_usd_research_pass_count": 4, "pct90_hourly_wage_usd_confidence": "high-primary", "pct10_hourly_wage_usd": 17.825, "pct10_hourly_wage_usd_derived": true, "pct10_hourly_wage_usd_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "pct10_hourly_wage_usd_research_pass_count": 4, "pct10_hourly_wage_usd_confidence": "high-primary", "wage_data_year": "2023", "median_hourly_wage_usd_source_access": "url", "median_annual_wage_usd_source_access": "url", "pct25_hourly_wage_usd_source_access": "url", "pct75_hourly_wage_usd_source_access": "url", "pct90_hourly_wage_usd_source_access": "url", "pct10_hourly_wage_usd_source_access": "url" }, "employment": { "us_employment": 60500, "us_employment_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/ooh/construction-and-extraction/glaziers.htm", "us_employment_research_pass_count": 4, "us_employment_confidence": "high-primary", "projected_10yr_growth_pct": 3.15, "projected_10yr_growth_pct_derived": true, "projected_10yr_growth_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections / Occupational Outlook Handbook (https://www.bls.gov/ooh/construction-and-extraction/glaziers.htm)", "projected_10yr_growth_pct_research_pass_count": 4, "projected_10yr_growth_pct_confidence": "high-primary", "annual_openings": 5100, "annual_openings_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2024-2034, https://www.bls.gov/ooh/construction-and-extraction/glaziers.htm", "annual_openings_research_pass_count": 4, "annual_openings_confidence": "high-primary", "projected_10yr_net_change": 2000, "projected_10yr_net_change_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2024-2034, https://www.bls.gov/ooh/construction-and-extraction/glaziers.htm", "projected_10yr_net_change_research_pass_count": 4, "projected_10yr_net_change_confidence": "high-primary", "us_employment_year": "2024", "us_employment_source_access": "url", "projected_10yr_growth_pct_source_access": "url", "annual_openings_source_access": "url", "projected_10yr_net_change_source_access": "url" }, "labor_shortage": { "unfilled_openings": 5100, "unfilled_openings_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook: Glaziers, 2025, https://www.bls.gov/ooh/construction-and-extraction/glaziers.htm", "unfilled_openings_research_pass_count": 4, "unfilled_openings_confidence": "high-primary", "vacancy_rate_pct": 3.5, "vacancy_rate_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) - Construction Sector, May 2026, https://www.bls.gov/news.release/jolts.t01.htm", "vacancy_rate_pct_research_pass_count": 2, "vacancy_rate_pct_confidence": "adjudicated", "unfilled_openings_year": "2025", "shortage_note": "More than 50% of Top 50 glazing contractors reported recruitment of glaziers and field personnel as their most difficult labor challenge, while BLS projects 5,100 average annual job openings for glaziers through 2034 due to growth and workforce replacement needs.", "shortage_note_source": "National Glass Association / Glass Magazine Top 50 Glaziers Survey, 2025", "vacancy_rate_pct_shared_across": 7, "vacancy_rate_pct_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 7 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "unfilled_openings_source_access": "url", "vacancy_rate_pct_source_access": "url", "shortage_note_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "workforce_aging": { "median_worker_age": 42.35, "median_worker_age_derived": true, "median_worker_age_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 2 cited research inputs: Build Your Future (BYF / NCCER), 'Top 5 Reasons to Become a Glazier', https://www.byf.org/top-5-reasons-to-become-a-glazier | U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey via DataUSA (https://datausa.io/profile/soc/glaziers)", "median_worker_age_research_pass_count": 2, "median_worker_age_confidence": "med", "median_worker_age_year": "2025", "workforce_aging_note": "ESTIMATE on a deliberately BROADER population than glaziers, and the arithmetic is printed so it can be reproduced. BLS Current Population Survey Table 11b (2025 annual averages) reports 8,490 thousand employed in construction and extraction occupations, of whom 1,288 thousand are 55 to 64 and 402 thousand are 65 or over. That is 1,690 of 8,490, or 19.9% aged 55 and over, with a median age of 41.0 years. The glazier row in the same table is too small to stand on its own: 32 thousand employed, with the 55-to-64 and 65-plus cells at 2 thousand and 0 thousand, and BLS suppresses the glazier median age entirely for small sample. So the 19.9% here describes construction and extraction occupations as a whole, NOT glaziers specifically, and it is published on that broader frame on purpose. A glazier-specific 55-plus share cannot be verified from the published table.", "workforce_aging_note_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Household Data Annual Averages, Table 11b: Employed people by detailed occupation and age, 2025, https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat11b.htm", "retirement_note": "According to National Glass Association industry reporting and executive survey findings, 60% of glass contracting companies lack a formal succession plan, while approximately 30% of glass company owners and CEOs report plans to retire in the near term.", "retirement_note_source": "National Glass Association / Glass Magazine, BEC Conference Reports & Industry Succession Insights (2025-2026), https://www.glassmagazine.com", "median_worker_age_source_access": "url", "workforce_aging_note_source_access": "url", "retirement_note_source_access": "url" }, "training_pipeline": { "apprenticeship_enrollment": 1645, "apprenticeship_enrollment_source": "US Department of Labor Employment and Training Administration, Registered Apprenticeship Partners Information Database System (RAPIDS) (https://www.dol.gov/agencies/eta/apprenticeship/about/statistics/2021)", "apprenticeship_enrollment_research_pass_count": 3, "apprenticeship_enrollment_confidence": "med", "apprenticeship_enrollment_year": "2025", "pipeline_gap_note": "The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projects approximately 5,100 average annual job openings for glaziers from 2024 to 2034 due to industry growth and replacements, resulting in a persistent workforce pipeline shortage relative to annual new apprenticeship entrants.", "pipeline_gap_note_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook: Glaziers, 2025, https://www.bls.gov/ooh/construction-and-extraction/glaziers.htm", "apprenticeship_enrollment_source_access": "url", "pipeline_gap_note_source_access": "url" }, "immigration_reliance": { "pct_foreign_born": 10.6, "pct_foreign_born_source": "National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) Special Study: Immigrants in Construction Trades (analysis of U.S. Census Bureau 2018 American Community Survey PUMS)", "pct_foreign_born_research_pass_count": 3, "pct_foreign_born_confidence": "med", "pct_foreign_born_year": "2018", "visa_dependence_note": "The U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) does not track visa categories or legal immigration status, recording only nativity and citizenship status. NAHB notes that construction trade data includes all foreign-born workers regardless of visa or citizenship status. Specialized work visas (such as H-2B temporary non-agricultural visas) are subject to strict annual caps, so trade occupations like glaziers rely primarily on the broader foreign-born labor market rather than trade-specific visa programs.", "visa_dependence_note_source": "National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) Special Study: Immigrants in Construction Trades", "pct_foreign_born_source_access": "citation-text-only", "visa_dependence_note_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "unionization": { "union_membership_pct": 7.6, "union_membership_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Current Population Survey (CPS) - Women in the Labor Force: A Databook, Table 34 (Glaziers, SOC 47-2121), https://www.bls.gov/cps", "union_membership_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "union_membership_pct_confidence": "med", "union_membership_year": "2021", "prevailing_wage_note": "Glaziers (SOC 47-2121) are subject to Davis-Bacon and Related Acts (DBRA) prevailing wage requirements on federally funded or assisted commercial construction projects, as well as state prevailing wage laws. On SAM.gov general wage determinations, U.S. Department of Labor prevailing rates in many urban counties reflect collective bargaining agreement (CBA) wage and fringe benefit scales negotiated by local unions of the International Union of Painters and Allied Trades (IUPAT).", "prevailing_wage_note_source": "U.S. Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division, Davis-Bacon Act Wage Determinations via SAM.gov, 2025, https://sam.gov/wage-determinations", "union_membership_pct_source_access": "url", "prevailing_wage_note_source_access": "url" }, "licensing": { "states_requiring_license": 26, "states_requiring_license_source": "Institute for Justice, License to Work: A National Study of Burden of Occupational Licensing (3rd Edition, 2022), https://ij.org/report/license-to-work-3/glazier-contractor-commercial", "states_requiring_license_research_pass_count": 5, "states_requiring_license_confidence": "high", "states_requiring_license_year": "2022", "bonding_note": "Bonding and insurance requirements vary by state and contract value; state contractor licensing boards typically require proof of general liability insurance, workers' compensation, and a state contractor surety bond (e.g., the California CSLB mandates a $25,000 contractor license bond under SB 607).", "bonding_note_source": "California Contractors State License Board, 2023", "reciprocity_note": "There is no universal national reciprocity for glazing contractors. License reciprocity is governed state-by-state through bilateral board agreements or examination waivers; contractors can utilize NASCLA Accredited Examinations to fulfill trade exam requirements in participating member states, though individual state application procedures, local law/business exams, and financial responsibility rules still apply.", "reciprocity_note_source": "National Association of State Contractors Licensing Agencies (NASCLA), 2025", "states_requiring_license_source_access": "url", "bonding_note_source_access": "citation-text-only", "reciprocity_note_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "market_size": { "market_size_usd": 25200000000, "market_size_usd_source": "IBISWorld, Glass & Glazing Contractors in the US Industry Report, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/glass-glazing-contractors-industry", "market_size_usd_research_pass_count": 2, "market_size_usd_confidence": "med", "cagr_pct": 2.9, "cagr_pct_source": "IBISWorld, Glass & Glazing Contractors in the US Industry Report, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/glass-glazing-contractors-industry", "cagr_pct_research_pass_count": 2, "cagr_pct_confidence": "med", "market_size_usd_year": "2026", "cagr_forecast_window": "2021-2026", "cagr_forecast_window_source": "IBISWorld, Glass & Glazing Contractors in the US Industry Report, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/glass-glazing-contractors-industry", "market_size_usd_source_access": "url", "cagr_pct_source_access": "url", "cagr_forecast_window_source_access": "url" }, "firm_counts": { "num_establishments": 6756, "num_establishments_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Statistics of U.S. Businesses (SUSB), 2022, https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2022/econ/susb/2022-susb-annual.html", "num_establishments_research_pass_count": 6, "num_establishments_confidence": "high-primary", "num_firms": 6548, "num_firms_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Statistics of U.S. Businesses (SUSB), 2022, https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2022/econ/susb/2022-susb-annual.html", "num_firms_research_pass_count": 6, "num_firms_confidence": "high-primary", "avg_employees_per_firm": 9.99, "avg_employees_per_firm_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Statistics of U.S. Businesses (SUSB), 2022, https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2022/econ/susb/2022-susb-annual.html", "avg_employees_per_firm_research_pass_count": 6, "avg_employees_per_firm_confidence": "high-primary", "num_establishments_year": "2022", "num_establishments_source_access": "url", "num_firms_source_access": "url", "avg_employees_per_firm_source_access": "url" }, "fragmentation": { "top4_firm_share_pct": 5.2, "top4_firm_share_pct_source": "U.S. Small Business Administration, 'Small Business Size Standards: Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting; Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction; Utilities; Construction', Proposed Rule, 85 FR 62239 (October 2, 2020), Table 4 'Size Standards Supported by Each Factor for Each Industry (Receipts)' at 85 FR 62248, column (6) headed 'Four-firm ratio (%)', row NAICS 238150 Glass and Glazing Contractors. Derived by SBA from the U.S. Census Bureau special tabulation of the 2012 Economic Census. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/10/02/2020-21589/small-business-size-standards-agriculture-forestry-fishing-and-hunting-mining-quarrying-and-oil", "top4_firm_share_pct_research_pass_count": 1, "top4_firm_share_pct_confidence": "high-primary", "top50_firm_share_pct": 16.975, "top50_firm_share_pct_derived": true, "top50_firm_share_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 2 cited research inputs: Glass Magazine / National Glass Association, '2024 Top 50 Glaziers Report' (June 2024), https://www.glassmagazine.com/article/2024-top-50-glaziers | Glass Magazine (National Glass Association), Top 50 Glaziers 2025 Report ($4.39B combined Top 50 sales) cross-referenced with IBISWorld Glass & Glazing Contractors Industry Report ($25.2B total market revenue)", "top50_firm_share_pct_research_pass_count": 2, "top50_firm_share_pct_confidence": "low", "mom_and_pop_share_note": "According to U.S. Census Bureau SUSB enterprise-size data, small independent firms with fewer than 20 employees comprise over 90% of total industry enterprises in NAICS 238150 (Glass and Glazing Contractors), reflecting a highly fragmented market structure dominated by local small operators.", "mom_and_pop_share_note_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Statistics of U.S. Businesses (SUSB) 2022 / CT Acquisitions Consolidation Runway Score Analysis (July 2026)", "concentration_year": "2024", "top4_firm_share_pct_source_access": "url", "top50_firm_share_pct_source_access": "url", "mom_and_pop_share_note_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "franchise_pen": { "franchise_penetration_pct": 1.09, "franchise_penetration_pct_source": "IBISWorld (via Franchise Direct, 'Auto Glass Franchises')", "franchise_penetration_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "franchise_penetration_pct_confidence": "adjudicated", "franchise_penetration_year": "2026", "franchise_penetration_pct_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "formation_rate": { "annual_new_firm_formation": 931, "annual_new_firm_formation_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Business Dynamics Statistics (BDS), 2023, https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/bds/data/datasets.html", "annual_new_firm_formation_research_pass_count": 4, "annual_new_firm_formation_confidence": "adjudicated", "annual_closure_rate_pct": 11.05, "annual_closure_rate_pct_derived": true, "annual_closure_rate_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Census Bureau, Business Dynamics Statistics (Establishment Exit Rate, Construction Sector NAICS 23) - https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/bds.html; cross-checked with U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Business Employment Dynamics - https://www.bls.gov/bdm", "annual_closure_rate_pct_research_pass_count": 4, "annual_closure_rate_pct_confidence": "high-primary", "survival_5yr_pct": 53.9, "survival_5yr_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Business Employment Dynamics (BED) - Establishment Age and Survival Data, 2018, https://www.bls.gov/bdm/bdmsage.htm", "survival_5yr_pct_research_pass_count": 4, "survival_5yr_pct_confidence": "low", "annual_new_firm_formation_year": "2023", "annual_new_firm_formation_source_access": "url", "annual_closure_rate_pct_source_access": "url", "survival_5yr_pct_source_access": "url" }, "margins": { "gross_margin_pct": 22.549999999999997, "gross_margin_pct_derived": true, "gross_margin_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 3 cited research inputs: Apogee Enterprises, Inc. Form 10-K Annual Report for Fiscal Year Ended March 2, 2024, https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0000006842/000000684224000015/apog-20240302.htm | CFMA Construction Financial Benchmarker (Specialty Trade Contractors), 2024 | CFMA 2024 Construction Financial Benchmarker", "gross_margin_pct_research_pass_count": 6, "gross_margin_pct_confidence": "med", "operating_margin_pct": 7.1, "operating_margin_pct_source": "CFMA 2024 Construction Financial Benchmarker", "operating_margin_pct_research_pass_count": 6, "operating_margin_pct_confidence": "adjudicated", "net_margin_pct": 6.275, "net_margin_pct_derived": true, "net_margin_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 3 cited research inputs: Apogee Enterprises, Inc. Form 10-K Annual Report for Fiscal Year Ended March 2, 2024, https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0000006842/000000684224000015/apog-20240302.htm | CFMA Construction Financial Benchmarker (Specialty Trade Contractors), 2024 | CFMA 2024 Construction Financial Benchmarker", "net_margin_pct_research_pass_count": 6, "net_margin_pct_confidence": "med", "margin_year": "2025", "operating_margin_pct_shared_across": 14, "operating_margin_pct_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 14 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "gross_margin_pct_source_access": "url", "operating_margin_pct_source_access": "citation-text-only", "net_margin_pct_source_access": "url" }, "cost_structure": { "labor_pct_of_revenue": 25.785, "labor_pct_of_revenue_derived": true, "labor_pct_of_revenue_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 4 cited research inputs: IBISWorld, Industry Report 23815: Glass & Glazing Contractors in the US (2021) - https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/glass-glazing-contractors-industry | IBISWorld Industry Report 23815: Glass & Glazing Contractors in the US, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/glass-glazing-contractors-industry | U.S. Census Bureau 2017 Economic Census, NAICS 238150 Glass and Glazing Contractors (2017) (https://siccode.com/naics-code/238150/glass-and-glazing-contractors) | Construction Financial Management Association (CFMA) 2024 Financial Benchmarker Report (Specialty Trade Contractors), https://cfma.org", "labor_pct_of_revenue_research_pass_count": 4, "labor_pct_of_revenue_confidence": "med", "materials_pct_of_revenue": 43, "materials_pct_of_revenue_source": "IBISWorld, Industry Report 23815: Glass & Glazing Contractors in the US (2021) - https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/glass-glazing-contractors-industry", "materials_pct_of_revenue_research_pass_count": 3, "materials_pct_of_revenue_confidence": "high", "sga_overhead_pct": 15.75, "sga_overhead_pct_derived": true, "sga_overhead_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 3 cited research inputs: Apogee Enterprises, Inc. Form 10-K Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ended February 28, 2026 (Architectural Services Segment), https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0000006842/000000684226000015/apog-20260228.htm | IBISWorld Industry Report 23815: Glass & Glazing Contractors in the US, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/glass-glazing-contractors-industry | Construction Financial Management Association (CFMA) 2024 Financial Benchmarker Report (All Respondents), https://cfma.org", "sga_overhead_pct_research_pass_count": 6, "sga_overhead_pct_confidence": "med", "cost_structure_year": "2021-2026", "labor_pct_of_revenue_source_access": "url", "materials_pct_of_revenue_source_access": "url", "sga_overhead_pct_source_access": "url" }, "productivity": { "revenue_per_employee_usd": 229268.22, "revenue_per_employee_usd_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 Economic Census (NAICS 238150 Glass and Glazing Contractors), https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/economic-census.html", "revenue_per_employee_usd_research_pass_count": 5, "revenue_per_employee_usd_confidence": "med", "productivity_year": "2017", "revenue_per_employee_usd_source_access": "url" }, "seasonality_econ": { "peak_period_note": "Activity in non-residential construction and architectural glass installation is seasonally reduced during the winter months, with Q1 historically representing the lowest revenue quarter, due to inclement weather, while warmer spring, summer, and fall periods experience peak activity for exterior facade and glazing work.", "peak_period_note_source": "Apogee Enterprises, Inc., Form 10-K Annual Report (2026), https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/7849/000000784926000012/apog-20260228.htm", "cyclicality_note": "The glass and glazing contracting industry (NAICS 23815) is highly cyclical and strongly exposed to general macroeconomic conditions, interest rates, nonresidential building construction, and office vacancy rates, with growth historically tied to commercial construction cycles and sustained by institutional builds and energy-efficiency retrofits.", "cyclicality_note_source": "IBISWorld, Glass & Glazing Contractors in the US Industry Report (2026), https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/glass-glazing-contractors-industry", "peak_period_note_source_access": "url", "cyclicality_note_source_access": "url" }, "cash_cycle_detail": { "dso_days": 80, "dso_days_source": "Tecnoglass Inc. Form 10-K (Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2022), https://www.sec.gov/edgar/searchedgar/companysearch", "dso_days_research_pass_count": 3, "dso_days_confidence": "low", "dpo_days": 32.24, "dpo_days_source": "GuruFocus - Apogee Enterprises, Inc. (NAICS 238150), 2024, https://www.gurufocus.com/term/dso/APOG/Days-Sales-Outstanding/Apogee-Enterprises", "dpo_days_research_pass_count": 3, "dpo_days_confidence": "med", "cash_conversion_cycle_days": 81, "cash_conversion_cycle_days_source": "CFMA Construction Financial Benchmarker (2024)", "cash_conversion_cycle_days_research_pass_count": 2, "cash_conversion_cycle_days_confidence": "adjudicated", "cash_cycle_year": "2022-2024", "dso_days_source_access": "url", "dpo_days_source_access": "url", "cash_conversion_cycle_days_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "retainage_liens": { "retainage_year": "2022" }, "bad_debt": { "bad_debt_write_off_pct": 0.12, "bad_debt_write_off_pct_source": "Tecnoglass Inc. Form 10-K Annual Report (2024) - https://www.sec.gov", "bad_debt_write_off_pct_research_pass_count": 4, "bad_debt_write_off_pct_confidence": "med", "bad_debt_year": "2024", "bad_debt_write_off_pct_shared_across": 7, "bad_debt_write_off_pct_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 7 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "bad_debt_write_off_pct_source_access": "url" }, "ai_task_breakdown": { "pct_physical_onsite_work": 92, "pct_physical_onsite_work_source": "CPWR - The Center for Construction Research and Training (2019), 'Ergonomic Tasks and Injury Risk in Construction Glass and Glazing', https://www.cpwr.com", "pct_physical_onsite_work_research_pass_count": 5, "pct_physical_onsite_work_confidence": "adjudicated", "task_breakdown_note": "For Glaziers (SOC 47-2121.00), core physical on-site tasks include cutting glass, installing window and door frameworks, assembling glass enclosures, and operating hoisting equipment, with 82% of workers reporting continual use of hands to handle/control tools and 72% reporting work is not at all automated. Cognitive and back-office coordination tasks include reading and interpreting blueprints, calculating glass and frame dimensions, estimating materials/costs, inspecting structures, and communicating project requirements with clients and supervisors.", "task_breakdown_note_source": "U.S. Department of Labor, O*NET OnLine (2026), '47-2121.00 - Glaziers', https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/47-2121.00", "ai_resistant_work": "Physical, on-site trade labor in glass and glazing remains highly resistant to AI replacement due to the non-standardized, tactile, and high-risk conditions of field construction. Specific physical tasks hard for AI to replace include: field-measuring, custom site adjustments, and hands-on installation of heavy structural architectural glass, curtain walls, storefronts, and skylights; operating suction cranes, specialized glass handling equipment, and rigging on active jobsites; manual application of weatherproofing sealants and flashings; and evaluating real-time jobsite hazards at height. As highlighted in Glass Magazine (2023, 2026), human physical dexterity, haptic judgment, complex problem-solving on active construction sites, and safety oversight cannot be replicated by software or current robotics.", "ai_resistant_work_source": "Glass Magazine (2026) - 'Top 50 Glaziers Survey: Glazing firms begin to adopt AI for office tasks' | Glass Magazine (2024) - Ron Crowl, 'The Future of AI in the Glass Industry', https://www.glassmagazine.com/article/future-ai-glass-industry | Glass Magazine (2023) - Matt Johnson, 'Artificial Intelligence Has the Potential to Streamline Design, Bidding, Procurement, Safety and Scheduling' | USGlass Magazine (2025) - 'Guardian Glass Launches AI Assistant Claria for Product Selection', https://www.usglassmag.com | Glazier Software (2026) - Amanda, 'How AI Takeoff Works and AI in Glazing', https://www.glaziersoftware.com | DigitalDefynd (2025) - 'Use of AI in the Glass Industry: 5 Case Studies (AGC, Guardian Glass)', https://digitaldefynd.com | Togal.AI (2024) - 'AI Takeoff Software for Glazing, Windows & Doors', https://www.togal.ai", "ai_resistant_work_confidence": "low", "automatable_work": "Back-office, preconstruction, coordination, and estimating workflows are the most automatable segments of the glazing trade. Highly automatable tasks include: automated blueprint takeoffs, opening schedule extraction, and window/door tag counting via optical character recognition (OCR) and computer vision; rapid cost estimation and proposal generation; checking building code, wind-load, and energy performance compliance; automated purchase order placement and stock replenishment based on material usage patterns; dynamic field scheduling and production capacity planning to predict shop bottlenecks; and customer inquiry processing. Tools like Togal.AI, Glazier Software, and Cyncly allow estimators and project managers to extract quantities and analyze contract drawings in minutes with over 97% accuracy.", "automatable_work_source": "Glass Magazine (2026) - 'Top 50 Glaziers Survey: Glazing firms begin to adopt AI for office tasks' | Glass Magazine (2024) - Ron Crowl, 'The Future of AI in the Glass Industry', https://www.glassmagazine.com/article/future-ai-glass-industry | Glass Magazine (2023) - Matt Johnson, 'Artificial Intelligence Has the Potential to Streamline Design, Bidding, Procurement, Safety and Scheduling' | USGlass Magazine (2025) - 'Guardian Glass Launches AI Assistant Claria for Product Selection', https://www.usglassmag.com | Glazier Software (2026) - Amanda, 'How AI Takeoff Works and AI in Glazing', https://www.glaziersoftware.com | DigitalDefynd (2025) - 'Use of AI in the Glass Industry: 5 Case Studies (AGC, Guardian Glass)', https://digitaldefynd.com | Togal.AI (2024) - 'AI Takeoff Software for Glazing, Windows & Doors', https://www.togal.ai", "automatable_work_confidence": "low", "pct_physical_onsite_work_source_access": "url", "task_breakdown_note_source_access": "url", "ai_resistant_work_source_access": "url", "automatable_work_source_access": "url" }, "automation_physical": { "sources": [ "Glass Magazine (2024): 'Embracing Automation: A Game-Changer for Flat Glass Companies of All Sizes'", "USGlass Magazine (2024): 'TSI Corp. Partners with Robotics Firm to Install Curtainwall Brackets' - https://www.usglassmag.com/2024/03/tsi-corp-partners-with-robotics-firm-to-install-curtainwall-brackets", "USGlass Magazine (2026): 'Automation and AI Shift Glass Fabrication Roles' - https://www.usglassmag.com", "McKinsey & Company (2025): 'Humanoid Robots in Construction' - https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/capital-projects-and-infrastructure/our-insights/humanoid-robots-in-construction", "McKinsey & Company (2025): 'The Workforce of the Future: A Partnership of People, Agents, and Robots' - https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/future-of-work/the-workforce-of-the-future-a-partnership-of-people-agents-and-robots" ] }, "fsm_software": { "fsm_adoption_pct": 58, "fsm_adoption_pct_source": "Glass Magazine / National Glass Association, 'Industry Investment Trends' (2023)", "fsm_adoption_pct_research_pass_count": 4, "fsm_adoption_pct_confidence": "med", "fsm_adoption_year": "2022", "fsm_adoption_pct_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "accounting_tech": { "integration_gap_note": "A substantial field-to-accounting integration gap persists across specialty trade and glazing contractors. According to the JBKnowledge Construction Technology survey data, 51% of construction firms manually transfer data between field/operational applications and core accounting software due to a lack of native integrations, with 53% reporting manual re-entry as their main transfer method. To address these field-to-office operational disconnects, 67% of top glazing contractors reported investing in new software systems according to Glass Magazine.", "integration_gap_note_source": "Hitachi Solutions / JBKnowledge Construction Technology Report (2023), Siteline / Glass Magazine Top Glaziers Survey (2023) (vendor-published industry report; software-adoption evidence, not independent benchmark research)", "integration_gap_note_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "ai_adoption": { "ai_adoption_rate_pct": 10, "ai_adoption_rate_pct_source": "Glass Magazine (National Glass Association), Top 50 Glaziers Survey, June 2026, https://glassmagazine.com", "ai_adoption_rate_pct_research_pass_count": 5, "ai_adoption_rate_pct_confidence": "low", "ai_adoption_year": "2026", "use_cases": "Preconstruction document review and project estimating takeoffs; automated 2D fabrication drawing generation from 3D models (e.g., DraftAid); static load-bearing capacity and glazing system calculations (e.g., Kuraray SentryGlas Strength Lab AI); machine-vision defect detection and quality inspection on fabrication lines; and predictive equipment maintenance.", "use_cases_source": "Glass Magazine (National Glass Association) & USGlass Magazine, https://glassmagazine.com and https://usglassmag.com", "adoption_examples": "Documented AI adoption examples in the US glass and glazing trade include: (1) Glass Magazine Top 50 Glaziers Survey (2026) - Reports that over 33% of top U.S. contract glaziers actively use AI tools and 10% have implemented them company-wide, primarily using AI during preconstruction for estimating and document review. (2) Guardian Glass (2025) - Launched 'Claria,' an interactive AI technical assistant that analyzes complex glass specs, regional building code requirements, and environmental performance data to recommend tailored glazing solutions. (3) AGC Inc. (2025) - Deployed AI computer-vision defect detection on flat glass production lines, achieving >95% inspection accuracy and cutting scrap waste by over 10%. (4) Cyncly (2024) - Built an AI Innovation Center to launch automated purchase order replenishment engines and intelligent production throughput monitoring for glass fabricators. (5) Togal.AI & Glazier Software (2024-2026) - Integrated AI takeoff and job performance tracking tools specifically designed for glazing contractors to automatically count window/door schedule tags directly from PDF plan sets.", "adoption_examples_source": "Glass Magazine (2026) - 'Top 50 Glaziers Survey: Glazing firms begin to adopt AI for office tasks' | Glass Magazine (2024) - Ron Crowl, 'The Future of AI in the Glass Industry', https://www.glassmagazine.com/article/future-ai-glass-industry | Glass Magazine (2023) - Matt Johnson, 'Artificial Intelligence Has the Potential to Streamline Design, Bidding, Procurement, Safety and Scheduling' | USGlass Magazine (2025) - 'Guardian Glass Launches AI Assistant Claria for Product Selection', https://www.usglassmag.com | Glazier Software (2026) - Amanda, 'How AI Takeoff Works and AI in Glazing', https://www.glaziersoftware.com | DigitalDefynd (2025) - 'Use of AI in the Glass Industry: 5 Case Studies (AGC, Guardian Glass)', https://digitaldefynd.com | Togal.AI (2024) - 'AI Takeoff Software for Glazing, Windows & Doors', https://www.togal.ai", "adoption_examples_confidence": "low", "ai_adoption_rate_pct_source_access": "url", "use_cases_source_access": "url", "adoption_examples_source_access": "url" }, "leadgen_platforms": { "marketplace_penetration_pct": 1.5, "marketplace_penetration_pct_source": "Angi Inc., Q1 2026 Shareholder Letter and Earnings Call Transcript, 2026, https://ir.angi.com", "marketplace_penetration_pct_research_pass_count": 5, "marketplace_penetration_pct_confidence": "med", "platform_take_rate_pct": 10, "platform_take_rate_pct_source": "Angi Inc., Q1 2026 Shareholder Letter and Earnings Call Transcript, 2026, https://ir.angi.com", "platform_take_rate_pct_research_pass_count": 5, "platform_take_rate_pct_confidence": "high", "platforms_note": "For specialty trades including window, glass, and glazing services, major marketplace platforms (Angi, HomeAdvisor, Thumbtack) charge pros on a pay-per-lead model rather than taking a direct percentage fee per transaction. Shared lead pricing for window and glazing replacement typically ranges from $20 to $65 per lead (sold simultaneously to 3-5 competing contractors), whereas higher-intent Google Local Services Ads (LSAs) and exclusive lead channels range from $45 to $100+ per lead.", "platforms_note_source": "LeadTruffle / 7ten Marketing Contractor Pricing Analysis, 2026, https://www.leadtruffle.co", "marketplace_penetration_pct_shared_across": 11, "marketplace_penetration_pct_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 11 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "platform_take_rate_pct_shared_across": 13, "platform_take_rate_pct_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 13 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "marketplace_penetration_pct_source_access": "url", "platform_take_rate_pct_source_access": "url", "platforms_note_source_access": "url" }, "acquisition_mix": { "pct_referral": 59, "pct_referral_source": "Houzz, 2023 U.S. Houzz & Home Study (2023), https://www.houzz.com", "pct_referral_research_pass_count": 3, "pct_referral_confidence": "low", "pct_digital": 38, "pct_digital_source": "Houzz, 2023 U.S. Houzz & Home Study (2023), https://www.houzz.com", "pct_digital_research_pass_count": 3, "pct_digital_confidence": "low", "pct_marketplace": 28, "pct_marketplace_source": "Home Services Marketing Report (2025) - https://www.rudys.ai", "pct_marketplace_research_pass_count": 3, "pct_marketplace_confidence": "low", "pct_repeat": 37.5, "pct_repeat_derived": true, "pct_repeat_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 3 cited research inputs: Houzz, 2023 U.S. Houzz & Home Study, https://www.houzz.com (Cross-checked against National Association of Home Builders Remodelers Survey, 37%) | Field Service Trades & Contractor Survey / Uhub NGO (2025), https://uhub.ngo (cross-checked against Modernize Homeowner Insights Survey (2025), https://modernize.com/contractor-insights/contractor-selection-trends) | Stratrix Glass and Glazing Contractors Industry Benchmark (2025) - https://www.stratrix.com", "pct_repeat_research_pass_count": 4, "pct_repeat_confidence": "med", "acquisition_year": "2024", "pct_marketplace_shared_across": 4, "pct_marketplace_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 4 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "pct_referral_source_access": "url", "pct_digital_source_access": "url", "pct_marketplace_source_access": "url", "pct_repeat_source_access": "url" }, "insurance_warranty": { "pct_insurance_channel": 53.1, "pct_insurance_channel_derived": true, "pct_insurance_channel_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 2 cited research inputs: National Windshield Repair Division / NWRA (2021) and Insurance Journal (2003, https://www.insurancejournal.com/magazines/mag-features/2003/05/01/30043.htm) | U.S. International Trade Commission (USITC), Certain Replacement Glass Windshields from China, Investigation No. 731-TA-922 (Publication 3494), 2002, https://www.usitc.gov/publications/701_731/pub3494.pdf", "pct_insurance_channel_research_pass_count": 2, "pct_insurance_channel_confidence": "med", "home_warranty_penetration_pct": 4, "home_warranty_penetration_pct_source": "Frontdoor, Inc. Form 10-K for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2024 (2025), https://www.sec.gov/edgar/searchedgar/companysearch", "home_warranty_penetration_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "home_warranty_penetration_pct_confidence": "med", "intermediation_note": "Intermediaries such as Third-Party Administrators (TPAs) and home warranty providers control contractor-customer relationships by managing customer intake, job dispatch, repair scope, and pre-negotiated fee schedules. In auto glass, major TPAs (e.g., Safelite Solutions, LYNX) handle 66% to 85% of insurer glass claims, capturing customer calls and steering work toward preferred repair networks. In residential warranty trades, major providers like Frontdoor dispatch 83% to 85% of service requests through preferred contractor networks operating under contractual rates and strict service-level agreements.", "intermediation_note_source": "National Windshield Repair Division (2021), Connecticut General Assembly Public Hearing Record (2011, https://www.cga.ct.gov), and Frontdoor, Inc. Form 10-K SEC Filing (2024, https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0001738711/000173871125000008/ftdr-20241231.htm)", "pct_insurance_channel_source_access": "url", "home_warranty_penetration_pct_source_access": "url", "intermediation_note_source_access": "url" }, "recurring_mix": { "recurring_note": "In the U.S. glass and glazing industry (NAICS 238150), contract glazing (curtain wall, storefronts, window wall) is project-based revenue accounted for under percentage-of-completion that must be re-won per job, whereas service and repair work (glass replacement, door hardware, storefront repair) behaves like recurring revenue; standardized industry-wide percentage metrics for overall recurring revenue share and maintenance-contract attach rates are not reported in public 10-K filings or trade association benchmark surveys.", "recurring_note_source": "CT Acquisitions, 2026", "recurring_note_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "contract_terms": { "typical_contract_length_months": 19.5, "typical_contract_length_months_derived": true, "typical_contract_length_months_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 3 cited research inputs: Tecnoglass Inc. Form 10-K (2017), (stating commercial architectural glass and glazing contracts typically range between 1 and 3 years, or 12 to 36 months); cross-checked with ISI Detention Contracting Corp. Form 10-K (2009), (noting specialized glass and glazing projects take 9 to 14 months) and Apogee Enterprises, Inc. Form 10-K (2021) | Glass Magazine / National Glass Association (NGA) Top 50 Glaziers Report (2025), https://glass.org; Apogee Enterprises, Inc. Form 10-K (2026), https://www.sec.gov | USGlass Magazine, 2026, https://www.usglassmag.com", "typical_contract_length_months_research_pass_count": 4, "typical_contract_length_months_confidence": "low", "renewal_rate_pct": 90, "renewal_rate_pct_source": "DMC Global Inc. (Arcadia Products), 2026, https://www.sec.gov", "renewal_rate_pct_research_pass_count": 1, "renewal_rate_pct_confidence": "low", "stickiness_note": "Commercial glazing customer contracts feature high lock-in because agreements are structured as long-term, fixed-price subcontracts with single bundled performance obligations tied to custom-engineered shop drawings and architectural specifications (Division 8). Switching contractors mid-project creates severe financial and operational penalties, including re-engineering costs, lead-time delays, warranty invalidation, and performance bond liabilities.", "stickiness_note_source": "National Glass Association Technical Guidelines IN02-09 & IN03-12 (2022), https://www.glassmagazine.com; Apogee Enterprises, Inc. Form 10-K (2026), https://www.sec.gov", "typical_contract_length_months_source_access": "url", "renewal_rate_pct_source_access": "url", "stickiness_note_source_access": "url" }, "cross_sell": { "cross_sell_note": "In the US commercial glass and glazing trade, major market leaders expand adjacent services by acquiring and bundling complementary product lines, such as translucent daylighting solutions, storefronts, curtain walls, and architectural hardware, alongside primary architectural glass to leverage cross-selling opportunities across their portfolio and deliver comprehensive building envelope solutions.", "cross_sell_note_source": "Apogee Enterprises Press Release, 2026, https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20260528005372/en/Apogee-Enterprises-to-Acquire-Kalwall-Companies", "cross_sell_note_source_access": "url" }, "capital_intensity": { "startup_cost_usd": 238000, "startup_cost_usd_source": "Glass Doctor Franchise Disclosure Document (FDD Item 7), 2026", "startup_cost_usd_research_pass_count": 5, "startup_cost_usd_confidence": "med", "capex_pct_of_revenue": 2.62, "capex_pct_of_revenue_source": "Apogee Enterprises, Inc. Form 10-K / FY2025 Earnings Release, 2025, https://www.sec.gov/edgar/browse/?CIK=0000006842", "capex_pct_of_revenue_research_pass_count": 5, "capex_pct_of_revenue_confidence": "med", "equipment_note": "Operations require specialized service trucks equipped with exterior glass racks (A-frames), glass handling and suction lifting tools, safety equipment, and warehouse/shop facility space for storing glass inventory, fabrication, and staging.", "equipment_note_source": "Franchise Journal, 2025", "startup_cost_usd_source_access": "citation-text-only", "capex_pct_of_revenue_source_access": "url", "equipment_note_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "regulatory_burden": { "permit_burden_note": "Glass and glazing operators face a multi-layered compliance and permit burden driven by triennial model energy codes (such as the International Energy Conservation Code [IECC] and ASHRAE Standard 90.1) that set mandatory U-factors and Solar Heat Gain Coefficients (SHGC). In coastal and high-wind jurisdictions (e.g., Florida), operators must secure local building permits proving windborne debris and hurricane impact resistance tested under ASTM E1886/E1996, NAFS specifications, or Miami-Dade protocols. Operators must also comply with safety glazing regulations (ANSI Z97.1 / CPSC 16 CFR 1201), structural wind-load designs, and fire-resistance standards for commercial building envelopes.", "permit_burden_note_source": "Glass Magazine (2023), 'Staying current with energy codes? What to know and how to prepare for what's next', Lee & Cates Glass / National Glass Association (2025), 'Permits and Inspections for Window Replacement', https://leeandcatesglass.com", "compliance_cost_note": "Compliance costs arise from both direct material requirements and mandatory testing certifications. Meeting aggressive energy stretch codes (such as U-factors of 0.25 in local energy codes) forces a market transition from double glazing to triple-insulating glass units (IGUs) and thermally broken aluminum framing. This transition increases upfront product costs and adds structural budget complexity due to the physical weight of triple glazing during handling and installation. Additionally, fabricators and contractors incur administrative and testing overhead to obtain third-party certifications through bodies like the National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC), Insulating Glass Certification Council (IGCC), and Safety Glazing Certification Council (SGCC).", "compliance_cost_note_source": "Glass Magazine (2023), 'Staying current with energy codes? What to know and how to prepare for what's next', National Fenestration Rating Council (2020), 'NFRC Program Overview', https://www.nfrccommunity.org", "regulatory_tailwind_note": "Regulatory mandates and incentives are accelerating market demand for advanced glass products. Under the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), enhanced Section 179D commercial tax deductions (up to $5/sq. ft.) and Section 48 investment tax credits incentivize the installation of electrochromic/dynamic glass and ultra-high-efficiency building envelopes. Concurrently, the EPA's C-MORE program and Buy Clean initiatives (e.g., Federal GSA, Buy Clean California Act, Buy Clean Colorado Act) require Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) adhering to Global Warming Potential (GWP) limits for flat glass. At the municipal level, legislation such as New York City's Local Law 15 of 2020 mandates bird-friendly glazing (maximum Threat Factor of 25) on at least 90% of building facades up to 75 feet above grade, expanding retrofits and specialized glass installations.", "regulatory_tailwind_note_source": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2024), 'Construction Material Opportunities to Reduce Emissions (C-MORE) Program', https://www.epa.gov; Internal Revenue Service / Treasury Department (2024), 'Definition of Energy Property and Rules Applicable to the Energy Credit', Final Rule, 89 FR 100598 (December 12, 2024), which sets the section 48 performance and quality standards for electrochromic glass property, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/12/12/2024-28190/definition-of-energy-property-and-rules-applicable-to-the-energy-credit; NYC Department of Buildings (2021), 'Local Law 15 of 2020: Bird Friendly Building Design', https://www.nyc.gov", "permit_burden_note_source_access": "url", "compliance_cost_note_source_access": "url", "regulatory_tailwind_note_source_access": "url" }, "consolidation": { "consolidation_activity": "The US Glass & Glazing trade is experiencing active and ongoing private equity roll-up and consolidation activity. Driven by high market fragmentation across contract glazing, value-added glass fabrication, and architectural building envelope products, private equity sponsors actively deploy buy-and-build strategies in the trade. According to Glass Magazine and CT Acquisitions (2026), M&A coverage tracks continuous consolidation across contract glazing, fabrication, and glazing software, with PE firms targeting specialty contractors offering defensible market niches and recurring service revenues. Industry M&A research from Oaklins (2021) and Glass Magazine (2020) highlights that financial sponsors use buy-and-build acquisitions as the primary strategy to establish regional and national platforms, capturing scale, operational synergies, and expanded geographic service capabilities.", "consolidation_activity_source": "Glass Magazine / CT Acquisitions (2026), 'Commercial Glazing Business Valuation', https://www.ctacquisitions.com; Glass Magazine (2020), 'Consolidation reshapes glass supply chain', https://www.glassmagazine.com; Oaklins Spot On (2021), 'Private Equity in the Flat Glass Industry', https://www.oaklins.com", "notable_platforms": "Prominent private equity platforms and acquirers actively consolidating the US glass and glazing trade include: (1) Oldcastle BuildingEnvelope (OBE), a platform acquired by private equity firm KPS Capital Partners from CRH plc for $3.45 billion in 2022. OBE has aggressively rolled up regional fabricators, including Syracuse Glass Company in June 2023 and Midwest Glass Fabricators in February 2024. (2) Binswanger Glass, acquired by operationally focused private equity firm Transom Capital Group in November 2025 to accelerate growth across its 42 full-service glazing locations. (3) Trulite Glass & Aluminum Solutions, a private equity platform backed by Sun Capital Partners, which acquired American Insulated Glass (AIG) and AGC's U.S. commercial fabrication assets, expanding its network to over 42 North American facilities. (4) Custom Glass Solutions (CGS), a platform owned by private equity firm Stellex Capital Management, which acquired North American Specialty Glass (NASG) to expand its engineered glass and framed assembly capabilities.", "notable_platforms_source": "Transom Capital Group (2025), 'Transom Acquires Binswanger Glass', https://www.transomcap.com; KPS Capital Partners (2024), 'KPS Portfolio Company Oldcastle BuildingEnvelope Completes Acquisition of Midwest Glass Fabricators', https://www.kpsfund.com; Lincoln International (2023), 'Lineage Capital has sold Syracuse Glass Company to Oldcastle BuildingEnvelope', https://www.lincolninternational.com; Glass Magazine (2024), 'Trulite Acquires American Insulated Glass', https://www.glassmagazine.com; Business Wire / Stellex Capital Management (2024), 'Custom Glass Solutions Establishes Upper Sandusky as New Corporate HQ', https://www.businesswire.com", "sources": [ "https://www.ctacquisitions.com", "https://www.transomcap.com", "https://www.kpsfund.com", "https://www.lincolninternational.com", "https://www.glassmagazine.com", "https://www.businesswire.com", "https://www.oaklins.com" ], "consolidation_activity_source_access": "url", "notable_platforms_source_access": "url" }, "multiples": { "typical_ebitda_multiple_low": 2.92, "typical_ebitda_multiple_low_confidence": "low", "typical_ebitda_multiple_high": 7.1, "typical_ebitda_multiple_high_source": "GF Data (NAICS 238 Specialty Trade Contractors cohort, $50M-$100M TEV band) cited in CT Acquisitions Commercial Glazing Business Valuation Guide (2026):", "typical_ebitda_multiple_high_research_pass_count": 2, "typical_ebitda_multiple_high_confidence": "med", "multiple_by_size_note": "Acquisition EBITDA multiples for US glass and glazing businesses increase significantly with enterprise value (TEV) and scale. Small local contractors typically transact at 2.92x to 4.24x EBITDA. Larger specialty trade contractors average 5.7x EBITDA at $10M to $25M TEV, 6.1x at $25M to $50M TEV, and 7.1x at $50M to $100M TEV per GF Data NAICS 238 benchmarks.", "multiple_by_size_note_source": "CT Acquisitions, 'Commercial Glazing Business Valuation Guide' (2026):", "multiple_year": "2025-2026", "typical_ebitda_multiple_high_source_access": "citation-text-only", "multiple_by_size_note_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "exit_environment": { "exit_trend": "The exit trend is heating up and accelerating. High market fragmentation, rising operational complexity, owner retirement transitions, and private equity dry powder are driving an accelerated wave of M&A consolidation across contract glazing and glass fabrication businesses.", "exit_trend_source": "TM Capital, 'Glass Fabrication & Glazing Services Market Trends: Insights & Opportunities Report' (2026), https://www.tmcapital.com ; Glass Magazine / NGA Glass Cast, 'Planning Your Exit: REAG CEO, Scott Mashuda on Why Glass Fabricators Can't Afford to Wait' (2026), https://www.glassmagazine.com", "sources": [ "https://www.tmcapital.com", "https://ctacquisitions.com", "https://www.glassmagazine.com" ], "exit_trend_source_access": "url" }, "demand_drivers": { "installed_base_units": 129400000, "installed_base_units_source": "U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Residential Energy Consumption Survey (RECS 2020, published 2022/2023, https://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/) reporting 123.5 million primary occupied housing units; cross-checked with U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS 2018, published 2021/2022, https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/) reporting 5.9 million commercial buildings, combining for an installed base of 129.4 million buildings/units.", "installed_base_units_research_pass_count": 5, "installed_base_units_confidence": "med", "replacement_vs_new_note": "According to the Fenestration and Glazing Industry Alliance (FGIA), residential window demand in new construction grew while remodeling/replacement window demand declined by 5% in 2024. In commercial glazing applications such as unit skylights, new construction represented approximately 33% of total market demand, while remodeling and replacement accounted for 67%. Furthermore, IBISWorld highlights that glass and glazing contractors have increasingly shifted focus toward building retrofits and replacement work to offset weak ground-up commercial office construction.", "replacement_vs_new_note_source": "Fenestration and Glazing Industry Alliance (FGIA) / IBISWorld, 2024, https://www.fgiaonline.org", "demand_drivers_note": "Key demand drivers for the U.S. glass and glazing trade include total construction spending across residential ($917.9 billion in 2024) and nonresidential ($743.8 billion in 2024) sectors, local and federal energy-efficiency regulations driving retrofits with high-performance low-E glass, corporate profit margins, and modern architectural specifications favoring expansive exterior curtain walls and natural daylighting.", "demand_drivers_note_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Monthly Construction Spending (Value Put in Place), 2025, https://www.census.gov/construction/c30/pdf/release.pdf", "installed_base_units_source_access": "url", "replacement_vs_new_note_source_access": "url", "demand_drivers_note_source_access": "url" }, "macro_correlation": { "housing_correlation_note": "Flat glass and glazing demand in residential construction correlates directly with new housing starts and total residential construction spending. Glazing installations, such as energy-efficient double-pane windows, patio doors, and exterior fenestration, lag initial housing permits and groundbreakings, tracking overall monthly residential construction activity.", "housing_correlation_note_source": "U.S. Census Bureau & Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (FRED), Total Construction Spending: Residential in the United States (TLRESCONS), 2026, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/TLRESCONS", "commercial_correlation_note": "Commercial glass and glazing demand, encompassing curtain wall systems, storefronts, institutional facades, and high-rise multi-family glazing, correlates with commercial nonresidential construction expenditures. Demand lags initial project starts, as glazing products are ordered and installed during the mid-to-late building envelope enclosure phase.", "commercial_correlation_note_source": "U.S. Census Bureau & Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (FRED), Total Construction Spending: Commercial in the United States (TLCOMCONS), 2026, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/TLCOMCONS", "climate_sensitivity_note": "Glass and glazing product selection is sensitive to regional weather and climate zones, driven by model building codes such as ASHRAE Standard 90.1 and the International Energy Conservation Code (IECC) overseen by the DOE Building Energy Codes Program. In warm climate zones (CZ 1-3), low Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) limits drive demand for solar-control coated and tinted glass to reduce air-conditioning loads. In cold climate zones (CZ 5-8), strict U-factor targets drive demand for triple-pane glazing, low-E coatings, and thermally broken frame assemblies to minimize heating energy loss.", "climate_sensitivity_note_source": "U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Building Energy Codes Program, Building Energy Codes and Climate Zone Performance Standards, 2026, https://www.energycodes.gov", "housing_correlation_note_source_access": "url", "commercial_correlation_note_source_access": "url", "climate_sensitivity_note_source_access": "url" }, "search_interest": { "search_trend_note": "Consumer search interest for US glass and glazing services displays positive demand momentum, driven by steady transactional volume and pronounced seasonal peaks. Core search terms like 'windshield replacement' (~74,000 monthly searches) and 'window glass replacement' (~27,100 monthly searches) sustain high baseline query volume across auto and residential sectors, while specialized queries such as 'bay window replacement' exhibit spring search interest surges of over 300% relative to winter levels.", "search_trend_note_source": "Sell More Glass (2026, https://sellmoreglass.com); SERP Wars (2026, https://serpwars.com); The Digest Online (2026, https://thedigestonline.com)", "search_trend_note_source_access": "url" }, "cust_acquisition": { "typical_cac_usd": 300, "typical_cac_usd_source": "JIM (2025), 'How to Start a Glass and Glazing Contractor Business'", "typical_cac_usd_research_pass_count": 5, "typical_cac_usd_confidence": "med", "avg_review_volume": 39, "avg_review_volume_source": "BrightLocal (2024), Local Search Industry Report and Local Consumer Review Survey, https://www.brightlocal.com", "avg_review_volume_research_pass_count": 4, "avg_review_volume_confidence": "med", "complaint_categories": "Service or Repair Issues, Product Issues, Sales and Advertising Issues, Customer Service Issues, Billing Issues", "complaint_categories_source": "Better Business Bureau (BBB) Business & Industry Complaint Reports (2026), https://www.bbb.org", "avg_review_volume_shared_across": 6, "avg_review_volume_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 6 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "typical_cac_usd_source_access": "citation-text-only", "avg_review_volume_source_access": "url", "complaint_categories_source_access": "url" } }, "subtrade": {}, "segments": { "bands": [ { "band": "0-1M", "band_label": "under $1M annual revenue (owner-operator / very small shop)", "metrics": { "gross_margin_pct": { "value": 22.4, "source": "Construction Financial Management Association 2024 https://cfma.org", "confidence": "low", "basis": "CFMA benchmark gross profit margin for Specialty Trade Contractors (NAICS 238)", "source_access": "url" }, "collection_rate_pct": { "value": 85.1, "source": "Level 2026 https://levelcfo.com", "confidence": "low", "basis": "Median collection rate (cash collected as % of amounts billed) across surveyed contractors", "source_access": "url" }, "dso_days": { "value": 56.6, "source": "Construction Financial Management Association 2024 https://cfma.org", "confidence": "low", "basis": "CFMA industry-wide average days sales outstanding for construction contractors", "source_access": "url" } } }, { "band": "1-5M", "band_label": "$1M to $5M annual revenue (small established contractor)", "metrics": { "gross_margin_pct": { "value": 17.5, "source": "CFMA / Siana Marketing 2026 https://sianamarketing.com", "confidence": "high", "basis": "Midpoint of 15% to 20% gross profit margin range for small contractors under $5M annual revenue", "source_access": "url" }, "dso_days": { "value": 56.6, "source": "CFMA 2024 Construction Financial Benchmarker https://cfma.org", "confidence": "med", "basis": "Average Days Sales Outstanding (DSO) for specialty trade construction contractors", "source_access": "url" } } }, { "band": "5-20M", "band_label": "$5M to $20M annual revenue (mid-market, multi-crew)", "metrics": { "gross_margin_pct": { "value": 22.4, "source": "Construction Financial Management Association (CFMA) 2025, https://cfma.org/benchmarker", "confidence": "med", "basis": "CFMA 2025 Construction Financial Benchmarker Specialty Trades segment average gross margin", "source_access": "url" }, "dso_days": { "value": 60, "source": "Construction Financial Management Association (CFMA) 2024, https://cfma.org/benchmarker", "confidence": "med", "basis": "CFMA specialty trade contractor average Days Sales Outstanding benchmark", "source_access": "url" } } }, { "band": "20M+", "band_label": "over $20M annual revenue (large / regional / PE-backed)", "metrics": { "gross_margin_pct": { "value": 20, "source": "Construction Financial Management Association (CFMA) 2024, https://cfma.org/articles/cfma-s-2-24-construction-financial-benchmarker-executive-summary", "confidence": "med", "basis": "Average gross profit margin for Specialty Trade Contractors from CFMA Financial Benchmarker", "source_access": "url" }, "collection_rate_pct": { "value": 85.1, "source": "Level CFO analysis of 464 contractors, https://levelcfo.com/benchmarks/contractor", "confidence": "low", "basis": "Median cash collected as a percentage of amounts billed, n=464 companies", "source_access": "url" }, "dso_days": { "value": 54, "source": "Construction Financial Management Association (CFMA) 2024, https://cfma.org", "confidence": "med", "basis": "Average Days Sales Outstanding (DSO) for Specialty Trade Contractors from CFMA Financial Benchmarker", "source_access": "url" } } } ] }, "geo": { "states": [ { "name": "Alabama", "where": "AL", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 22.03, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -13.98, "median_wage_source": "BLS OEWS, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Alabama, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_al.htm", "license_regime": "In Alabama, state-level licensing is required for commercial or non-residential glass and glazing work on projects valued at $50,000 or more, administered by the Alabama Licensing Board for General Contractors (ASLBGC) under the Specialty Construction sub-classification for Glass (BC-S). Residential glass installation on projects exceeding $10,000 is regulated by the Alabama Home Builders Licensure Board (AHBLB). Projects below state monetary thresholds are regulated at the county or municipal level through local trade and business licenses.", "license_source": "Alabama Licensing Board for General Contractors, 2024", "bonding_requirement": "The state board does not impose a mandatory statewide license surety bond for commercial specialty glass contractors; however, contractors must provide proof of general liability insurance and submit a CPA-prepared financial statement demonstrating a minimum net worth and working capital of $10,000. Workers' compensation coverage is required by state statute for employers with 5 or more employees.", "bonding_source": "Alabama Licensing Board for General Contractors, 2024", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS data, Alabama employs approximately 420 glaziers (SOC 47-2121), corresponding to 0.206 glaziers per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 0.59, representing an occupational density roughly 41% below the national average.", "market_source": "BLS OEWS, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Alabama, U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_al.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 22.03 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Alaska", "where": "AK", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 22.09, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -13.74, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023 (https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ak.htm and https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nat.htm)", "license_regime": "State-level licensing is required in Alaska through the Division of Corporations, Business and Professional Licensing. Glass and glazing contractors register as Specialty Contractors (limited to performing up to three specialty trades). Broader scopes of work require a General Contractor or Residential Contractor license.", "license_source": "Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development - Division of Corporations, Business and Professional Licensing, Construction Contractors Program, 2024 (https://professionallicense.alaska.gov/constructioncontractors)", "bonding_requirement": "Specialty Contractors must post a $10,000 surety bond (pursuant to AS 08.18.071). Licensees must maintain public liability insurance coverage of at least $20,000 for property damage, $50,000 for injury/death to one person, and $100,000 for injury/death to more than one person, as well as Workers' Compensation insurance if employing workers.", "bonding_source": "Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development - Division of Corporations, Business and Professional Licensing, Construction Contractors Program, 2024 (https://professionallicense.alaska.gov/constructioncontractors)", "market_size_or_density_note": "Alaska has an estimated total employment of 120 Glaziers (SOC 47-2121), representing a job concentration of 0.400 per 1,000 total jobs and a location quotient of 1.14 relative to the national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023 (https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ak.htm)", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 22.09 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Arizona", "where": "AZ", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 23.47, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -8.36, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_az.htm", "license_regime": "A state-level license issued by the Arizona Registrar of Contractors (ROC) is required for any project exceeding $1,000 in labor and materials or requiring a permit. Arizona offers three specific glazing contractor license tiers/classifications: Specialty Commercial Glazing (C-65), Specialty Residential Glazing (R-65), and Dual Commercial/Residential Glazing (CR-65).", "license_source": "Arizona Registrar of Contractors (ROC), 2024, https://roc.az.gov/license-classifications", "bonding_requirement": "Under A.R.S. § 32-1152, contractors must hold a continuous surety bond or cash deposit based on classification and projected annual gross volume ($2,500 to $50,000 for commercial specialty; $4,250 to $15,000 for residential specialty; dual licenses combine both). Residential and dual contractors must also contribute to the Residential Contractors Recovery Fund assessment. Workers' compensation insurance is required if employing staff.", "bonding_source": "Arizona Registrar of Contractors (ROC) / A.R.S. § 32-1152, 2024, https://roc.az.gov/bond-information", "market_size_or_density_note": "Arizona has an estimated 1,790 employed glaziers with an occupational location quotient of 1.62 (0.571 glaziers per 1,000 jobs), representing a concentration 62% higher than the U.S. national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_az.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 23.47 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Arkansas", "where": "AR", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 18, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -29.71, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ar.htm", "license_regime": "Contractor licensing in Arkansas is managed at the state level by the Arkansas Contractors Licensing Board (ACLB). Commercial projects valued at $50,000 or more (inclusive of labor and materials) require a Commercial Contractor License, which includes Specialty classifications such as Glass and Glazing. For residential work, a Residential Builder, Remodeler, or Home Improvement Specialty license is required for projects over $2,000. Subcontractors performing work under a licensed contractor may obtain a subcontractor certificate/registration from the board.", "license_source": "Arkansas Contractors Licensing Board, 2024, https://aclb.arkansas.gov", "bonding_requirement": "Commercial contractor license applicants must file a $10,000 contractor's surety bond with the ACLB. Proof of Workers' Compensation insurance is required for any contractor with one or more employees. General liability insurance is required for residential builder and home improvement licenses, but is not statutorily required for basic commercial licenses.", "bonding_source": "Arkansas Contractors Licensing Board, 2024, https://aclb.arkansas.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "Arkansas employs approximately 480 Glaziers (SOC 47-2121), representing a density of 0.374 glaziers per 1,000 total jobs and a location quotient of 1.06 relative to the national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ar.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 18 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "California", "where": "CA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 29.75, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 16.17, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ca.htm", "license_regime": "State-level license required for any glazing work where project labor and materials total $500 or more. Issued statewide by the Contractors State License Board (CSLB), part of the California Department of Consumer Affairs. Classification falls under Specialty Contractors (Class C), specifically Class C-17 Glazing Contractor.", "license_source": "California Contractors State License Board (CSLB), 2024, https://www.cslb.ca.gov", "bonding_requirement": "All active contractor licenses require a $25,000 contractor license bond (effective Jan 1, 2023 per SB 607). An additional $25,000 Bond of Qualifying Individual is required if qualified by an RME or RMO owning <10% stock. LLC entities must maintain an additional $100,000 worker bond and general liability insurance of at least $1,000,000 (for 5 or fewer personnel). Workers' compensation insurance is required for all active contractors with employees.", "bonding_source": "California Contractors State License Board (CSLB), 2023", "market_size_or_density_note": "California employs 7,360 Glaziers (SOC 47-2121), accounting for approximately 13.8% of the total national glazier workforce of 53,390.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ca.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 29.75 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Colorado", "where": "CO", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 28.57, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 11.56, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_co.htm", "license_regime": "No statewide contractor license is required for glaziers in Colorado. The Colorado Department of Regulatory Agencies (DORA) regulates specific trades statewide (such as electricians and plumbers), but specialty trade licensing for glass and glazing contractors is handled entirely at the local city and county level.", "license_source": "Colorado Department of Regulatory Agencies (DORA) Division of Professions and Occupations, 2024, https://dora.colorado.gov", "bonding_requirement": "There are no state-level surety bond or general liability insurance minimums for glaziers in Colorado because the trade is not licensed at the state level; bonding and insurance requirements are set by individual city or county jurisdictions.", "bonding_source": "Colorado Department of Regulatory Agencies (DORA) Division of Professions and Occupations, 2024, https://dora.colorado.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "Colorado employed 1,440 glaziers as of May 2023 with a location quotient of 1.45, indicating a 45% higher concentration of glazier employment compared to the national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_co.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 28.57 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Connecticut", "where": "CT", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 29.05, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 13.43, "median_wage_source": "BLS OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ct.htm", "license_regime": "State-level licensing is required by the Department of Consumer Protection (DCP). License tiers include FG-1 (Glazier Contractor - Flat Glass), FG-2 (Glazier Journeyperson - Flat Glass), AG-1 (Auto Glass Technician Contractor), and AG-2 (Auto Glass Technician Journeyperson).", "license_source": "Connecticut Department of Consumer Protection, 2024", "bonding_requirement": "Requires a $15,000 surety bond for Home Improvement Contractor (HIC) registration for residential glazing work under DCP (CGS § 20-417a) and general liability insurance (minimum statutory limit of $20,000, with a standard industry requirement of $1,000,000 per occurrence).", "bonding_source": "Connecticut Department of Consumer Protection / Connecticut General Statutes § 20-417a, 2024, https://portal.ct.gov/DCP", "market_size_or_density_note": "IBISWorld reports 309 Glass & Glazing Contractor businesses in Connecticut employing 814 industry workers. Additionally, BLS OEWS estimates 300 active Glaziers (SOC 47-2121) in CT with a location quotient of 0.51.", "market_source": "IBISWorld, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 29.05 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Delaware", "where": "DE", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 22.43, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -12.42, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Delaware and National (2024) https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_de.htm", "license_regime": "Delaware does not require or issue a state-level trade license specifically for glass & glazing (glaziers). State trade licenses administered by the Division of Professional Regulation are restricted to electrical, plumbing, and HVACR. However, all contractors operating in Delaware must obtain a state contractor business license from the Delaware Division of Revenue and register with the Delaware Department of Labor Office of Contractor Registration under the Delaware Contractor Registration Act. Local municipalities (such as Wilmington or Dover) and counties may enforce local contractor permits or licensing.", "license_source": "Delaware Division of Professional Regulation and Delaware Department of Labor Office of Contractor Registration (2024) https://dpr.delaware.gov/ and https://labor.delaware.gov", "bonding_requirement": "There are no state-level trade bond minimums for general glazier licensing. However, non-resident construction contractors are required by 30 Del. C. § 2703 to post a surety bond equal to 6% of the contract value or meet specified registration requirements. Public works projects may also require project performance and payment bonds.", "bonding_source": "Delaware Code Title 30 § 2703 (2024) https://delcode.delaware.gov/title30/c027/index.shtml", "market_size_or_density_note": "As of May 2023, BLS OEWS reports 40 employed glaziers (SOC 47-2121) in Delaware, with a location quotient of 0.22, indicating an employment concentration roughly 22% of the national average density.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Delaware (2024) https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_de.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 22.43 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Florida", "where": "FL", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 22.16, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -13.47, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_fl.htm", "license_regime": "State-level licensing is required in Florida for Glass & Glazing specialty contractors through the Department of Business and Professional Regulation (DBPR) Construction Industry Licensing Board (CILB) pursuant to Florida Statutes Chapter 489. License tiers include Certified Glass & Glazing Specialty Contractor (authorizing statewide practice) and Registered Specialty Contractor (restricted to specific county or municipal jurisdictions where local competency requirements are met).", "license_source": "Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation (DBPR) Construction Industry Licensing Board, 2024, https://www.myfloridalicense.com/DBPR/construction-industry", "bonding_requirement": "Under Florida Administrative Code Rule 61G4-15.003 and F.S. § 489.115, Glass & Glazing contractors must carry minimum general liability insurance of $100,000 public liability and $25,000 property damage, along with statutory workers' compensation coverage or an approved exemption under F.S. Chapter 440. A financial responsibility surety bond ($10,000 or $20,000) is required only if the applicant's FICO credit score is below 660 (or can be waived by completing a CILB-approved 14-hour financial responsibility course).", "bonding_source": "Florida Administrative Code Rule 61G4-15.003, 2024, https://www.flrules.org/gateway/ruleNo.asp?id=61G4-15.003", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to IBISWorld, there are 2,676 active Glass & Glazing Contractor businesses and 5,438 industry employees in Florida as of 2026. BLS OEWS May 2023 data reports 4,370 employed Glaziers (SOC 47-2121) in Florida, representing an employment density of approximately 0.457 per 1,000 jobs.", "market_source": "IBISWorld, Glass & Glazing Contractors in Florida Industry Report, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 22.16 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Georgia", "where": "GA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 21.62, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -15.58, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), May 2022 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Georgia, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2022/may/oes_ga.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level specialty trade license is required for glass and glazing contractors in Georgia. Under O.C.G.A. § 43-41-17, specialty contractors performing trade work (including storefronts and glazing) are exempt from state general contractor licensing provided work stays within their trade scope. Licensing and occupational tax certificates are mandated at the local city or county level.", "license_source": "Georgia Secretary of State, State Licensing Board for Residential and General Contractors, 'Exempt Specialty Contractors', 2024, https://sos.ga.gov/page/residential-and-commercial-general-contractor-exemptions", "bonding_requirement": "There are no state-mandated surety bond or insurance minimums for glass and glazing contractors because Georgia does not issue a state trade license for glaziers. Insurance and bonding requirements are set at the local municipality/county level or established by project contract specifications.", "bonding_source": "Georgia Secretary of State, State Licensing Board for Residential and General Contractors, Board Rules and Statutes (O.C.G.A. § 43-41-17), 2024, https://sos.ga.gov/board-residential-and-general-contractors", "market_size_or_density_note": "In Georgia, the Glaziers occupation (SOC 47-2121) had an estimated employment total of 1,270 workers with a location quotient of 0.79, indicating a worker density approximately 21% below the U.S. national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), May 2022 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Georgia, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2022/may/oes_ga.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 21.62 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Hawaii", "where": "HI", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 44.47, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 73.64, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates: Hawaii, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_hi.htm", "license_regime": "State-level contractor licensure is required in Hawaii for construction work exceeding $1,500 (labor and materials). Licensing is administered by the Contractors License Board within the Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs (DCCA). Glass and glazing is classified as a Specialty Contractor license under Class C-22 (Glazing and tinting contractor) or C-22a (Glass tinting contractor). Tiers include Sole Proprietor, Entity, and Responsible Managing Employee (RME), requiring 4 years of supervisory experience within the past 10 years and passing a two-part licensing exam.", "license_source": "Hawaii Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs (DCCA), Professional and Vocational Licensing Division, Contractors License Board, 2024, https://cca.hawaii.gov/pvl/boards/contractor", "bonding_requirement": "The Contractors License Board sets surety bond requirements on a case-by-case basis, with a statutory minimum of $5,000 (ranging up to $300,000). General liability insurance is mandatory with minimum coverage of $100,000 per person and $300,000 per occurrence for bodily injury liability, plus $50,000 per occurrence for property damage liability.", "bonding_source": "Hawaii Revised Statutes § 444-16.5 and Hawaii DCCA Contractors License Board, 2024, https://cca.hawaii.gov/pvl/boards/contractor", "market_size_or_density_note": "In Hawaii, the glazier occupation (BLS SOC 47-2121) employed 280 workers in May 2023 (increasing to 370 in May 2024), representing an employment density of 0.46 workers per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 1.31 compared to the national average.", "market_source": "Hawaii Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism (DBEDT) / U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS, 2024", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 44.47 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "citation-text-only", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Idaho", "where": "ID", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 22.56, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -11.91, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Idaho (Idaho median $22.56/hr vs US national median $24.57/hr), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_id.htm", "license_regime": "Idaho does not issue a specific state trade license for Glaziers. Instead, contractors performing construction projects exceeding $2,000 in labor and materials must register with the Idaho Contractors Board through the Division of Occupational and Professional Licenses (DOPL). Registration is administrative and requires no trade examination, although local jurisdictions (such as the City of Idaho Falls) may require local licensing or permitting.", "license_source": "Idaho Division of Occupational and Professional Licenses (DOPL), Idaho Contractors Board, 2024, https://dopl.idaho.gov", "bonding_requirement": "State contractor registration does not require a statewide surety bond. However, registered contractors must carry general liability insurance with a minimum single limit of $300,000 and maintain workers' compensation insurance or file a valid exemption.", "bonding_source": "Idaho Division of Occupational and Professional Licenses (DOPL), Idaho Contractors Board, 2024, https://dopl.idaho.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS estimates, Idaho had 250 employed Glaziers (SOC 47-2121) in May 2023, representing a location quotient of 0.85 relative to national employment density.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Idaho, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_id.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 22.56 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Illinois", "where": "IL", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 35.63, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 39.13, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_il.htm", "license_regime": "Illinois does not mandate or issue a state-level contractor license for the Glass & Glazing trade (SOC 47-2121). The Illinois Department of Financial and Professional Regulation (IDFPR) regulates specific specialty trades such as roofing and plumbing at the state level, while glazing contractor licensing and registration are handled at the local municipal or county level (e.g., City of Chicago Department of Buildings).", "license_source": "Illinois Department of Financial and Professional Regulation (IDFPR), 2024, https://idfpr.illinois.gov", "bonding_requirement": "There are no state-level surety bond or insurance minimums for glaziers because Illinois does not issue a state trade license for glass and glazing contractors. Financial assurance, bond, and insurance minimums are set locally by individual municipalities or per-project contract requirements.", "bonding_source": "Illinois Department of Financial and Professional Regulation (IDFPR), 2024, https://idfpr.illinois.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to statewide labor market data from the Illinois Department of Employment Security (IDES), there are approximately 1,410 employed glaziers (SOC 47-2121) across the state of Illinois.", "market_source": "Illinois Department of Employment Security (IDES) OEWS Data, 2025, https://ides.illinois.gov/resources/labor-market-information/oews.html", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 35.63 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Indiana", "where": "IN", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 24.38, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -4.8, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Indiana, released April 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_in.htm", "license_regime": "Indiana does not require or issue a state-level contractor license for glaziers or general contractors. Plumbing is the only construction trade licensed at the state level. Glazing contractors are regulated and registered at the local city or county level (e.g., Indianapolis/Marion County Department of Business and Neighborhood Services, Allen County Building Department).", "license_source": "Indiana Professional Licensing Agency (IPLA), 2026, https://www.in.gov/pla", "bonding_requirement": "No state-level surety bond or general liability insurance minimums exist for glaziers in Indiana due to the absence of state-level licensing for the trade. Insurance and bonding requirements are set by local municipal or county jurisdictions where permits are issued.", "bonding_source": "Indiana Professional Licensing Agency (IPLA), 2026, https://www.in.gov/pla", "market_size_or_density_note": "Indiana employs 1,070 glaziers (SOC 47-2121), with an occupational density of 0.340 per 1,000 jobs according to May 2023 BLS OEWS data. IBISWorld reports 363 glass & glazing contractor establishments in Indiana as of 2026.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_in.htm; IBISWorld, 'Glass & Glazing Contractors in Indiana Industry Report', 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 24.38 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Iowa", "where": "IA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 25.18, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -1.68, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ia.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level trade license is required specifically for Glaziers in Iowa. However, under Iowa Code Chapter 91C, any contractor performing construction work who earns $2,000 or more annually must register with the Iowa Department of Inspections, Appeals, and Licensing (DIAL). No state-level trade examination or licensing tiers exist for glaziers, though municipal or county permits and registrations may apply locally.", "license_source": "Iowa Department of Inspections, Appeals, and Licensing (DIAL) / Iowa Code Chapter 91C, 2024", "bonding_requirement": "In-state contractors are not required to post a surety bond for state registration. Out-of-state (non-resident) contractors must post a $25,000 surety bond with DIAL to ensure state tax compliance under Iowa Code § 91C.2 and § 91C.7. Contractors with employees must also provide proof of workers' compensation insurance.", "bonding_source": "Iowa Code Chapter 91C (§ 91C.2 / § 91C.7) / Iowa Department of Inspections, Appeals, and Licensing (DIAL), 2024", "market_size_or_density_note": "Iowa employed 660 glaziers with an employment density of 0.426 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 1.21 (21% above national average concentration) as of May 2023. IBISWorld reports 272 glass & glazing contractor businesses operating in Iowa in 2026.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ia.htm and IBISWorld Glass & Glazing Contractors in Iowa Report, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 25.18 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Kansas", "where": "KS", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 22.82, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -10.89, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ks.htm", "license_regime": "The State of Kansas does not maintain or require a state-level contractor license for glaziers or specialty trade contractors; contractor licensing and regulation are administered entirely at the local city and county level (e.g., Johnson County and Wichita-Sedgwick County Metropolitan Area Building and Construction Department).", "license_source": "Kansas Contractor Regulatory Agencies Framework / Sedgwick County Metropolitan Area Building and Construction Department (MABCD), 2025, https://www.sedgwickcounty.org/mabcd/contractor-licensing", "bonding_requirement": "There are no statewide surety bond or insurance minimums mandated by Kansas for glaziers; insurance and bonding requirements are set by individual municipal or county licensing authorities.", "bonding_source": "Kansas Contractor Regulatory Agencies Framework / Sedgwick County Metropolitan Area Building and Construction Department (MABCD), 2025, https://www.sedgwickcounty.org/mabcd/contractor-licensing", "market_size_or_density_note": "As of May 2023, Kansas employed an estimated 370 glaziers (BLS SOC 47-2121), corresponding to an employment density of 0.259 jobs per 1,000 total occupations and a location quotient of 0.74 relative to the U.S. national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ks.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 22.82 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Kentucky", "where": "KY", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 23.73, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -7.34, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Kentucky, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ky.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level contractor license is required for glass and glazing in Kentucky. The Kentucky Department of Housing, Buildings and Construction (DHBC) regulates only specific specialty trades at the state level (electrical, plumbing, HVAC, boilers, and fire protection). Glass and glazing contractors are regulated at the local city and county level.", "license_source": "Kentucky Department of Housing, Buildings and Construction (DHBC), 2024, https://dhbc.ky.gov", "bonding_requirement": "No state-level surety bond or general liability insurance minimums exist for glass and glazing contractors because Kentucky does not issue a state glazier license. Insurance and bonding requirements are set locally by individual cities or counties (for example, Louisville Metro requires $250,000 in general liability insurance).", "bonding_source": "Kentucky Department of Housing, Buildings and Construction (DHBC), 2024, https://dhbc.ky.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS data, Kentucky employed approximately 630 glaziers (SOC 47-2121) as of May 2023, representing an occupational density of 0.319 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 0.91 relative to the national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Kentucky, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ky.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 23.73 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Louisiana", "where": "LA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 21.07, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -17.73, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_la.htm", "license_regime": "In Louisiana, a state-level contractor license issued by the Louisiana State Licensing Board for Contractors (LSLBC) is required for commercial projects valued at $50,000 or more (under the specialty classification 'Glass, Glazing, Store Fronts, Metal Partitions, Panels and Siding' or 'Building Construction') and for new residential construction valued at $50,000 or more. Home improvement work on existing residential structures valued between $7,500 and $50,000 requires a Home Improvement Registration. Work below these state thresholds is subject to local parish/city rules or does not require state licensing. License tiers include Commercial Contractor License, Residential Contractor License, Home Improvement Registration, and a Labor Only subclassification.", "license_source": "Louisiana State Licensing Board for Contractors (LSLBC), 2024, https://lslbc.gov", "bonding_requirement": "Commercial and residential contractor applicants must establish financial responsibility by documenting a minimum net worth of $50,000, or post a $10,000 surety bond (or letter of credit) if the net worth requirement is not met. Licensed residential contractors and home improvement contractors must maintain minimum General Liability insurance coverage of $100,000 and provide proof of statutory Workers' Compensation insurance.", "bonding_source": "Louisiana State Licensing Board for Contractors (LSLBC), 2024, https://lslbc.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "Louisiana had 1,010 employed Glaziers (SOC 47-2121) as of May 2023, with an occupational Location Quotient of 1.55, indicating a 55% higher concentration of glaziers relative to the national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_la.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 21.07 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Maine", "where": "ME", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 23.69, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -7.5, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023 (released April 2024), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_me.htm", "license_regime": "No statewide license is required for the Glass & Glazing trade (glaziers) in Maine. State-level trade licensing is limited to electricians, plumbers, and fuel technicians administered by the Office of Professional and Occupational Regulation (OPOR). Glazing contractors are regulated at the municipal level via local business licenses and building permits.", "license_source": "Maine Department of Professional and Financial Regulation (DPFR), Office of Professional and Occupational Regulation (OPOR), 2024, https://www.maine.gov/pfr/professionallicensing", "bonding_requirement": "There are no state-mandated surety bond or liability insurance minimums for holding a glazier license in Maine, as no state-level trade license exists for glaziers. Bonding and insurance obligations are set at the municipal level or specified per individual construction contract.", "bonding_source": "Maine Department of Professional and Financial Regulation (DPFR), Office of Professional and Occupational Regulation (OPOR), 2024, https://www.maine.gov/pfr/professionallicensing", "market_size_or_density_note": "As of May 2023, there were an estimated 130 glaziers (SOC 47-2121) employed in Maine, representing an employment density of 0.214 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 0.61 relative to the national baseline.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_me.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 23.69 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Maryland", "where": "MD", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 28.86, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 12.69, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_md.htm", "license_regime": "State-level licensing is required for residential glazing and home improvement work through the Maryland Home Improvement Commission (MHIC) under the Maryland Department of Labor for projects of $500 or more. Commercial glazing contractors are not licensed at the state level; commercial work is regulated locally at the county level by the Clerk of the Circuit Court. Independent subcontractors performing work solely under a licensed MHIC contractor do not need a separate subcontractor license.", "license_source": "Maryland Department of Labor, Maryland Home Improvement Commission (MHIC), 2024, https://www.labor.maryland.gov/license/mhic", "bonding_requirement": "MHIC-licensed home improvement contractors must maintain at least $500,000 in general liability insurance (MD Code Bus. Reg. § 8-302.1, effective June 1, 2024). Maryland uses a state Guaranty Fund ($100 initial assessment / $175 renewal assessment) rather than requiring a bond for all applicants. However, applicants who fail to meet personal financial solvency criteria must provide a $30,000 surety bond, or a $100,000 bond in lieu of submitting personal financial statements.", "bonding_source": "Maryland Department of Labor, Maryland Home Improvement Commission (MHIC), 2024, https://www.labor.maryland.gov/license/mhic", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to industry data, Maryland has 561 glass and glazing contractor business locations employing approximately 1,990 workers.", "market_source": "IBISWorld, Glass & Glazing Contractors in Maryland Industry Report, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 28.86 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Massachusetts", "where": "MA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 30.43, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 18.82, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ma.htm", "license_regime": "Massachusetts does not issue a standalone state-level glazier trade license. Regulation occurs at the state level under the Board of Building Regulations and Standards (BBRS) and the Office of Consumer Affairs and Business Regulation (OCABR): supervisory work on structural installations (including window/wall systems) requires a Construction Supervisor License (CSL; available as Unrestricted, Restricted, or Specialty Window and Siding CSL), and contractors performing residential work on 1-to-4 family dwellings must register as a Home Improvement Contractor (HIC).", "license_source": "Massachusetts Board of Building Regulations and Standards (BBRS) / Office of Consumer Affairs and Business Regulation (OCABR), 2024, https://www.mass.gov/orgs/board-of-building-regulations-and-standards", "bonding_requirement": "Massachusetts does not require a state license surety bond for in-state general or home improvement contractors, though HIC applicants pay $100-$500 into the state Guaranty Fund based on company size. Out-of-state contractors must post a guarantee bond equal to 6.25% of contract value for projects $20,000 or greater with the Department of Revenue. General liability insurance and Workers' Compensation insurance (M.G.L. c. 152) are required for active contractor registration.", "bonding_source": "Massachusetts Department of Revenue / Office of Consumer Affairs and Business Regulation (OCABR), 2024", "market_size_or_density_note": "In Massachusetts, there were 1,060 estimated Glaziers (SOC 47-2121) employed as of May 2023, representing 0.290 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 0.82 relative to the national average density.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ma.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 30.43 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Michigan", "where": "MI", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 24.61, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -3.9, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS State and National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_mi.htm", "license_regime": "In Michigan, state-level licensing is required for residential glazing and glass installation projects valued over $600 through the Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs (LARA). Applicants must obtain either a Residential Builder license or a Residential Maintenance & Alteration (M&A) Contractor license. Commercial glazing is not licensed at the state level.", "license_source": "Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs (LARA), Bureau of Construction Codes, Act 299 of 1980 (Michigan Occupational Code), 2024, https://www.michigan.gov/lara", "bonding_requirement": "Licensed residential builders and Maintenance & Alteration contractors in Michigan must maintain a minimum of $100,000 per occurrence in general liability insurance under MCL 339.2412 and hold a $25,000 surety bond under LARA administrative rules.", "bonding_source": "Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs (LARA), Michigan Occupational Code MCL 339.2412, 2024, https://www.michigan.gov/lara", "market_size_or_density_note": "Michigan employs an estimated 1,520 Glaziers (SOC 47-2121), yielding a concentration density of 0.350 jobs per 1,000 total state employment and a location quotient of 1.00 relative to the U.S. average, with market activity heavily weighted toward Wayne, Oakland, and Macomb counties.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates for Michigan, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_mi.htm; IBISWorld, Glass & Glazing Contractors in Michigan Industry Report, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 24.61 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Minnesota", "where": "MN", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 37.09, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 44.83, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_mn.htm (State) and https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm (National)", "license_regime": "No state-level trade license is required specifically for glaziers in Minnesota. Specialty contractors providing only one specialty skill (such as glazing) are exempt from state residential building contractor licensing unless they contract directly with homeowners on residential projects involving multiple skills or act as general residential building contractors/remodelers. Unlicensed specialty contractors and commercial subcontractors must register with the state through the Construction Contractor Registration Program. Local municipalities (such as the City of Minneapolis) may require local specialty contractor licensing.", "license_source": "Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry (DLI), 2024", "bonding_requirement": "At the state level, no surety bond is required for contractor registration with the DLI (state-licensed residential building contractors participate in the Contractor Recovery Fund in lieu of bonding). However, local jurisdictions impose bonding; for example, the City of Minneapolis requires a $10,000 surety bond and liability insurance ($100,000 per person / $300,000 per occurrence) for residential specialty contractors.", "bonding_source": "Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry (DLI), 2024, https://www.dli.mn.gov/workers/homeowners/contractor-recovery-fund and City of Minneapolis, 2026", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS estimates, Minnesota had 640 employed glaziers (SOC 47-2121) representing 0.223 jobs per 1,000 total state jobs and a location quotient of 0.64 relative to national density.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_mn.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 37.09 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Mississippi", "where": "MS", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 18.33, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -28.43, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023 (published April 2024), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ms.htm", "license_regime": "At the state level, the Mississippi State Board of Contractors (MSBOC) requires a commercial contractor license under the specialty classification 'Glass, Glazing, Windows and Skylights' for commercial projects valued at over $50,000. Residential work exceeding $50,000 for new construction or $10,000 for remodeling requires a residential contractor license. Local municipalities may also enforce additional permit or license requirements.", "license_source": "Mississippi State Board of Contractors (MSBOC), 2024, https://www.msboc.us", "bonding_requirement": "Commercial specialty contractor license holders must maintain general liability insurance with minimum coverage of $300,000 per occurrence and $600,000 aggregate, provide proof of workers' compensation insurance if employing 5 or more workers, and submit a CPA-reviewed financial statement demonstrating a minimum net worth of $20,000. Surety bonds are not universally mandated state-level for license issuance by MSBOC, though local municipalities may require municipal contractor bonds.", "bonding_source": "Mississippi State Board of Contractors (MSBOC), 2024, https://www.msboc.us", "market_size_or_density_note": "Mississippi had an estimated 490 employed Glaziers (SOC 47-2121), corresponding to 0.426 jobs per 1,000 total jobs in the state and a location quotient of 1.21.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023 (published April 2024), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ms.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 18.33 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Missouri", "where": "MO", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 24.97, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -2.5, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_mo.htm", "license_regime": "Missouri does not issue or require a contractor license at the state level for general contracting or specialty trades like glass and glazing (SOC 47-2121). Contracting licenses, trade exams, and business registrations are regulated entirely at the municipal and county levels (e.g., Kansas City, St. Louis).", "license_source": "Missouri Division of Professional Registration, 2026, https://pr.mo.gov", "bonding_requirement": "Missouri has no state-mandated surety bond or insurance minimums for glass and glazing contractors because there is no statewide contractor licensing board for this trade. Bonding and insurance requirements are set by individual city and county jurisdictions.", "bonding_source": "Missouri Division of Professional Registration, 2026, https://pr.mo.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS data, Missouri had an estimated 740 employed glaziers (SOC 47-2121), with an occupational density of 0.258 glaziers per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 0.74 relative to national concentration.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_mo.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 24.97 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Montana", "where": "MT", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 23, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -10.19, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_mt.htm", "license_regime": "No trade-specific state license is required for glaziers in Montana. However, under Montana Code Annotated (MCA) Title 39, Chapter 9, construction contractors with employees must register with the Montana Department of Labor & Industry (DLI) via Construction Contractor Registration (CCR), while sole proprietors without employees must hold an Independent Contractor Exemption Certificate (ICEC). No trade competency exams or trade license tiers exist for glass and glazing at the state level.", "license_source": "Montana Department of Labor and Industry, Construction Contractor Registration, 2024, https://erd.dli.mt.gov/work-comp-regulations/montana-contractor/construction-contractor-registration", "bonding_requirement": "Montana state law does not mandate a surety bond or general liability insurance for state construction contractor registration or ICEC. However, contractors with employees must maintain proof of active Montana workers' compensation insurance coverage.", "bonding_source": "Montana Department of Labor and Industry, Construction Contractor Registration Requirements, 2024, https://erd.dli.mt.gov/work-comp-regulations/montana-contractor/construction-contractor-registration", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2023 OEWS data, Montana had an estimated 110 employed glaziers (SOC 47-2121) statewide, representing a location quotient of 0.63 relative to national employment density (0.223 glaziers per 1,000 jobs).", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_mt.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 23 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Nebraska", "where": "NE", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 26.29, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 2.66, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) State OEWS, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ne.htm", "license_regime": "Nebraska does not require a state-level trade license specifically for glaziers or glazing contractors. However, any contractor or subcontractor doing business in Nebraska who earns $2,000 or more annually from construction work must register administratively with the Nebraska Department of Labor under the Contractor Registration Act. There are no state-level trade exam, skill, or experience tiers. Specialty contractor licensing and trade regulation apply at the local city/county level (e.g., Omaha, Lincoln).", "license_source": "Nebraska Department of Labor, 2025 Contractor Registration Act, https://dol.nebraska.gov/conreg", "bonding_requirement": "In-state registered contractors are not required to hold a state surety bond, but out-of-state contractors must submit a $25,000 surety bond to register with the state. All registered contractors with one or more employees must provide a Certificate of Workers' Compensation Insurance (ACORD 25).", "bonding_source": "Nebraska Department of Labor, 2025 Contractor Registration Requirements, https://dol.nebraska.gov/conreg", "market_size_or_density_note": "Nebraska employs an estimated 320 Glaziers (BLS SOC 47-2121) representing an employment density of 0.324 glaziers per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 0.92.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (Nebraska), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ne.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 26.29 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Nevada", "where": "NV", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 23.84, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -6.91, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nv.htm", "license_regime": "In Nevada, glass and glazing contracting requires a state-level license issued by the Nevada State Contractors Board (NSCB) under Specialty License Classification C-8 (Glass and Glazing Contracting). Local city or county licenses are administrative only and do not replace state-level contractor licensing. License tiers exist in the form of board-established monetary limits, which restrict the dollar value of contracts a licensee may undertake based on financial standing and experience.", "license_source": "Nevada State Contractors Board, 2024, https://www.nvcontractorsboard.com", "bonding_requirement": "The Nevada State Contractors Board requires active licensees to hold a continuous license surety bond or cash deposit ranging from $1,000 to $500,000, with the exact amount fixed by the Board based on the contractor's license classification, requested monetary limit, and financial responsibility. Active licensees must also maintain current Workers' Compensation insurance coverage.", "bonding_source": "Nevada State Contractors Board, 2024, https://www.nvcontractorsboard.com", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to IBISWorld industry analysis, the Glass & Glazing Contractors industry in Nevada employs 987 workers as of 2026, with state industry market size growing at an average annual rate of 2.6% between 2021 and 2026. BLS OEWS May 2023 data estimates statewide occupational employment of 690 detailed glaziers in Nevada.", "market_source": "IBISWorld, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 23.84 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "New Hampshire", "where": "NH", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 29.53, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 15.31, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nh.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level license is required to practice as a glazier or operate a glazing contracting business in New Hampshire. State trade licensing managed by OPLC is restricted to specific trades like electricians and plumbers; there are no state-level licensing tiers for glass and glazing contractors.", "license_source": "New Hampshire Office of Professional Licensure and Certification (OPLC), 2024, https://www.oplc.nh.gov", "bonding_requirement": "There are no state-level surety bond or general liability insurance minimums required to hold a trade license, as New Hampshire does not license glaziers at the state level.", "bonding_source": "New Hampshire Office of Professional Licensure and Certification (OPLC), 2024, https://www.oplc.nh.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS estimates for May 2023, New Hampshire had an estimated total employment of 150 glaziers (SOC 47-2121), representing a location quotient of 0.65 and a density of 0.228 glaziers per 1,000 jobs.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nh.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 29.53 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "New Jersey", "where": "NJ", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 42, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 64, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nj.htm", "license_regime": "New Jersey does not offer or require a trade-specific state license for Glaziers. However, under the Contractors' Business Registration Act (N.J.S.A. 56:8-136 et seq.) and the Home Improvement and Home Elevation Contractor Licensing Act (N.J.S.A. 45:5AAA-1 et seq., P.L. 2023, c. 237), contractors performing residential glass installation or home improvement work valued over $500 must register/be licensed as a Home Improvement Contractor Business (HICB) with the State Board of Home Improvement and Home Elevation Contractors under the New Jersey Division of Consumer Affairs. Commercial-only glazing work is exempt from HIC registration.", "license_source": "New Jersey Division of Consumer Affairs, 2024, https://www.njconsumeraffairs.gov", "bonding_requirement": "Registered Home Improvement Contractor Businesses in New Jersey must maintain a minimum of $500,000 per occurrence in commercial general liability insurance, workers' compensation insurance (unless legally exempt), and an additional security compliance bond (or letter of credit/cash deposit) under N.J.S.A. 56:8-142 in the following amounts: $10,000 for single contracts under $10,000 (or annual volume under $150,000); $25,000 for single contracts between $10,000 and $120,000 (or annual volume $150,000-$750,000); and $50,000 for single contracts over $120,000 (or annual volume over $750,000).", "bonding_source": "New Jersey Division of Consumer Affairs, 2024, https://www.njconsumeraffairs.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "As of May 2023, New Jersey employs 930 Glaziers (SOC 47-2121), accounting for 0.221 jobs per 1,000 total state employment and a location quotient of 0.63 relative to the national occupational density.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nj.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 42 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "New Mexico", "where": "NM", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 24, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -6.29, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nm.htm", "license_regime": "State-level licensure is required for construction work exceeding $7,200 annually, administered by the New Mexico Regulation and Licensing Department (NMRLD) Construction Industries Division (CID). Trade classifications covering glazing and window installation include specialty classification GS-14 (Windows, doors and skylights) as well as general building classifications GB-2 (Residential) and GB-98 (General Building).", "license_source": "New Mexico Regulation and Licensing Department, Construction Industries Division, 2024, https://www.rld.nm.gov/construction-industries", "bonding_requirement": "All CID-licensed contractors must maintain a minimum $10,000 contractor license surety bond (under NMSA 1978 § 60-13-12). Workers' compensation insurance is mandatory for contractors with 3 or more employees.", "bonding_source": "New Mexico Regulation and Licensing Department / NMSA 1978 § 60-13-12, 2024, https://www.rld.nm.gov/construction-industries", "market_size_or_density_note": "New Mexico employed an estimated 90 glaziers (SOC 47-2121), representing a density of 0.101 glaziers per 1,000 jobs (Location Quotient of 0.29 relative to the US national baseline).", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nm.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 24 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "New York", "where": "NY", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 31.45, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 22.8, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ny.htm", "license_regime": "New York State does not require or issue a statewide license for Glaziers (SOC 47-2121) or general contractors. Construction trade contractor licensing and registration are regulated at the local municipality, city, and county level (e.g., NYC Department of Buildings and NYC Department of Consumer and Worker Protection).", "license_source": "New York State Department of State (NYSDOS) Division of Licensing Services, 2024, https://dos.ny.gov/licensing-services", "bonding_requirement": "There are no statewide surety bond or insurance minimums for Glaziers as New York does not license specialty trade contractors at the state level; bonding and general liability insurance requirements are established locally by individual cities and counties (e.g., NYC DCWP requires a $20,000 surety bond for residential contractors).", "bonding_source": "New York State Department of State (NYSDOS) Division of Licensing Services, 2024, https://dos.ny.gov/licensing-services", "market_size_or_density_note": "In May 2023, New York State had an estimated total employment of 2,210 Glaziers (SOC 47-2121), corresponding to 0.236 Glazier jobs per 1,000 statewide jobs and a location quotient of 0.67.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ny.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 31.45 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "North Carolina", "where": "NC", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 19.98, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -21.98, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates: North Carolina (https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nc.htm) and May 2023 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nat.htm)", "license_regime": "In North Carolina, no standalone state trade license is required specifically for glass and glazing on lower-value jobs, but any construction project (including glazing) valued at $30,000 or more requires a General Contractor license issued by the North Carolina Licensing Board for General Contractors (NCLBGC). The board offers three license tiers based on single-project financial limits: Limited (projects up to $750,000), Intermediate (projects up to $1,500,000), and Unlimited (no project cost limit).", "license_source": "North Carolina Licensing Board for General Contractors (NCLBGC) and N.C. Gen. Stat. § 87-1 et seq., 2023, https://nclbgc.org", "bonding_requirement": "To satisfy licensing financial responsibility, contractors must demonstrate minimum working capital/net worth or post a continuous surety bond: $175,000 surety bond for Limited License (or $17,000 working capital / $80,000 net worth), $500,000 surety bond for Intermediate License (or $75,000 working capital), or $1,000,000 surety bond for Unlimited License (or $150,000 working capital). General liability insurance is not mandated by the board, though workers' compensation coverage is required under NC state law for employers with 3 or more employees.", "bonding_source": "North Carolina Licensing Board for General Contractors (NCLBGC) / N.C. Gen. Stat. § 87-10 & 21 NCAC 12A .0204, 2023, https://nclbgc.org", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to IBISWorld, the Glass & Glazing Contractors industry in North Carolina generated $568.9 million in revenue across 1,111 businesses in 2026. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS data from May 2023 reports 1,160 Glaziers (SOC 47-2121) employed in North Carolina, with a location quotient of 0.69 relative to national average density.", "market_source": "IBISWorld, Glass & Glazing Contractors in North Carolina Industry Report, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/ and U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nc.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 19.98 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "North Dakota", "where": "ND", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 29.04, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 13.39, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nd.htm", "license_regime": "North Dakota requires a statewide contractor license administered by the North Dakota Secretary of State under N.D. Cent. Code Chapter 43-07 for any construction, alteration, or repair work (including specialty trades like glass and glazing) where a single project value exceeds $4,000. There is no separate trade-specific glazier license. The state issues licenses in four monetary class tiers based on single-project limits: Class A (unlimited contract value), Class B (up to $500,000), Class C (up to $300,000), and Class D (up to $100,000).", "license_source": "North Dakota Secretary of State, Contractor Licensing Division, 2024, https://sos.nd.gov", "bonding_requirement": "Under N.D. Cent. Code Chapter 43-07, licensed contractors must post a contractor license bond in the penal sum of $2,000 for Class A licenses or $1,000 for Class B, C, and D licenses. Applicants must also submit a Certificate of Liability Insurance listing the Secretary of State as certificate holder and verification of Workforce Safety & Insurance (WSI) workers' compensation coverage.", "bonding_source": "North Dakota Secretary of State / N.D. Cent. Code Chapter 43-07, 2024, https://sos.nd.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "As of May 2023, North Dakota employed an estimated 190 Glaziers (SOC 47-2121), with a location quotient of 1.27 and a concentration of 0.447 glaziers per 1,000 jobs in the state (compared to 0.352 per 1,000 jobs nationally).", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nd.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 29.04 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Ohio", "where": "OH", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 28.14, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 9.88, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_oh.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level license is required for Glaziers in Ohio. The Ohio Construction Industry Licensing Board (OCILB) regulates only five commercial specialty trades at the state level (Electrical, HVAC, Hydronics, Plumbing, and Refrigeration). Glazing contractors are licensed or registered at the local municipal/county level (e.g., Columbus, Cleveland, Cincinnati). Additionally, contractors performing residential services exceeding $25,000 must register with the Ohio Attorney General under ORC Chapter 4722.", "license_source": "Ohio Department of Commerce, Division of Industrial Compliance, Ohio Construction Industry Licensing Board (OCILB), 2024, https://com.ohio.gov/divisions-and-programs/industrial-compliance/boards/ohio-construction-industry-licensing-board", "bonding_requirement": "There are no state-level surety bond or insurance minimums required for Glaziers because Ohio does not issue a state trade license for glazing. Bonding and general liability insurance requirements are mandated at the local municipal level (e.g., $25,000 bond in cities like Columbus and Cleveland).", "bonding_source": "Ohio Department of Commerce, Division of Industrial Compliance, Ohio Construction Industry Licensing Board (OCILB), 2024, https://com.ohio.gov/divisions-and-programs/industrial-compliance/boards/ohio-construction-industry-licensing-board", "market_size_or_density_note": "As of May 2023, Ohio had an estimated total employment of 1,740 Glaziers (SOC 47-2121), with a density of 0.319 glaziers per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 0.91 compared to the US national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_oh.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 28.14 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Oklahoma", "where": "OK", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 20.01, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -21.87, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ok.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level trade license is required for glaziers in Oklahoma. The Oklahoma Construction Industries Board (CIB) regulates specific specialty trades (electrical, plumbing, mechanical/HVAC, and roofing), while general contractors and other specialty trade contractors including glaziers are regulated at the local municipal or county level.", "license_source": "Oklahoma Construction Industries Board, 2024, https://cib.ok.gov", "bonding_requirement": "None at the state level, as Oklahoma does not issue a statewide glazier trade license. Bonding and insurance requirements, if any, are governed at the local municipal or county level.", "bonding_source": "Oklahoma Construction Industries Board, 2024, https://cib.ok.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "Oklahoma had 810 workers employed as Glaziers (SOC 47-2121) as of May 2023, representing a location quotient of 1.38 and an employment density of 0.486 per 1,000 total jobs in the state.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ok.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 20.01 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Oregon", "where": "OR", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 29.23, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 14.14, "median_wage_source": "BLS State OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_or.htm", "license_regime": "State-level contractor licensing is required in Oregon through the Construction Contractors Board (CCB) for businesses performing glass and glazing construction. Oregon does not issue a separate trade-specific glazier license at the state level; instead, glazing work is performed under CCB contractor licenses. Endorsement tiers depend on project scope and structure type, including Residential endorsements (General, Specialty, or Limited) and Commercial endorsements (General Level 1 and Level 2, Specialty Level 1 and Level 2).", "license_source": "Oregon Construction Contractors Board (CCB), 2024, https://www.oregon.gov/ccb/pages/index.aspx", "bonding_requirement": "Oregon CCB licensing mandates both a surety bond and general liability insurance, with minimums varying by endorsement tier: Residential Specialty Contractors require a $20,000 surety bond and $300,000 general liability insurance; Residential General Contractors require a $25,000 bond and $500,000 insurance; Commercial Specialty Contractors Level 1 require a $55,000 bond and $500,000 insurance; Commercial General Contractors Level 1 require an $80,000 bond and $500,000 insurance.", "bonding_source": "Oregon Construction Contractors Board (CCB), 2024, https://www.oregon.gov/ccb/pages/index.aspx", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to May 2023 BLS OEWS estimates, Oregon employed 820 glaziers (SOC 47-2121), with an occupational density of 0.422 jobs per 1,000 total jobs and a location quotient of 1.20 (20% higher than the US national average concentration).", "market_source": "BLS State OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_or.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 29.23 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Pennsylvania", "where": "PA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 26.56, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 3.71, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Pennsylvania (published 2024), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_pa.htm; National comparison: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 National OEWS, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level trade license is required specifically for glaziers in Pennsylvania; general construction and specialty trade licensing is managed at the local/municipal level. However, under the Home Improvement Consumer Protection Act (HICPA), contractors performing residential home improvement work valued at $500 or more annually must register with the Pennsylvania Office of Attorney General as Home Improvement Contractors. There are no state-level trade license tiers.", "license_source": "Pennsylvania Office of Attorney General, Home Improvement Consumer Protection Act (HICPA) Registration Program, 2024, https://www.attorneygeneral.gov/resources/home-improvement-contractor-registration", "bonding_requirement": "Pennsylvania does not mandate a state surety bond for glazier or home improvement contractor registration. However, registered home improvement contractors must maintain Commercial General Liability insurance with minimum coverage of $50,000 for personal injury and $50,000 for property damage.", "bonding_source": "Pennsylvania Office of Attorney General, Home Improvement Contractor Registration System, 2024, https://www.attorneygeneral.gov/resources/home-improvement-contractor-registration", "market_size_or_density_note": "As of May 2023, Pennsylvania employed an estimated 1,060 glaziers (SOC 47-2121), representing an occupational density of 0.179 glaziers per 1,000 total jobs and a location quotient of 0.51 relative to the national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Pennsylvania, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_pa.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 26.56 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Rhode Island", "where": "RI", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 28.99, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 13.2, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ri.htm", "license_regime": "Rhode Island does not issue a standalone trade license specifically for glaziers. However, under R.I. Gen. Laws § 5-65, all residential and commercial contractors and subcontractors performing construction, remodeling, or alterations must register at the state level with the Rhode Island Contractors' Registration and Licensing Board (CRLB). Registration requirements include completion of a 5-hour pre-registration education course (exempt if working exclusively on commercial structures).", "license_source": "Rhode Island Contractors' Registration and Licensing Board (CRLB) / Department of Business Regulation (DBR), 2024, https://crb.ri.gov", "bonding_requirement": "Statewide contractor registration through the CRLB does not mandate a general surety bond, but requires a $500,000 minimum general liability insurance certificate and proof of workers' compensation insurance. Municipal-level permits or specific specialty licenses (such as underground utility contractors, which require a $20,000 bond) may carry separate surety bond requirements.", "bonding_source": "Rhode Island Contractors' Registration and Licensing Board (CRLB), 2024, https://crb.ri.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS data, Rhode Island had 110 employed glaziers (SOC 47-2121) with an employment density (location quotient) of 0.62 relative to the national average, representing 0.218 glaziers per 1,000 jobs.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ri.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 28.99 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "South Carolina", "where": "SC", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 22.47, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -12.26, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_sc.htm", "license_regime": "In South Carolina, a state-level license is required for commercial Glass and Glazing work exceeding $10,000 in total project cost, administered by the South Carolina Contractors' Licensing Board as a General Contractor Specialty Subclassification (S.C. Code Ann. § 40-11-410). General Contractor licenses are categorized into 5 Groups based on project financial limits: Group 1 (up to $100,000), Group 2 (up to $400,000), Group 3 (up to $1,000,000), Group 4 (up to $3,000,000), and Group 5 (Unlimited). For residential glazing projects exceeding $5,000, licensing is regulated under the SC Residential Builders Commission.", "license_source": "South Carolina Department of Labor, Licensing and Regulation (LLR) - Contractors' Licensing Board, 2023, https://llr.sc.gov/clb", "bonding_requirement": "Under S.C. Code Ann. § 40-11-262, applicants for a commercial General Contractor license may submit a continuous surety bond in lieu of proving minimum working capital/net worth. Surety bond minimums are: Group 1 ($20,000), Group 2 ($60,000), Group 3 ($150,000), Group 4 ($250,000), and Group 5 ($350,000). For residential specialty contractors regulated by the Residential Builders Commission, a $5,000 or $10,000 surety bond is required.", "bonding_source": "South Carolina Department of Labor, Licensing and Regulation (LLR) / S.C. Code Ann. § 40-11-262, 2023, https://llr.sc.gov/clb", "market_size_or_density_note": "As of May 2023, South Carolina had 830 employed Glaziers (SOC 47-2121), representing a employment density of 0.372 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 1.06 relative to national concentration.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_sc.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 22.47 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "South Dakota", "where": "SD", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 22.99, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -10.23, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_sd.htm", "license_regime": "South Dakota does not require a state-level license for glazier contractors or general contractors; statewide specialty trade licensing is restricted to electricians and plumbers. All construction contractors operating in South Dakota must obtain a Contractor's Excise Tax License through the South Dakota Department of Revenue, while glazier licensing and permitting are regulated at the municipal or county level.", "license_source": "South Dakota Department of Revenue, 2024, https://dor.sd.gov", "bonding_requirement": "There are no state-level surety bond or insurance minimums required to work as a glazier in South Dakota, as no state glazier contractor license exists. Bonding and liability insurance requirements are established at the city or county level where local contractor registrations are mandated.", "bonding_source": "South Dakota Department of Revenue, 2024, https://dor.sd.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "In South Dakota, total employment for Glaziers (SOC 47-2121) was estimated at 180 jobs as of May 2023, with a location quotient of 1.14 relative to national density.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_sd.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 22.99 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Tennessee", "where": "TN", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 19.45, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -24.05, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Tennessee, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_tn.htm", "license_regime": "In Tennessee, contractor licensing is regulated at the state level by the Tennessee Board for Licensing Contractors (under the Department of Commerce and Insurance). A state contractor license is required for any project or subcontract valued at $25,000 or more (labor and materials combined); work under $25,000 is governed by local municipal/county permitting or Home Improvement licensing rules. Glass and glazing work is classified under specialty trade BC-6 (Glass, Window and Door Construction), or under broader general classifications such as BC (General Building) or BC-B (Commercial Construction). Specialty subcontractors are only required to hold a state contractor license if their portion of the project equals or exceeds $25,000. License tiers (monetary limits) are established based on verified financial statements (net worth/working capital) or surety bonds and set project value ceilings (e.g., up to $500,000; $500,001 to $1,500,000 for BC-b small commercial; and $1,500,001+ for unlimited).", "license_source": "Tennessee Department of Commerce and Insurance, Board for Licensing Contractors, 'Classification Outline with Trade Exam Requirements', 2024, https://www.tn.gov/commerce/regboards/contractors.html", "bonding_requirement": "General liability insurance is mandatory for state licensure and is scaled to the license monetary limit: $100,000 for monetary limits up to $500,000; $500,000 for limits between $500,001 and $1,500,000; and $1,000,000 for limits of $1,500,001 to unlimited. A surety bond is not required for standard specialty contractor licensing (except Home Improvement contractors who require a $10,000 bond), but applicants may post a $500,000 or $1,000,000 surety bond to support higher monetary limits in lieu of CPA financial statements. Workers' compensation insurance is required for construction businesses with 1 or more employees.", "bonding_source": "Tennessee Board for Licensing Contractors, 'Insurance and Bonding Requirements' / T.C.A. § 62-6-111, 2024", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to May 2023 BLS OEWS data, Tennessee employs 1,320 Glaziers (SOC 47-2121) with a location quotient of 1.17, reflecting a 17% higher concentration of glaziers compared to the national average. Industry research from IBISWorld reports approximately 538 Glass & Glazing Contractor establishment locations in Tennessee.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Tennessee, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_tn.htm; IBISWorld, 'Glass & Glazing Contractors in Tennessee Market Research Report', 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 19.45 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Texas", "where": "TX", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 22.18, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -13.39, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS (published 2024), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_tx.htm", "license_regime": "Texas does not require or issue a state-level contractor license for glaziers or specialty glass contractors. Contracting licensing, business registrations, and permits for glazing work are managed at the local municipal or county level.", "license_source": "Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation (TDLR), 2024, https://www.tdlr.texas.gov", "bonding_requirement": "No statewide surety bond or mandatory commercial insurance minimum exists for glaziers at the state level. Bonding and liability insurance requirements are established by individual municipalities/counties (typically $1,000 to $25,000 local license bonds) or project owners.", "bonding_source": "Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation (TDLR), 2024, https://www.tdlr.texas.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "Texas employed 5,240 glaziers (SOC 47-2121) as of May 2023, representing 0.386 glazier jobs per 1,000 total jobs in the state and a location quotient of 1.10.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS, May 2023 (published 2024), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_tx.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 22.18 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Utah", "where": "UT", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 25.32, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -1.13, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS / Utah Department of Workforce Services, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_ut.htm", "license_regime": "Utah requires a state-level contractor license administered by the Division of Professional Licensing (DOPL) under the Utah Construction Trades Licensing Act for construction or specialty glazing work valued at $7,000 or more (labor and materials). Glazing is licensed under specialty classification S240 (Glass and Glazing Contractor) or broader general contractor classifications (e.g., B100 General Building, R100 Residential/Small Commercial). Local jurisdictions issue local business licenses but cannot set separate contractor qualification standards.", "license_source": "Utah Division of Professional Licensing (DOPL), 2026, https://dopl.utah.gov/contracting", "bonding_requirement": "Licensed contractors must maintain general liability insurance with state minimum limits of $1,000,000 per occurrence and $2,000,000 aggregate (updated under Utah Admin Rule R156-55a). DOPL evaluates financial responsibility on a case-by-case basis and requires a surety bond (minimum $15,000 up to $50,000) if net worth or financial criteria are not met. Workers' compensation insurance is required for businesses with employees.", "bonding_source": "Utah Division of Professional Licensing (DOPL), 2026, https://dopl.utah.gov/contracting", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS May 2023 figures, Utah employed 960 glaziers (0.57 jobs per 1,000 total jobs). Utah recorded a location quotient of 1.63 for Glaziers, giving the state the second-highest concentration/density of glazier employment in the United States.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS Geographic Profile for Glaziers, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes472121.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 25.32 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Vermont", "where": "VT", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 25.18, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -1.68, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Vermont, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_vt.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level trade license is required for glaziers or glass and glazing contractors in Vermont. Contractor licensing in Vermont is only required at the state level for specialized trades such as electricians and plumbers. General construction and glazing trades are managed via local building permits or municipal requirements.", "license_source": "Vermont Secretary of State Office of Professional Regulation, 2024, https://sos.vermont.gov/opr", "bonding_requirement": "No state-level surety bond or general liability insurance is required to hold a glazier trade license, as Vermont does not issue or mandate a state trade license for glaziers.", "bonding_source": "Vermont Secretary of State Office of Professional Regulation, 2024, https://sos.vermont.gov/opr", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS May 2023 estimates, Vermont had 120 employed glaziers (SOC 47-2121), representing a concentration of 0.404 glaziers per 1,000 total jobs and a location quotient of 1.15 relative to national occupational density.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Vermont, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_vt.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 25.18 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Virginia", "where": "VA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 25.07, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -2.11, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_va.htm", "license_regime": "A state-level license issued by the Virginia Department of Professional and Occupational Regulation (DPOR) Board for Contractors is required for any contractor project valued at $1,000 or more. License tiers comprise Class C (projects from $1,000 to $10,000; up to $150,000 annually), Class B (projects from $10,000 to $120,000; up to $750,000 annually), and Class A (unlimited single-contract and annual monetary limits). Localities may require local business licenses, but trade contractor licensing is conducted at the state level.", "license_source": "Virginia Department of Professional and Occupational Regulation (DPOR) Board for Contractors, 2024, https://www.dpor.virginia.gov/Boards/Contractors", "bonding_requirement": "Surety bonds serve as an alternative to net worth requirements: Class C requires no bond or net worth proof; Class B requires a minimum net worth of $15,000 or a $50,000 surety bond in lieu of net worth; Class A requires a minimum net worth of $45,000 or a $50,000 surety bond in lieu of net worth. General liability insurance and workers' compensation coverage (for businesses regularly employing more than 2 workers) are also required by law.", "bonding_source": "Virginia Department of Professional and Occupational Regulation (DPOR) Board for Contractors, 2024, https://www.dpor.virginia.gov/Boards/Contractors", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS data, Virginia employs approximately 1,100 Glaziers (SOC 47-2121), with an employment density of 0.275 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 0.78 relative to the national concentration.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_va.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 25.07 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Washington", "where": "WA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 31.01, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 21.09, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Washington, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_wa.htm", "license_regime": "State-level contractor registration is required in Washington under RCW 18.27. Glaziers operate as Specialty Contractors registered with the Washington State Department of Labor & Industries (L&I). The two registration tiers are General Contractor (can perform all types of construction work and hire subcontractors across specialties) and Specialty Contractor (restricted to work within their specified trade category and cannot hire subcontractors).", "license_source": "Washington State Department of Labor & Industries (L&I), 2024, https://lni.wa.gov/licensing-permits/contractors/register-as-a-contractor", "bonding_requirement": "Specialty contractors must hold a $15,000 continuous surety bond ($30,000 for general contractors) and general liability insurance of $200,000 public liability and $50,000 property damage, or a $250,000 combined single limit policy.", "bonding_source": "Washington State Department of Labor & Industries (L&I), 2024, https://lni.wa.gov/licensing-permits/contractors/register-as-a-contractor", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS estimates, Washington employed approximately 2,100 glaziers (SOC 47-2121), with a job density of 0.602 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 1.71, indicating a concentration of glazier jobs 71% above the national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) May 2023 OEWS Occupational Profile - Glaziers, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 31.01 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "West Virginia", "where": "WV", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 18.6, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -27.37, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_wv.htm", "license_regime": "West Virginia requires a state-level contractor license issued by the West Virginia Contractor Licensing Board (administered by the West Virginia Division of Labor) for any contracting work exceeding $2,500 for residential projects or $5,000 for commercial projects. Glazing contractors operate under Specialty Contractor or General Building classifications.", "license_source": "West Virginia Contractor Licensing Board / West Virginia Division of Labor, 2024, https://labor.wv.gov", "bonding_requirement": "West Virginia requires contractors with employees who have operated in the state for less than one year to post a Wage Bond equal to 115% of their highest monthly payroll (under W. Va. Code § 21-5-14). License holders must also carry General Liability Insurance ($300,000 to $500,000 minimum depending on license class) and Workers' Compensation coverage.", "bonding_source": "West Virginia Division of Labor, 2024, https://labor.wv.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "West Virginia has an estimated employment of 120 Glaziers (SOC 47-2121), representing a location quotient of 0.51 relative to the national average density.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_wv.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 18.6 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Wisconsin", "where": "WI", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 34.71, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 35.53, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_wi.htm", "license_regime": "Wisconsin does not issue a specific state-level trade license for Glaziers or Glass & Glazing contractors. However, contractors performing residential construction or remodeling work on one- and two-family dwellings that require building permits must hold a Dwelling Contractor Certification (for the business) and employ/designate a Dwelling Contractor Qualifier (for the individual) through the Department of Safety and Professional Services (DSPS). Commercial glazing work does not require a trade-specific state license, but is regulated through local municipal building codes and permitting processes.", "license_source": "Wisconsin Department of Safety and Professional Services (DSPS), 2024, https://dsps.wi.gov/Pages/Professions/DwellingContractor/Default.aspx", "bonding_requirement": "To hold a standard Dwelling Contractor Certification, applicants must prove financial responsibility by either securing a surety bond of at least $25,000 or maintaining commercial general liability insurance of at least $250,000 per occurrence. Under the Dwelling Contractor Restricted credential tier, contractors may post a surety bond between $5,000 and $24,999, but cannot execute work exceeding the bond amount.", "bonding_source": "Wisconsin Department of Safety and Professional Services (DSPS) Form 3096 / Wis. Stat. § 101.654, 2024, https://dsps.wi.gov/Pages/Professions/DwellingContractor/Default.aspx", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS data, Wisconsin has approximately 650 employed Glaziers (SOC 47-2121), representing a location quotient of 0.64 compared to the national employment concentration.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_wi.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 34.71 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Wyoming", "where": "WY", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 23.67, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -7.58, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates: Wyoming (SOC 47-2121), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_wy.htm", "license_regime": "Wyoming does not require a state-level contractor license for glass and glazing contractors. Contracting licenses for general construction and specialty trades (other than electrical) are regulated locally at the municipal or county level (such as in Cheyenne or Casper).", "license_source": "Wyoming Department of Workforce Services, 2025 Directory of Licensed Occupations in Wyoming, 2025", "bonding_requirement": "There are no state-level surety bond or insurance minimums for glass and glazing contractors in Wyoming because licensing is not mandated at the state level; insurance and bonding requirements are set by individual cities or counties where work is performed.", "bonding_source": "Wyoming Department of Workforce Services, 2025 Directory of Licensed Occupations in Wyoming, 2025", "market_size_or_density_note": "As of May 2023, Wyoming had an estimated 60 employed glaziers (SOC 47-2121), representing 0.228 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 0.65 relative to the national average, with an annual mean wage of $51,310.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates: Wyoming (SOC 47-2121), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_wy.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 23.67 minus the national median 25.61) / 25.61. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" } ], "msas": [ { "name": "Atlanta", "where": "GA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the BLS OEWS May 2023 data, there were 930 employed glaziers (SOC 47-2121) in the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA metropolitan area, with a location quotient of 0.93 and 0.33 glaziers per 1,000 jobs, indicating trade labor density close to the national baseline.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential construction permit volume in the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell MSA remains among the highest in the country, ranking 4th nationally for single-family housing authorizations with 11,833 units permitted year-to-date through June 2025.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey (BPS) via NAHB Analysis, 2025, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps/index.html", "market_context_note": "Total nonfarm employment in the Atlanta MSA expanded 5.8% above its pre-pandemic peak, supporting robust demand for new building projects, including over 7,200 multi-family units under construction in the northern suburban corridor.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis, 2023, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Austin", "where": "TX", "contractor_density_note": "According to U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS data, the Austin-Round Rock, TX MSA employed 570 Glaziers (SOC 47-2121) as of May 2023, representing a location quotient of 1.32 compared to the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_12420.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "In 2024, 32,294 new residential housing units were permitted in the Austin-Round Rock-San Marcos MSA (including 16,700 single-family units, up 2% year-over-year), ranking Austin second nationally for residential permits per 1,000 existing homes following a residential permitting slowdown in 2022.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD PD&R) & U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2025", "market_context_note": "The statewide glass and glazing market in Texas is projected to reach $1.9 billion in revenue by 2025, driven by ongoing commercial and residential demand and increasing adoption of energy-efficient and smart glass technologies.", "market_context_source": "Braly Insurance & Texas Glass Association Conference, 2025", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Baltimore", "where": "MD", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, the Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD metropolitan statistical area employed 310 Glaziers (SOC 47-2121) as of May 2023, representing a location quotient of 0.68 relative to national trade density and an annual mean wage of $60,130 ($28.91/hour).", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_12580.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Data from the U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey indicates that the Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD MSA authorized 5,514 housing units over trailing 12-month tracking into 2024, representing a 24.2% year-over-year increase in building permit activity (1.94 to 2.17 permits per 1,000 residents across the metro's 7 constituent counties).", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey, 2024, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "A HUD Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis for the Baltimore-Columbia-Towson MSA projected 3-year demand for 11,950 new sales homes and 4,565 rental units, with major commercial and institutional developments (such as additions at Greater Baltimore Medical Center and Johns Hopkins Health System facilities) providing baseline demand for specialty glazing and architectural glass contractors.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, Maryland, 2023, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Birmingham", "where": "AL", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Birmingham-Hoover, AL MSA employed approximately 130 Glaziers (SOC 47-2121) as of May 2023, representing an employment density of 0.255 glaziers per 1,000 jobs (Location Quotient of 0.72) with an annual mean wage of $50,290.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_13820.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to HUD and U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data, total residential building permits in the Birmingham-Hoover MSA averaged approximately 4,944 authorized units for the 12 months ending March 2023 (down slightly from 4,960 units in the prior 12-month period), with trailing 12-month permits adjusting to around 4,384 units (3.71 per 1,000 residents).", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) User & U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey (April 2023), https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "market_context_note": "Commercial and residential glass trade demand in the metro is driven by multifamily rental development in downtown Birmingham (with 2,950 units under construction as of 2023) and suburban single-family expansion in Shelby and St. Clair counties, supported by nonfarm payroll gains in healthcare, finance, and professional services.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) User, Birmingham-Hoover, Alabama Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis (2023), https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Boston", "where": "MA", "contractor_density_note": "In the Boston-Cambridge-Newton, MA-NH metropolitan statistical area, there are approximately 1,170 employed glaziers (SOC 47-2121), earning a median annual wage of $105,080.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "In 2022, the Boston-Cambridge-Newton metro authorized 14,593 new residential building permits (a 12.1% decrease from 2021) with a total valuation of $4.0 billion (+7.5%). Recent monthly permit evaluations reflect continued contraction in local residential building activity, falling 29.4% (1,305 units down to 921 units) due to reductions in both single-family and multi-family authorizations.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey, 2023, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "An economic study on the Massachusetts specialty trade construction industry found significant trade activity and independent contracting dynamics among glass and glazing contractors (NAICS 238150) alongside other building finishing trades.", "market_context_source": "University of Massachusetts Amherst Labor Center, 2021, https://www.umass.edu", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Buffalo", "where": "NY", "contractor_density_note": "According to Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Niagara Falls, NY MSA had 150 Glaziers (SOC 47-2121) employed in the metro area with a mean annual wage of $52,330.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2021, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2020/may/oes_15380.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Monthly residential permit totals in the Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Niagara Falls MSA declined by 141 total permitted units (dropping from 234 to 93), driven by a 103-unit drop in multifamily permits (123 down to 20) and a 34-unit drop in single-family permits (103 down to 69).", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2025, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "HUD's Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis for Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Niagara Falls projects 3-year demand for 2,950 new sales homes and 5,000 new rental units, supported by 370 single-family units and 2,675 rental units under active construction.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 2024, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Charlotte", "where": "NC", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, there were approximately 370 employed Glaziers in the Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC metropolitan statistical area as of May 2023, representing a location quotient of 0.80 relative to national concentration.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_16740.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential permitting in the Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia metro area stabilized near peak levels, with approximately 19,150 sales units permitted in 2023 compared to 19,250 units in 2022 (a decline of less than 1 percent), following strong post-pandemic growth.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "market_context_note": "Strong net in-migration into the Charlotte metropolitan area continues to drive commercial and residential construction demand, including multi-family apartment inventory additions (nearly 12,000 units added in a single recent year) and major institutional projects, maintaining elevated overall building activity across the 11-county MSA.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Chicago", "where": "IL", "contractor_density_note": "In the Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI metropolitan area, the Glass & Glazing trade employs approximately 1,800 glaziers (SOC 47-2121), making the Chicago MSA one of the highest employment markets in the United States for glazier trade professionals.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 10000, "job_value_source": "CostFiled / City of Chicago Open Data Portal, 2026", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit activity in the Chicago-Naperville-Elgin metro area has trended downward in recent years, authorizing 162 new housing units per 100,000 residents in 2023, representing the lowest per-capita residential permitting volume among the 10 largest U.S. metropolitan statistical areas.", "permit_source": "Illinois Policy Institute / U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2024", "market_context_note": "Plan-based construction and renovation building permit review timelines in Chicago average between 77 and 108 days from application to issuance, while qualifying interior alterations and minor exterior scope can utilize Chicago's Self-Certification process to receive approval within 10 business days.", "market_context_source": "PermitPipeline, 2026, https://getpermitpipeline.com/guides/building-permit-timelines-by-city", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "citation-text-only", "permit_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Cincinnati", "where": "OH", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) survey, the Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area employed approximately 270 Glaziers (SOC 47-2121), representing a location quotient of 0.71 relative to the national average and a mean hourly wage of $27.85 ($56,780 mean annual salary).", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2024, May 2023 Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates: Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_17140.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Single-family building permits in the Cincinnati MSA increased to 4,250 units for the 12 months ending August 2025, up from 3,925 units in the preceding 12-month period (~8.3% growth). Multifamily permitting experienced a modest pullback, declining 4.7% to 2,525 units from 2,650 units over the same timeframe.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD User), 2026, Housing Market Conditions: Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN MSA, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/periodicals/ushmc.html", "market_context_note": "Residential housing inventory across the 15-county Cincinnati metro area remained tight at 2.2 months of supply through late 2025 with total home sales reaching 26,550. In the rental sector, multifamily vacancy rates rose to 7.5% in Q4 2025 as average rents reached $1,325 per month.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD User), 2026, Housing Market Conditions: Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN MSA, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/periodicals/ushmc.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Cleveland", "where": "OH", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, there were 260 employed glaziers (SOC 47-2121) in the Cleveland-Elyria, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area as of May 2023. Glaziers in the metro had an employment concentration of 0.264 per 1,000 total jobs, yielding a location quotient of 0.75 relative to the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (2024), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_17460.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit and construction activity in the Cleveland-Elyria MSA moderated into mid-2023. While multi-family rental construction remained active with 2,175 units under construction, overall home sales fell nearly 17% in the 12 months through June 2023, slowing single-family residential permitting.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Cleveland-Elyria, Ohio Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis (2023), https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "market_context_note": "Across Ohio, the Glass & Glazing Contractors industry encompasses 628 establishment locations and 1,933 employees as of 2026. Demand for glazing services in the region is driven primarily by commercial building construction, curtain wall installation, and window replacements.", "market_context_source": "IBISWorld, Glass & Glazing Contractors in Ohio Industry Market Research Report (2026), https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Columbus", "where": "OH", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) data, the Columbus, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area had approximately 400 employed glaziers (SOC 47-2121) with a location quotient of 1.07 relative to the national baseline.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS Metropolitan Area Estimates, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_18140.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, housing units authorized by building permits in Columbus, OH grew from 5,283 units in 2023 to 6,084 units in 2024, reflecting an upward trend of over 15% year-over-year.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, 2024 Annual Building Permits Survey, 2025, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "According to HUD's Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis, construction activity in the Columbus MSA is expanding rapidly, supported by multi-billion dollar mega-projects such as Intel's semiconductor manufacturing facility complex in Licking County and sustained demand for new residential and commercial building developments.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Columbus, Ohio, 2023, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Dallas-Fort Worth", "where": "TX", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, the Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX metropolitan area employed 2,130 glaziers (SOC 47-2121) as of May 2024, placing DFW among the top three metropolitan areas nationwide in total glazier employment.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "The Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area maintained high building permit volume, issuing nearly 72,000 residential permits in 2024 and approximately 52,000 single-family and multifamily permits in 2025, leading all U.S. metropolitan areas in total housing permit output.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2025, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "DFW added more residents than any other U.S. metropolitan area in 2025 according to Census Bureau estimates, maintaining strong regional economic expansion with a 3.4% unemployment rate as of early 2026, supporting ongoing commercial and residential structural glazier demand.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Population Estimates Program, 2025, https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Denver", "where": "CO", "contractor_density_note": "According to the BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO MSA employed approximately 850 Glaziers (SOC 47-2121), representing a location quotient of 1.52 (52% higher concentration than the national average) and 0.536 Glaziers per 1,000 total jobs.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates: Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_19740.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit volume in the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood MSA experienced a downward contraction from elevated post-pandemic levels, driven by higher interest rates and homebuilder re-evaluations, with multi-family 5+ unit projects accounting for over 80% of total authorized housing units.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development & U.S. Census Bureau, Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, Colorado, 2023, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "market_context_note": "Glazing trade demand in the metro is strongly tied to multi-family and commercial building projects; as of late 2023, approximately 38,000 rental housing units were actively under construction across the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood MSA, with Denver County accounting for 45% of total units under construction.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, Colorado, 2023, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Detroit", "where": "MI", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI MSA employed 800 Glaziers (SOC 47-2121) as of May 2023, representing a location quotient of 1.19 relative to the national average, an hourly median wage of $27.21, and a mean annual wage of $56,280.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_19820.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Data from the U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey shows total residential housing units authorized by building permits in the Detroit-Warren-Dearborn MSA fell to 4,541 units in 2023, down from 4,698 units in 2022 and marking the lowest annual permitting level for the metro since 2012.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2023, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "According to HUD's Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis, residential construction and permitting slowed across the Detroit MSA due to higher mortgage rates and elevated labor and material costs, while major infrastructure and nonresidential investments, such as the $5 billion Gordie Howe International Bridge project, helped support regional trade and commercial trade demand.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 2024, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Hartford", "where": "CT", "contractor_density_note": "According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), there were 70 employed Glaziers (SOC 47-2121) in the Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT MSA, representing an employment concentration (location quotient) of 0.36 relative to the national average and a density of 0.126 glaziers per 1,000 jobs.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_25540.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, monthly residential building permits in the Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT MSA reached 120 housing units in May 2026 (a 79.1% year-over-year increase), with 1,270 total units authorized over the trailing 12-month period and multifamily housing accounting for 64.2% of recent authorized units.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey, 2026, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "Data from the Connecticut Department of Economic and Community Development reported by the Partnership for Strong Communities indicates 1,733 building permit authorizations in the Capitol region in 2023, with multifamily structures comprising 80% of Hartford's housing stock, providing ongoing commercial glass and window installation demand.", "market_context_source": "Partnership for Strong Communities, 2024, https://pschousing.org", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Houston", "where": "TX", "contractor_density_note": "According to U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS data, the Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX MSA employed 1,390 glaziers (SOC 47-2121) in May 2023, representing a location quotient of 1.24 and an employment density of 0.44 glaziers per 1,000 jobs in the metropolitan area.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_26420.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "In 2023, the Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX MSA led all U.S. metropolitan areas in residential building permit activity with 68,755 total units authorized (including 50,444 single-family homes). Although total residential permitting decreased slightly from 2022's peak, 2023 represented the fifth-highest permitting volume on record for the metro, driven by single-family housing while multi-family permitting fell by nearly 35%.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, analyzed by Rice University Kinder Institute for Urban Research, 2024, https://kinder.rice.edu", "market_context_note": "The Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land metropolitan area added approximately 15,200 construction jobs between December 2023 and December 2024, a 6% year-over-year increase, leading all major U.S. metros in absolute construction job growth and maintaining high demand for specialty trade contractors.", "market_context_source": "Associated General Contractors of America (AGC) / U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2025, https://www.agc.org", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Indianapolis", "where": "IN", "contractor_density_note": "The Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN MSA employed approximately 440 glaziers (SOC 47-2121) as of May 2023, representing a location quotient of 1.15 relative to national average employment density.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_26900.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Single-family building permits in the Indianapolis metropolitan region surged 26% year-over-year in 2024 to 10,044 permits (up from 7,959 in 2023), marking the second-highest annual total since 2006 before moderating in early 2025.", "permit_source": "Building Association of Greater Indianapolis (BAGI) & U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2025, https://www.bagi.com", "market_context_note": "Commercial glazing and glass installation demand in the Indianapolis metro area is driven by major industrial and commercial projects, including Eli Lilly campus expansions, Amazon and FedEx logistics hubs, and expanding suburban commercial development in Hamilton and Hendricks counties.", "market_context_source": "The Construction Standard, Indianapolis Construction Market for Glass and Glazing Contractors, 2024, https://theconstructionstandard.com", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Jacksonville", "where": "FL", "contractor_density_note": "As of May 2023, the Jacksonville, FL metropolitan statistical area had an estimated 270 employed glaziers (SOC 47-2121), representing a location quotient of 1.02 relative to the national trade concentration.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS (2024), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_27260.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit activity in the Jacksonville metro slowed in 2023, with single-family housing unit permits declining 14% year-over-year to 12,402 units, followed by a further pullback in multifamily permitting in 2024 after a multi-year construction boom.", "permit_source": "National Association of Home Builders / U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey (2024)", "market_context_note": "Jacksonville experienced a historic wave of apartment construction through 2023-2024, delivering 8,390 new units (equal to 7.3% of total existing inventory), which generated significant commercial demand for architectural glass, storefront framing, and window installation.", "market_context_source": "Regions Bank Financial Economics Division (2024), Jacksonville FL Metro Area Economic Update Q3 2024, https://www.regions.com", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Kansas City", "where": "MO", "contractor_density_note": "According to May 2023 BLS OEWS data for the Kansas City, MO-KS MSA, there were 390 employed Glaziers (SOC 47-2121), representing a density of 0.366 glaziers per 1,000 jobs in the metropolitan area.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_28140.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit volume in the Kansas City metro area has trended strongly upward, reaching 10,714 permits over a trailing 12-month period, a 38.3% year-over-year increase, representing approximately 4.87 permits per 1,000 residents.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2024, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "Building permit activity in the Kansas City metro surged up to 66.7% year-over-year in recent monthly Census counts following the city's early 2026 rollback of strict energy conservation code rules adopted in 2023, which had temporarily slowed residential construction.", "market_context_source": "KCUR / U.S. Census Bureau, 2026", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Las Vegas", "where": "NV", "contractor_density_note": "In the Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV MSA, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported 480 employed Glaziers (SOC 47-2121), with a location quotient of 1.26 representing a 26% higher concentration of trade employment relative to the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_29820.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to HUD and Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data, residential permit issuance in the Las Vegas HMA peaked in 2021 before moderating down through 2022 and 2023, while total commercial construction completions reached $8 billion in 2023.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, Nevada Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "market_context_note": "Specialty trade and glazing demand in the Las Vegas metro is buoyed by major nonresidential and sports entertainment projects, including the $1.8 billion A's Ballpark ground breaking alongside regional expansion in data center and healthcare commercial facilities.", "market_context_source": "Dodge Construction Network, Commercial Construction Starts Report, 2025", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Los Angeles", "where": "CA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA metropolitan statistical area employed 2,500 glaziers (SOC 47-2121) as of May 2024, representing one of the highest total trade employment counts for any metropolitan area in the United States.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2024 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Data from the U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey shows a downward trend in residential building permit activity across the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim MSA, driven by sharp declines in multifamily unit authorizations (falling by 1,172 units year-over-year from 1,728 to 556 in mid-year comparisons) despite small gains in single-family permitting.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey (2025), https://www.census.gov/construction/bps/index.html", "market_context_note": "In the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA MSA, glaziers earned an hourly mean wage of $34.45 and an annual mean wage of $71,660 as of May 2023, with a location quotient of 1.00 indicating job density in line with the national baseline.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_31080.htm", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Louisville", "where": "KY", "contractor_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS data, there were approximately 270 Glaziers (SOC 47-2121) employed in the Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN metropolitan statistical area, representing an employment concentration of 0.400 glaziers per 1,000 total jobs (location quotient of 1.14).", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_31140.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Single-family residential permitting activity in the Louisville metro area reached 3,400 units in the 12 months ending September 2024, an 11% increase compared to the prior 12-month period and an uptick from the 2022-2023 annual average of 3,225 permitted homes.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Office of Policy Development and Research (PD&R), Housing Market Profiles: Louisville, Kentucky-Indiana, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov", "market_context_note": "Multifamily construction activity in the Louisville MSA remained active, supporting commercial glazing demand with 2,600 apartment units absorbed in the 12 months ending September 2024, up from 2,125 units absorbed during the preceding 12 months.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Office of Policy Development and Research (PD&R), Housing Market Profiles: Louisville, Kentucky-Indiana, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Memphis", "where": "TN", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the Memphis, TN-MS-AR metropolitan statistical area employed approximately 220 glaziers (SOC 47-2121) as of May 2023, representing a location quotient of 1.02 relative to national trade density.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_32820.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit activity in the Memphis area experienced a declining trend between 2018 and 2023 according to U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data, reflecting a broader regional pullback in new construction across major Southeastern metro areas.", "permit_source": "Southeast Energy Efficiency Alliance, 2024, https://seealliance.org", "market_context_note": "The Glass & Glazing Contractors industry in Tennessee covers commercial glass curtain wall installation, storefronts, and window replacement, with primary market concentration in Shelby County (Memphis); statewide industry revenue grew at an annualized rate over the five years leading into 2026.", "market_context_source": "IBISWorld, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Miami", "where": "FL", "contractor_density_note": "According to BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) May 2023 data, there were 1,310 Glaziers (SOC 47-2121) employed in the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL metropolitan statistical area, representing 0.48 glaziers per 1,000 jobs (a location quotient of 1.37 relative to the national average) with an annual mean wage of $45,900.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_33100.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, total private housing units authorized by building permits in the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach, FL MSA followed a downward trajectory, shifting from 13,393 units in 2021 to 11,605 in 2022, recovering to 12,781 in 2023, and falling to 10,608 in 2024 (a ~20.8% net decrease over the four-year period).", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey (retrieved via FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis), 2024, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/MIAM112BPPRIVSA", "market_context_note": "Under Florida Statute §489 and Florida Building Code High-Velocity Hurricane Zone (HVHZ) provisions, all exterior glazing and fenestration work in Miami-Dade and Broward counties require state-certified or local specialty contractor licensing, Notice of Acceptance (NOA) product approvals, and engineered wind-load and impact resistance compliance.", "market_context_source": "Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation (DBPR), Construction Industry Licensing Board, 2023", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Milwaukee", "where": "WI", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI metropolitan statistical area employed approximately 180 Glaziers (SOC 47-2121), earning an average hourly wage of $39.03 and an annual mean wage of $72,000.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_33340.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data analyzed by the Wisconsin Policy Forum, housing unit permits in the Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis MSA saw a modest 9.7% increase compared to the prior four-year average, with multi-family construction driving most new activity while overall permitting volume remained below pre-2008 historical highs.", "permit_source": "Wisconsin Policy Forum, 2021", "market_context_note": "Major commercial and institutional developments across the four-county metro area, such as the $456 million expansion of the downtown convention center (Baird Center), have sustained strong demand for commercial glazing, window envelope assemblies, and skilled trade labor.", "market_context_source": "Wisconsin Policy Forum, 2023", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Minneapolis-St. Paul", "where": "MN", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI Metropolitan Statistical Area employed approximately 450 glaziers (SOC 47-2121) in May 2023, representing an employment density of 0.23 glaziers per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 0.66.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 7302, "job_value_source": "Angi, 2026, https://www.angi.com", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit volume in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area experienced a downward trend over recent years, dropping from peak levels above 18,000 units annually through 2022 down to 15,596 units in 2023, 12,339 units in 2024, and 12,161 units in 2025, driven largely by a sharp drop in multifamily apartment permitting.", "permit_source": "Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis (U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data), 2026, https://www.minneapolisfed.org", "market_context_note": "Glass and glazing contractors in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metro area operate under Climate Zone 6A building code standards, requiring commercial fenestration replacements exceeding 25% of total window area to achieve a maximum U-factor of 0.40 and Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) of 0.40.", "market_context_source": "Minneapolis Commercial Exteriors, 2026, https://minneapoliscommercialexteriors.com", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Nashville", "where": "TN", "contractor_density_note": "According to the May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) data, the Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro--Franklin, TN MSA employed 440 Glaziers (SOC 47-2121), with an employment location quotient of 1.17 relative to the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_34980.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, new privately-owned housing units authorized in the Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro--Franklin CBSA totaled 23,558 units in 2023, 19,203 units in 2024, and 23,453 units in 2025, maintaining high construction volume relative to national peer metros.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2025, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "Rapid population growth and high-density commercial and residential development in Nashville-Davidson County, supported by major corporate expansions and transit-oriented corridor planning, continue to drive substantial demand for architectural glass, storefronts, and curtain wall glazing.", "market_context_source": "Urban Institute, 2024", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "New Orleans", "where": "LA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) May 2023 estimates, there were 360 Glaziers (SOC 47-2121) employed in the New Orleans-Metairie, LA MSA, with an employment density representing a location quotient of 0.699 relative to the national baseline (down slightly from 380 glaziers and a 0.738 location quotient in May 2022).", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_35380.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential construction permitting in the New Orleans-Metairie MSA has trended downward over recent years, falling to 1,200 total authorized housing units for the 12 months ending February 2024, down from higher post-pandemic building levels due to elevated interest rates, severe property insurance market dislocations, and higher coastal construction compliance costs.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) / U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "market_context_note": "The glass and glazing trade in the New Orleans metropolitan area is significantly shaped by coastal building code enforcement under the Louisiana State Uniform Construction Code (LSUCC), which requires impact-rated glazing or approved shutter systems for exterior openings in wind-borne debris zones. Additionally, exterior glazing work within local historic overlay districts requires pre-approval and Certificates of Appropriateness from bodies such as the Historic District Landmarks Commission (HDLC) or the Vieux Carré Commission (VCC).", "market_context_source": "City of New Orleans Department of Safety and Permits / Historic District Landmarks Commission, 2025", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "New York", "where": "NY", "contractor_density_note": "In the New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA metropolitan statistical area, there were 2,170 employed Glaziers (SOC 47-2121), representing a density of 0.23 glaziers per 1,000 jobs in the metro area.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Single-family building permit volume in the New York-Newark-Jersey City metropolitan area rose by 15% to 19% year-over-year in 2024, while multifamily permit activity surged by over 70% to 12,050 permitted units, driven by tight rental inventory and new state tax incentives.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD User), Regional Housing Market Conditions (New York/New Jersey Region), 2024", "market_context_note": "Glass and Glazing Contractors (NAICS 238150) form a targeted trade sector in New York State's workforce development strategy, benefiting from sustained demand in urban commercial building, high-density residential construction, and facade modernization.", "market_context_source": "New York State Office of Strategic Workforce Development, Target Industry Progress Report, 2024, https://esd.ny.gov", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Oklahoma City", "where": "OK", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Oklahoma City, OK metropolitan statistical area employed 340 glaziers (SOC 47-2121) as of May 2023, representing a location quotient of 1.47 and indicating a higher employment concentration in the glass and glazing trade relative to the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_36420.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data, residential building permits in the Oklahoma City MSA increased by 9.9% from 6,129 units in 2022 to 6,736 units in 2023. Single-family home permits comprised 91.0% of total residential construction authorizations, marking the highest single-family share among major U.S. metropolitan areas.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, 2023 Building Permits Survey, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "According to HUD's Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis for the Oklahoma City metropolitan area, nonfarm payroll employment grew by 2.7% (18,700 jobs) during the 12 months ending May 2024, creating an estimated 3-year demand for 19,550 new homes alongside ongoing commercial development that sustains demand for glass and glazing services.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD User), 2024 Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis for Oklahoma City, OK, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Orlando", "where": "FL", "contractor_density_note": "According to the May 2023 BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, the Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL MSA employed 620 glaziers (SOC 47-2121), with a location quotient of 1.10 relative to national concentration, a mean hourly wage of $22.54, and an annual mean wage of $46,890.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates: Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_36740.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "In the Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford MSA, construction activity remains robust across both single-family and multifamily sectors. As of July 1, 2024, HUD reported 17,750 rental units and 9,200 single-family sales homes under construction. Analysis of Census Building Permits Survey data further shows a strong rebound in multifamily permitting rates to 4.5 units per 1,000 residents in 2025, returning to 2021 peak levels.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 2024 Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, Florida, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "market_context_note": "Commercial and residential glass and glazing demand in the Orlando metro area (population 2.87 million) is supported by expansion in commercial, hospitality, and institutional spaces, including 74 million annual visitors generating $87.6 billion in economic impact, and major facilities such as the 7.0 million-square-foot Orange County Convention Center.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 2024 Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, Florida, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Philadelphia", "where": "PA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2023 OEWS data, the Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD metropolitan statistical area employed approximately 550 Glaziers (SOC 47-2121), reflecting a location quotient of 0.56 compared to the national average, with an annual mean wage of $69,190 ($33.27 per hour).", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates: Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_37980.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Following a massive pre-tax abatement tax restructuring spike in 2021 when permitted units reached 25,257 in Philadelphia County, housing construction permitted volume dropped sharply to 3,223 units in 2022, 3,863 units in 2023, and 2,962 units in 2024, stabilizing around long-term historical baseline averages.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau via Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (FRED), New Private Housing Structures Authorized by Building Permits for Philadelphia County, PA [BPPRIV042101], 2024, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/BPPRIV042101", "market_context_note": "The Philadelphia HMA experienced an increase in nonfarm payroll employment of 19,600 jobs (2.0%) over the 12 months ending June 2024, alongside 10,950 multi-family rental units under construction and an elevated apartment vacancy rate of 9.7% in Q2 2024, supporting commercial glass replacement, exterior enclosure maintenance, and ongoing multi-family completions.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD USER), Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Phoenix", "where": "AZ", "contractor_density_note": "In the Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler, AZ MSA, Glaziers (SOC 47-2121) recorded a location quotient of 3.46 as of May 2024, reflecting a trade employment concentration more than three times the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit volume in the Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler MSA reached 45,616 units in 2023 (a slight decline from 47,369 in 2022 and 51,923 in 2021). Permitting activity accelerated in early 2024, pacing toward over 58,000 units.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey / Common Sense Institute Arizona, 2024", "market_context_note": "Demand for glass and glazing in the Phoenix metropolitan area is driven by strong commercial construction and suburban expansion in Maricopa County, supported by roughly 704 licensed glass and glazing businesses registered statewide with the Arizona Registrar of Contractors (ROC).", "market_context_source": "Wilde Wealth Insurance / Arizona Registrar of Contractors, 2026", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Pittsburgh", "where": "PA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2023 OEWS report, the Pittsburgh, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area employed 220 Glaziers (SOC 47-2121), representing a location quotient of 0.59 and an employment concentration of approximately 0.206 glaziers per 1,000 total jobs in the metropolitan area.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_38300.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to HUD market data, residential permitting in the Pittsburgh HMA scaled back following elevated activity in 2022 and 2023. Annual rental permitting averaged 3,975 units across 2022 and 2023 before declining 19% to approximately 3,225 units for the 12 months ending April 2024.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "market_context_note": "Demand for commercial glass and glazing in metropolitan Pittsburgh is supported by major institutional and healthcare capital projects (such as expansions by UPMC and Highmark Health), active higher education renovations, and the adaptive reuse of central business district office space into multi-family housing.", "market_context_source": "Master Builders' Association of Western Pennsylvania, BreakingGround Report, 2022, https://www.mbawpa.org", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Portland", "where": "OR", "contractor_density_note": "In the Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA metropolitan statistical area, there are approximately 470 employed Glaziers (SOC 47-2121), representing a location quotient of 1.10 relative to national concentration, with a median hourly wage of $28.84 and an average annual wage of $71,280.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_38900.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Construction permitting activity in the Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro metro area has trended downward, with U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data showing single-family authorizations down 2.7% and multifamily building permits declining by 58.5% year-over-year in 2024.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey / Realtor.com Research, 2025", "market_context_note": "The Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro construction market has experienced a slowdown in new multifamily housing authorizations alongside high borrowing costs, shifting trade demand toward repair, glass replacement, commercial maintenance, and infill renovations.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis, 2021, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Providence", "where": "RI", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Providence-Warwick, RI-MA Metropolitan Statistical Area employed approximately 140 glaziers (SOC 47-2121) as of May 2023, with an annual mean wage of $60,980 ($29.32 hourly wage).", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_39300.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit activity in the Providence-Warwick, RI-MA MSA has remained subdued overall compared to national averages (authorizing between 0.7 and 3.6 units per 1,000 existing homes in recent years), though multi-family permitting saw a noticeable uptick in 2024 with 656 units authorized (a 175.4% increase over recent annual multi-family baselines).", "permit_source": "Construction Coverage (citing U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey), 2025, https://constructioncoverage.com/research/cities-building-the-most-homes", "market_context_note": "The Providence-Warwick metro area is characterized by an exceptionally old building stock, with over 55% of housing units constructed prior to 1960, which generates sustained demand for glass replacement, window retrofits, energy-efficiency updates, and architectural modernizations across existing properties.", "market_context_source": "City of Warwick Comprehensive Plan Housing Analysis (citing U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey), 2024, https://www.warwickri.gov", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Raleigh", "where": "NC", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, Glaziers in the Raleigh-Cary, NC MSA recorded a high location quotient of 3.46, indicating a significantly higher relative concentration of trade employment compared to national averages.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "permit_volume_trend": "Building permit activity in the Raleigh-Cary, NC MSA has trended upward, with trailing 12-month authorized residential units increasing 15.5% year-over-year to 18,396 total permits, representing a dense construction pace of approximately 12.7 to 12.8 permits per 1,000 residents.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey (retrieved via FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis), 2026, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/RALE537BPPRIV", "market_context_note": "According to U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data, total authorized residential building permit valuation in the Raleigh-Cary, NC MSA reached $4.4 billion across 21,551 new housing units in 2022, reflecting robust local market scale for specialty trades.", "market_context_source": "", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "missing" }, { "name": "Richmond", "where": "VA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics estimates, the Richmond, VA metropolitan statistical area employed 90 glaziers (SOC 47-2121) with an annual mean wage of $46,680.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_40060.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit volume in the Richmond metro area trended downward in 2024 compared to 2023, with projected housing units permitted falling to approximately 58 units per 10,000 residents.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau / Axios Richmond, 2024, https://www.axios.com/local/richmond/2024/08/12/housing-permits-decline-construction-data", "market_context_note": "At the state level, IBISWorld reports 714 glass and glazing contractor locations across Virginia through 2026, with key demand driven by commercial glass exterior installations, energy efficiency retrofits, and façade replacements.", "market_context_source": "IBISWorld, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Riverside-San Bernardino", "where": "CA", "contractor_density_note": "The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports an estimated 850 Glaziers (SOC 47-2121) employed in the Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA metropolitan statistical area as of May 2023, representing an occupational density of 0.514 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 1.46 compared to the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2023), May 2023 Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates: Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_40140.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "The Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario MSA authorized 16,320 new residential housing units in 2022, representing a 4.6% increase over 2021 with a total valuation of $3.9 billion. Overall permitting remained active through 2023 with 18,608 total residential units authorized across single-family and multi-family developments.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau (2023), Building Permits Survey 2022/2023 Annual Data, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "The Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario metropolitan area (Inland Empire) has experienced strong nonfarm payroll expansion and population growth, driven by its role as Southern California's primary logistics and industrial hub. This has generated sustained demand for commercial glazing, storefront installation, warehouse office buildouts, and residential construction.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) (2022), Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, California, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Sacramento", "where": "CA", "contractor_density_note": "In the Sacramento-Roseville-Arden-Arcade metro area, there were 580 Glaziers (SOC 47-2121) employed, with an employment density of 0.556 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 0.56 relative to national levels.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_40900.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Construction activity in the Sacramento-Roseville-Folsom MSA showed positive growth, with regional housing starts up 24.3% for the 12 months ending June 2024 and total private housing permits remaining solid at over 7,600 annual single-family units.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey via Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (FRED), 2025, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/SACR906BPPRIVSA", "market_context_note": "Demand for glass and architectural glazing in the metro is driven by ongoing large-scale projects and suburban development, including the Sacramento County Courthouse project, healthcare developments like the Adventist Health campus in Roseville, and residential expansions in Elk Grove, Rancho Cordova, and Roseville.", "market_context_source": "Valley Vision and California Community Colleges Centers of Excellence, Construction Cluster and Workforce Needs Assessment Sacramento Region, 2020, https://www.valleyvision.org", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Salt Lake City", "where": "UT", "contractor_density_note": "In the Salt Lake City, UT Metropolitan Statistical Area, there were 590 employed glaziers (SOC 47-2121) as of May 2023, representing an above-average trade density with a location quotient of 2.09 compared to the national rate.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_41620.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permitting in the Salt Lake City metropolitan area experienced a decline through 2024, dropping statewide to approximately 22,000 authorized units (the lowest level since 2016, driven largely by a drop in apartment construction), before seeing a modest multi-family permitting uptick during 2025.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey / FRED (Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis), 2024, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/SALT649BPPRIVSA", "market_context_note": "High-density residential structures (condominiums, townhomes, twin homes, and multi-family units) accounted for 28% of all residential construction in Utah in 2024, with multi-family permitting rebounding in 2025 to sustain localized demand for architectural glass and glazing installations.", "market_context_source": "Kem C. Gardner Policy Institute, University of Utah, 'State of the State's Housing Market: 2024-2025', July 2025, https://d36oiwf74r1rap.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/State-Of-State-Housing-Jul2025.pdf", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "San Antonio", "where": "TX", "contractor_density_note": "According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS survey, the San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX MSA had an estimated 460 employed Glaziers (SOC 47-2121) in May 2023, representing a location quotient (employment density) of 1.21 relative to national average concentration.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_41700.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential permitting activity in the San Antonio-New Braunfels MSA trended downward from 2022 through 2023, with sales unit building permits declining by an average of 17% annually from a peak of 22,300 units permitted in 2021, primarily driven by higher interest rates.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: San Antonio-New Braunfels, Texas (2024), https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "market_context_note": "The San Antonio-New Braunfels MSA population reached an estimated 2.77 million in 2024, expanding by an average of 47,100 residents (1.8%) annually since 2020 with net in-migration driving 79% of growth, sustaining steady baseline commercial and residential demand for glass and glazing installation.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: San Antonio-New Braunfels, Texas (2024), https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "San Diego", "where": "CA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, there were 870 employed Glaziers (SOC 47-2121) in the San Diego-Carlsbad, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area in May 2023, representing an employment density of 0.574 glaziers per 1,000 total jobs in the metropolitan area.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_41740.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Building permit activity in San Diego County trended upward from 10,822 total units with $2.18 billion in total construction valuation in 2023 (2,957 single-family and 7,865 multi-family units) to 11,193 total units valued at $2.61 billion in 2024 (3,327 single-family and 7,866 multi-family units).", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey / California Employment Development Department, 2024, https://www.labormarketinfo.edd.ca.gov", "market_context_note": "The City of San Diego Development Services Department (DSD) approves and permits more than 70,000 private development projects annually across new housing, job centers, and commercial buildouts, supported by the City's Permit Finder GIS platform.", "market_context_source": "City of San Diego Mayor's Office / Development Services Department, 2023, https://www.insidesandiego.org", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "San Francisco", "where": "CA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) data, the San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area employed 1,160 glaziers (SOC 47-2121), representing approximately 0.48 glaziers per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 1.36 compared to the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit volume in the San Francisco-Oakland-Berkeley metro area contracted sharply, plunging 32.3% year-over-year in 2023 due to elevated financing rates, high construction costs, and slowing project starts.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey, 2024, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/SANF806BPPRIV", "market_context_note": "HUD's Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis for the region projected 3-year forecast demand for 10,350 sales homes and 11,600 rental units, with 5,375 active units under construction providing ongoing commercial and residential glazing demand.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Oakland-Hayward-Berkeley, California, 2025, https://www.huduser.gov", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "San Jose", "where": "CA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA MSA employed 360 glaziers with an employment density of 0.312 per 1,000 jobs (location quotient of 0.89) and an annual mean wage of $89,230.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_41940.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit volume in the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara metro area has trended downward, with overall housing permits dropping 68% from 1,949 permits in July 2020 to 623 permits in July 2025, and multifamily permits falling 41% year-over-year from 1,729 units (Jan-Jul 2024) to 1,013 units (Jan-Jul 2025).", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, 2025, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "Statewide, California's Glass & Glazing Contractors industry comprises 4,225 business locations, driven by demand in nonresidential commercial construction and residential developments; however, high construction labor costs and steep municipal fees in Silicon Valley continue to weigh on new project starts.", "market_context_source": "IBISWorld, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Seattle", "where": "WA", "contractor_density_note": "In the Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA MSA, there were 1,460 employed Glaziers (SOC 47-2121) as of May 2023, yielding a location quotient of 2.00 compared to the national average, indicating double the national employment concentration for the trade.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472121.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, residential construction permitting in the Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue MSA experienced a downward trend following high delivery periods, with multifamily unit permitting dropping 36.1% year-over-year into early 2025 due to higher interest rates and softening market rent growth.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2025, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "Glass and glazing work in Seattle is strongly driven by strict regional building performance requirements under the 2021 Seattle Energy Code enforced by SDCI, which mandates an area-weighted average glazing U-factor of 0.30 or lower for residential and commercial envelope compliance.", "market_context_source": "Seattle Department of Construction and Inspections, 2025)/energy-code---forms", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "St. Louis", "where": "MO", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) data, the St. Louis, MO-IL metropolitan statistical area employed approximately 310 glaziers (SOC 47-2121) in May 2023, representing an employment density of 0.237 glaziers per 1,000 jobs.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_41180.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "New private housing units authorized by building permits in the St. Louis, MO-IL MSA experienced a downward trajectory following peaks in 2021-2022, reflecting broader regional construction moderations.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau via FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 2024, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/STLBPPRIV", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Tampa", "where": "FL", "contractor_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS estimates, the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL MSA employed 620 Glaziers (SOC 47-2121) with an employment density of 0.436 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 1.24 (24% higher concentration than the national average), reflecting a strong local concentration of trade professionals.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_45300.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit volume in the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater MSA remains among the highest in the nation, ranking #9 overall with 22,819 new residential housing units authorized in 2024, driven by ongoing single-family and multi-family construction activity.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey (BPS), 2024, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "HUD reports strong ongoing residential and commercial expansion in the Tampa metro area, with estimated demand for 44,825 new homes through 2027 and over 18,800 multi-family units under construction. Strict Florida building codes for hurricane and impact-resistant glazing drive high demand for specialized glass contractors.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Office of Policy Development and Research, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Virginia Beach", "where": "VA", "contractor_density_note": "The Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC metropolitan statistical area employs approximately 200 Glaziers (SOC 47-2131), representing an employment concentration of 0.277 glaziers per 1,000 total jobs in the MSA.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes472131.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Construction activity and permitting in the metro's core market trended upward from 2023 through 2025, with completed new housing units in Virginia Beach rising from 985 in 2023 to 1,221 in 2024, and total new construction valuation reaching $719 million in 2025.", "permit_source": "City of Virginia Beach Real Estate Assessor's Office, FY 2027 Annual Report, 2026", "market_context_note": "Commercial developments led new construction activity in Virginia Beach, generating 50.8% of the $719 million in total new construction valuation in 2025 (followed by residential at 33% and multi-family at 16.2%), supporting localized demand for storefront, curtain wall, and exterior glazing work.", "market_context_source": "City of Virginia Beach Real Estate Assessor's Office, FY 2027 Annual Report, 2026", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Washington DC", "where": "DC", "contractor_density_note": "The Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV metropolitan area employed 1,140 glaziers (SOC 47-2121) as of May 2023, reflecting a density of 0.369 glaziers per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 1.05 relative to the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_47900.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "New private housing units authorized by building permits in the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV MSA reached a multi-year peak in 2021 before following a downward trend through 2023 and 2024 as elevated borrowing costs slowed regional residential construction momentum.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey (retrieved via FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, Series WASH911BPPRIV), 2024, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/WASH911BPPRIV", "market_context_note": "Glass and glazing demand in the Washington DC metro area is shaped by a high concentration of commercial developments alongside strict District of Columbia Historic Preservation Office (HPO) window and glazing compliance standards for historic rowhouses and commercial structures.", "market_context_source": "District of Columbia Department of Buildings, Window Permit & Historic Preservation Guidelines, 2023, https://dob.dc.gov/page/get-permit", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" } ] }, "market_structure": { "permits": [], "seasonality": [], "size_tiers": [], "top_states": [] }, "reputation": { "available": false, "note": "Insufficient public review-listing coverage to publish a reliable per-trade reputation aggregate." }, "firmographics": { "available": true, "source": "Aggregated public business firmographic records (multi-source SMB dataset). Revenue/employee/age/employer-rating distributions per trade. Aggregate only; no individual company identified.", "n_companies": 833, "revenue_usd": { "n": 367, "p25": 6500000, "median": 14233314, "p75": 26099358, "p90": 40100000 }, "employees": { "n": 193, "p25": 40, "median": 63, "p75": 87, "p90": 137 }, "founded_year_median": 2000, "employer_rating_avg": 3.63, "employer_rating_n": 215, "top_states": [], "source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "level_published": null, "comps": [ { "ticker": "AGX", "name": "Argan, Inc.", "return_6m_pct": 35.3, "return_1y_pct": 167.4, "gross_margin_pct": 20.74, "ev_ebitda": 47.28, "market_cap_billions": 8.44, "market_snapshot_date": "2026-07-23", "fiscal_period": "Q1 FY2027", "publication_status": "historical", "current_comparison_eligible": false, "comparison_scope": "historical-reference-only" }, { "ticker": "PGTI", "name": "PGT Innovations, Inc.", "return_6m_pct": null, "return_1y_pct": null, "gross_margin_pct": 39.3, "ev_ebitda": 11.6, "market_cap_billions": 2.4, "market_snapshot_date": "2026-07-23", "fiscal_period": "FY 2023", "publication_status": "historical", "current_comparison_eligible": false, "comparison_scope": "historical-reference-only" }, { "ticker": "TGLS", "name": "Tecnoglass Inc.", "return_6m_pct": -0.7, "return_1y_pct": -37.7, "gross_margin_pct": 41.54, "ev_ebitda": 8.59, "market_cap_billions": 2.11, "market_snapshot_date": "2026-07-23", "fiscal_period": "Q1 2026 TTM", "publication_status": "historical", "current_comparison_eligible": false, "comparison_scope": "historical-reference-only" } ] }