{ "slug": "commercial-cleaning", "name": "Commercial Cleaning & Janitorial", "in_level_book": true, "scores": { "resilience": 68.6, "leverage": 79.5, "trade_ai_score": 74, "quadrant": "race-to-modernize", "quadrant_label": "Race to Modernize", "quadrant_desc": "Big AI upside but exposed to disruption. Move now, the operators who modernize win.", "resilience_rel": 22.9, "leverage_rel": 64 }, "subscores": { "resilience": { "physical_core": 82, "disintermediation": 62, "entry_barrier": 48, "switching_cost": 74 }, "leverage": { "coordination_drag": 86, "operating_leverage": 84, "revenue_expansion": 66, "data_amplification": 76 }, "basis": "Physical/fine-motor work robots struggle with, recurring contracts, but very low entry barrier and commodity pricing. Labor-heavy, thin margins = big operating-leverage + true-cost upside. A vertical Level works in." }, "research": { "wages_detail": { "median_hourly_wage_usd": 16.84, "median_hourly_wage_usd_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_hourly_wage_usd_research_pass_count": 6, "median_hourly_wage_usd_confidence": "high-primary", "median_annual_wage_usd": 35020, "median_annual_wage_usd_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_annual_wage_usd_research_pass_count": 6, "median_annual_wage_usd_confidence": "high-primary", "pct25_hourly_wage_usd": 14.22, "pct25_hourly_wage_usd_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "pct25_hourly_wage_usd_research_pass_count": 6, "pct25_hourly_wage_usd_confidence": "high-primary", "pct75_hourly_wage_usd": 19.05, "pct75_hourly_wage_usd_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "pct75_hourly_wage_usd_research_pass_count": 6, "pct75_hourly_wage_usd_confidence": "high-primary", "pct90_hourly_wage_usd": 23.18, "pct90_hourly_wage_usd_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "pct90_hourly_wage_usd_research_pass_count": 6, "pct90_hourly_wage_usd_confidence": "high-primary", "pct10_hourly_wage_usd": 12.39, "pct10_hourly_wage_usd_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "pct10_hourly_wage_usd_research_pass_count": 6, "pct10_hourly_wage_usd_confidence": "high-primary", "wage_data_year": "2023", "median_hourly_wage_usd_source_access": "url", "median_annual_wage_usd_source_access": "url", "pct25_hourly_wage_usd_source_access": "url", "pct75_hourly_wage_usd_source_access": "url", "pct90_hourly_wage_usd_source_access": "url", "pct10_hourly_wage_usd_source_access": "url" }, "employment": { "us_employment": 2447700, "us_employment_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, https://www.bls.gov/ooh/building-and-grounds-cleaning/janitors-and-building-cleaners.htm", "us_employment_research_pass_count": 6, "us_employment_confidence": "high-primary", "projected_10yr_growth_pct": 2, "projected_10yr_growth_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, https://www.bls.gov/ooh/building-and-grounds-cleaning/janitors-and-building-cleaners.htm", "projected_10yr_growth_pct_research_pass_count": 6, "projected_10yr_growth_pct_confidence": "high-primary", "annual_openings": 351300, "annual_openings_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, https://www.bls.gov/ooh/building-and-grounds-cleaning/janitors-and-building-cleaners.htm", "annual_openings_research_pass_count": 6, "annual_openings_confidence": "high-primary", "projected_10yr_net_change": 47800, "projected_10yr_net_change_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook, https://www.bls.gov/ooh/building-and-grounds-cleaning/janitors-and-building-cleaners.htm", "projected_10yr_net_change_research_pass_count": 6, "projected_10yr_net_change_confidence": "high-primary", "us_employment_year": "2024", "us_employment_source_access": "url", "projected_10yr_growth_pct_source_access": "url", "annual_openings_source_access": "url", "projected_10yr_net_change_source_access": "url" }, "labor_shortage": { "unfilled_openings": 351300, "unfilled_openings_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook (Janitors and Building Cleaners), 2025, https://www.bls.gov/ooh/building-and-grounds-cleaning/janitors-and-building-cleaners.htm", "unfilled_openings_research_pass_count": 5, "unfilled_openings_confidence": "high-primary", "unfilled_openings_year": "2025", "shortage_note": "According to industry benchmark survey data, 76% of building service contractors cite recruiting and retaining staff as their primary operational challenge, with sector turnover rates averaging between 100% and 400% annually.", "shortage_note_source": "Cleaning & Maintenance Management (CMM) / Building Service Contractors Association International (BSCAI), 2024 Building Service Contractor Benchmarking Survey, 2024, https://www.bscai.org", "unfilled_openings_source_access": "url", "shortage_note_source_access": "url" }, "workforce_aging": { "median_worker_age": 46.7, "median_worker_age_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS), Household Data Annual Averages, Table 11b: Employed persons by detailed occupation and age - https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat11b.htm", "median_worker_age_research_pass_count": 5, "median_worker_age_confidence": "high-primary", "pct_over_55": 32.85, "pct_over_55_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey (CPS), Household Data Annual Averages, Table 11b: Employed persons by detailed occupation and age - https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat11b.htm", "pct_over_55_research_pass_count": 5, "pct_over_55_confidence": "high-primary", "median_worker_age_year": "2023", "retirement_note": "The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projects approximately 351,300 job openings for janitors and building cleaners each year on average from 2024 to 2034, with most expected to result from replacement needs as workers transfer to other occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.", "retirement_note_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook (OOH), Janitors and Building Cleaners: Job Outlook (2024-2034 Projections) - https://www.bls.gov/ooh/building-and-grounds-cleaning/janitors-and-building-cleaners.htm", "median_worker_age_source_access": "url", "pct_over_55_source_access": "url", "retirement_note_source_access": "url" }, "training_pipeline": { "apprenticeship_enrollment": 1583.5, "apprenticeship_enrollment_derived": true, "apprenticeship_enrollment_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 2 cited research inputs: U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Apprenticeship, Data and Statistics: FY 2025 (https://www.apprenticeship.gov/data-and-statistics/) | U.S. Department of Labor Registered Apprenticeship Partners Information Data System (RAPIDS), 2022, https://www.apprenticeship.gov", "apprenticeship_enrollment_research_pass_count": 2, "apprenticeship_enrollment_confidence": "low", "apprenticeship_enrollment_year": "2025", "pipeline_gap_note": "The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projects 351,300 annual job openings for janitors and building cleaners from 2024 to 2034, driven primarily by high turnover and labor force exits. Because entry into commercial cleaning relies almost entirely on short-term on-the-job training rather than formal postsecondary degrees or registered apprenticeships, a vast structural pipeline gap exists between annual industry hiring demand and formal trade school or apprenticeship completions.", "pipeline_gap_note_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Outlook Handbook: Janitors and Building Cleaners (2025), https://www.bls.gov/ooh/building-and-grounds-cleaning/janitors-and-building-cleaners.htm", "apprenticeship_enrollment_source_access": "url", "pipeline_gap_note_source_access": "url" }, "immigration_reliance": { "pct_foreign_born": 40, "pct_foreign_born_source": "Economic Policy Institute analysis of U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) microdata, https://www.epi.org/publication/immigration-facts", "pct_foreign_born_research_pass_count": 5, "pct_foreign_born_confidence": "med", "pct_foreign_born_year": "2023", "visa_dependence_note": "Commercial cleaning and building maintenance rely heavily on foreign-born labor, yet U.S. immigration laws provide few legal year-round visa pathways for lower-wage jobs. Non-agricultural temporary visas (H-2B) are statutorily restricted to seasonal or temporary positions, leaving a gap for year-round janitorial staffing needs.", "visa_dependence_note_source": "Migration Policy Institute, 'Building a Modern Immigration System for a 21st Century Economy' (2024), https://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/modern-immigration-system", "pct_foreign_born_source_access": "url", "visa_dependence_note_source_access": "url" }, "unionization": { "union_membership_pct": 8.2, "union_membership_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Union Members Summary (2025 Data, Released February 2026), Table 3: Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry, https://www.bls.gov/news.release/union2.t03.htm", "union_membership_pct_research_pass_count": 5, "union_membership_pct_confidence": "med", "union_membership_year": "2025", "prevailing_wage_note": "Commercial cleaning and janitorial services on federal contracts exceeding $2,500 are subject to federal prevailing wage and fringe benefit determinations under the McNamara-O'Hara Service Contract Act (SCA) of 1965 rather than the Davis-Bacon Act (which applies strictly to federal construction, alteration, or repair). Additionally, multiple states and municipalities enforce local building service prevailing wage laws for public custodial contracts.", "prevailing_wage_note_source": "U.S. Department of Labor, Wage and Hour Division, McNamara-O'Hara Service Contract Act (SCA), https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/government-contracts/service-contracts", "union_membership_pct_source_access": "url", "prevailing_wage_note_source_access": "url" }, "licensing": { "states_requiring_license": 0, "states_requiring_license_source": "Next Insurance - State-by-State Cleaning Business License Requirements, 2025, https://www.nextinsurance.com/blog/cleaning-business-license", "states_requiring_license_research_pass_count": 4, "states_requiring_license_confidence": "high", "states_requiring_license_year": "2025", "bonding_note": "State trade licensing boards do not mandate surety bonds for standard janitorial operations, but commercial contracts typically require $10,000 to $50,000+ janitorial dishonesty/fidelity bonds along with general liability insurance. Specific state labor registrations, such as the California Janitorial Contractor Registration Act (CA Labor Code § 1429), require a $25,000 surety bond for janitorial employers.", "bonding_note_source": "California Department of Industrial Relations / California Cleaning Authority, 2025, https://californiacleaningauthority.com and Insureon, 2024", "reciprocity_note": "State contractor license reciprocity (such as NASCLA trade exam reciprocity) does not apply to commercial cleaning because zero US states issue a trade contractor license for general janitorial services. Out-of-state cleaning companies expanding into new jurisdictions must register with the destination Secretary of State and satisfy local city/county business tax receipt and operating permit requirements.", "reciprocity_note_source": "National Association of State Contractors Licensing Agencies (NASCLA), 2025, https://www.nascla.org", "states_requiring_license_source_access": "url", "bonding_note_source_access": "url", "reciprocity_note_source_access": "url" }, "market_size": { "market_size_usd": 81880000000, "market_size_usd_derived": true, "market_size_usd_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: IBISWorld, Janitorial Services in the US Industry Report (2026), https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/janitorial-services-industry", "market_size_usd_research_pass_count": 1, "market_size_usd_confidence": "med", "cagr_pct": 3.3, "cagr_pct_derived": true, "cagr_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: IBISWorld, Janitorial Services in the US Industry Report (2026), https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/janitorial-services-industry", "cagr_pct_research_pass_count": 1, "cagr_pct_confidence": "med", "market_size_usd_year": "2025", "cagr_forecast_window": "2026-2033", "cagr_forecast_window_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: IBISWorld, Janitorial Services in the US Industry Report (2026), https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/janitorial-services-industry", "market_size_usd_source_access": "url", "cagr_pct_source_access": "url", "cagr_forecast_window_source_access": "url" }, "firm_counts": { "num_establishments": 67295, "num_establishments_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Statistics of U.S. Businesses (SUSB), 2022, https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2022/econ/susb/2022-susb-annual.html", "num_establishments_research_pass_count": 6, "num_establishments_confidence": "high-primary", "num_firms": 62970, "num_firms_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Statistics of U.S. Businesses (SUSB), 2022, https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2022/econ/susb/2022-susb-annual.html", "num_firms_research_pass_count": 6, "num_firms_confidence": "high-primary", "avg_employees_per_firm": 16.96, "avg_employees_per_firm_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Statistics of U.S. Businesses (SUSB), 2022, https://www.census.gov/data/tables/2022/econ/susb/2022-susb-annual.html", "avg_employees_per_firm_research_pass_count": 6, "avg_employees_per_firm_confidence": "high-primary", "num_establishments_year": "2022", "num_establishments_source_access": "url", "num_firms_source_access": "url", "avg_employees_per_firm_source_access": "url" }, "fragmentation": { "top4_firm_share_pct": 11.2, "top4_firm_share_pct_source": "U.S. Small Business Administration, 'Small Business Size Standards: Professional, Scientific and Technical Services; Management of Companies and Enterprises; Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services', Proposed Rule, 85 FR 72584 (November 13, 2020), Table 4 'Size Standards Supported by Each Factor for Each Industry (Receipts)' at 85 FR 72592, column (6) headed 'Four-firm ratio %', row NAICS 561720 Janitorial Services. Derived by SBA from the U.S. Census Bureau special tabulation of the 2012 Economic Census. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2020/11/13/2020-24903/small-business-size-standards-professional-scientific-and-technical-services-management-of", "top4_firm_share_pct_research_pass_count": 1, "top4_firm_share_pct_confidence": "high-primary", "top50_firm_share_pct": 30, "top50_firm_share_pct_source": "First Research via SBDCNet, Cleaning Services Business Research Report, 2024, https://www.sbdcnet.org/small-business-research-reports/cleaning-services-business", "top50_firm_share_pct_research_pass_count": 5, "top50_firm_share_pct_confidence": "med", "mom_and_pop_share_note": "The US janitorial services market is highly fragmented with low market concentration. Small local operators, sole proprietors, independent contractors, and mom-and-pop businesses account for approximately 70% of total industry revenue, as the top 50 largest companies generate only about 30% of overall industry revenue.", "mom_and_pop_share_note_source": "First Research via SBDCNet, Cleaning Services Business Research Report, 2024, https://www.sbdcnet.org/small-business-research-reports/cleaning-services-business", "concentration_year": "2024-2026", "top4_firm_share_pct_source_access": "url", "top50_firm_share_pct_source_access": "url", "mom_and_pop_share_note_source_access": "url" }, "franchise_pen": { "franchise_penetration_pct": 18, "franchise_penetration_pct_source": "CT Acquisitions (citing U.S. Census Bureau CBP and IBISWorld data), 2024", "franchise_penetration_pct_research_pass_count": 2, "franchise_penetration_pct_confidence": "adjudicated", "franchise_penetration_year": "2025", "franchise_penetration_pct_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "formation_rate": { "annual_new_firm_formation": 13.675, "annual_new_firm_formation_derived": true, "annual_new_firm_formation_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: U.S. Census Bureau, Business Dynamics Statistics (BDS), 2023, NAICS 5617 (Services to Buildings and Dwellings), https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/bds.html", "annual_new_firm_formation_research_pass_count": 4, "annual_new_firm_formation_confidence": "low", "annual_closure_rate_pct": 11.8, "annual_closure_rate_pct_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Business Dynamics Statistics (BDS) - NAICS 56 Administrative and Support Services, https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/bds.html", "annual_closure_rate_pct_research_pass_count": 5, "annual_closure_rate_pct_confidence": "med", "survival_5yr_pct": 49.2, "survival_5yr_pct_source": "U.S. Small Business Administration, Office of Advocacy, Frequently Asked Questions About Small Business, https://advocacy.sba.gov", "survival_5yr_pct_research_pass_count": 5, "survival_5yr_pct_confidence": "high", "annual_new_firm_formation_year": "2023", "annual_new_firm_formation_source_access": "url", "annual_closure_rate_pct_source_access": "url", "survival_5yr_pct_source_access": "url" }, "margins": { "gross_margin_pct": 13.39, "gross_margin_pct_source": "ABM Industries Incorporated Form 10-K for the Fiscal Year Ended October 31, 2024, SEC EDGAR, https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/77149/000007714924000043/abm-20241031.htm", "gross_margin_pct_research_pass_count": 5, "gross_margin_pct_confidence": "med", "operating_margin_pct": 6.3, "operating_margin_pct_source": "IBISWorld, Janitorial Services in the US, 2024 (via Aspire)", "operating_margin_pct_research_pass_count": 5, "operating_margin_pct_confidence": "adjudicated", "net_margin_pct": 6.3, "net_margin_pct_source": "IBISWorld Janitorial Services in the US Industry Report (https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/janitorial-services-industry/)", "net_margin_pct_research_pass_count": 5, "net_margin_pct_confidence": "med", "margin_year": "2023", "gross_margin_pct_source_access": "url", "operating_margin_pct_source_access": "citation-text-only", "net_margin_pct_source_access": "url" }, "cost_structure": { "labor_pct_of_revenue": 68, "labor_pct_of_revenue_source": "ABM Industries Incorporated SEC Form 10-K for the Fiscal Year Ended October 31, 2025 - https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/77149/000007714925000010/abm-20251031.htm", "labor_pct_of_revenue_research_pass_count": 5, "labor_pct_of_revenue_confidence": "med", "materials_pct_of_revenue": 7.4, "materials_pct_of_revenue_source": "Healthcare Services Group, Inc. SEC Form 10-K for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2024 - https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/721083/000072108325000008/hcsg-20241231.htm", "materials_pct_of_revenue_research_pass_count": 5, "materials_pct_of_revenue_confidence": "med", "sga_overhead_pct": 9.7, "sga_overhead_pct_source": "Healthcare Services Group, Inc. Form 8-K / SEC Filing (2025/2026), https://www.sec.gov/edgar/searchedgar/companysearch", "sga_overhead_pct_research_pass_count": 5, "sga_overhead_pct_confidence": "low", "cost_structure_year": "2024-2025", "labor_pct_of_revenue_source_access": "url", "materials_pct_of_revenue_source_access": "url", "sga_overhead_pct_source_access": "url" }, "productivity": { "revenue_per_employee_usd": 66339, "revenue_per_employee_usd_source": "Kentley Insights Janitorial Services Market Research Report (2025), https://www.kentleyinsights.com/janitorial-services-market-research-report", "revenue_per_employee_usd_research_pass_count": 4, "revenue_per_employee_usd_confidence": "med", "billable_utilization_pct": 75, "billable_utilization_pct_derived": true, "billable_utilization_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 2 cited research inputs: ISSA Cleaning Industry Operational Benchmarks / Startup Financial Projection (2026), https://startupfinancialprojection.com | Gem City Cleaning Tools Commercial Cleaning Benchmarks, 2025, https://gemcitycleaningtools.com/cleaning-business-profit-margins", "billable_utilization_pct_research_pass_count": 2, "billable_utilization_pct_confidence": "med", "productivity_year": "2025", "billable_utilization_pct_shared_across": 5, "billable_utilization_pct_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 5 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "revenue_per_employee_usd_source_access": "url", "billable_utilization_pct_source_access": "url" }, "seasonality_econ": { "peak_period_note": "Commercial cleaning and janitorial revenue is anchored by multi-year recurring service contracts, maintaining relatively even base demand throughout the year. Peak revenue activity typically occurs in the third and fourth quarters (Q3-Q4), driven by seasonal project-based work, educational sector preparations ahead of the academic year, and holiday/winter preparation, while the first quarter (Q1) is historically the most challenging period for revenue additions and cash collections.", "peak_period_note_source": "ABM Industries Incorporated 2025 Form 10-K (2025), https://www.sec.gov/edgar/searchedgar/companysearch ; Healthcare Services Group, Inc. Q1 2024 Earnings Release & Q2 2025 Earnings Call Transcripts (2024-2025), https://www.hcsgcorp.com ; IBISWorld Janitorial Services in the US Industry Report (2026), https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports", "cyclicality_note": "Commercial janitorial contracting is a defensive and low-cyclicality sector with low sensitivity to broader macroeconomic downturns. Because commercial facilities, healthcare centers, and educational institutions must maintain essential hygiene, safety, and operational standards regardless of GDP growth, contracted recurring revenue remains stable. Economic recessions primarily impact discretionary, high-margin special project work and increase client pricing pressure rather than causing significant base service cancellations.", "cyclicality_note_source": "IBISWorld, Facilities Management & Commercial Cleaning Industry Report & Special Analysis (2025-2026), https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports", "peak_period_note_source_access": "url", "cyclicality_note_source_access": "url" }, "cash_cycle_detail": { "dso_days": 66, "dso_days_derived": true, "dso_days_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 4 cited research inputs: Healthcare Services Group, Inc. Q1 2025 SEC Form 10-Q (2025) - https://www.sec.gov/edgar/browse/?CIK=0000319201 | GuruFocus, ABM Industries Inc. (NAICS 561720 - Janitorial Services) Operating & Financial Ratios, 2024, https://www.gurufocus.com/term/dso/ABM | ABM Industries Incorporated Form 10-K (Fiscal Year Ended October 31, 2024), SEC EDGAR, https://www.sec.gov/edgar/searchedgar/companysearch | ABM Industries Incorporated Form 10-K for the Fiscal Year Ended October 31, 2024, https://www.sec.gov/edgar/browse/?CIK=0000771497", "dso_days_research_pass_count": 6, "dso_days_confidence": "med", "dpo_days": 18.5, "dpo_days_source": "ABM Industries Incorporated Form 10-K (Fiscal Year Ended October 31, 2024), SEC EDGAR, https://www.sec.gov/edgar/searchedgar/companysearch", "dpo_days_research_pass_count": 6, "dpo_days_confidence": "med", "cash_conversion_cycle_days": 22.4, "cash_conversion_cycle_days_source": "Calculated from ABM Industries Incorporated Form 10-K (Fiscal Year Ended October 31, 2024) metrics (DSO of 40.9 days minus DPO of 18.5 days), SEC EDGAR, https://www.sec.gov/edgar/searchedgar/companysearch", "cash_conversion_cycle_days_research_pass_count": 6, "cash_conversion_cycle_days_confidence": "adjudicated", "cash_cycle_year": "2024", "dso_days_source_access": "url", "dpo_days_source_access": "url", "cash_conversion_cycle_days_source_access": "url" }, "retainage_liens": { "retainage_year": "2022" }, "bad_debt": { "bad_debt_write_off_pct": 2.7, "bad_debt_write_off_pct_source": "Healthcare Services Group, Inc., Form 10-K for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2024, https://www.sec.gov", "bad_debt_write_off_pct_research_pass_count": 5, "bad_debt_write_off_pct_confidence": "low", "bad_debt_year": "2024", "bad_debt_write_off_pct_source_access": "url" }, "ai_task_breakdown": { "pct_physical_onsite_work": 78, "pct_physical_onsite_work_source": "McKinsey Global Institute, 2017, 'A Future That Works: Automation, Employment, and Productivity' (https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/digital-disruption/harnessing-automation-for-a-future-that-works); cross-checked with Brookings Institution, 2019, 'Automation and Artificial Intelligence: How machines are affecting people and places'", "pct_physical_onsite_work_research_pass_count": 5, "pct_physical_onsite_work_confidence": "med", "pct_cognitive_backoffice_work": 22, "pct_cognitive_backoffice_work_source": "McKinsey Global Institute, 2017, 'A Future That Works: Automation, Employment, and Productivity' (https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/digital-disruption/harnessing-automation-for-a-future-that-works); cross-checked with Brookings Institution, 2019, 'Automation and Artificial Intelligence: How machines are affecting people and places'", "pct_cognitive_backoffice_work_research_pass_count": 5, "pct_cognitive_backoffice_work_confidence": "med", "task_breakdown_note": "According to O*NET Detailed Work Activities and McKinsey Global Institute task analyses for SOC 37-2011 (Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners), physical/on-site labor consists of floor care, trash removal, surface sanitization, operating cleaning equipment, and grounds/debris maintenance. Cognitive, coordination, and back-office tasks comprise inspecting premises, selecting/ordering chemical supplies, scheduling work, reporting repair needs, and communicating with supervisors or property managers.", "task_breakdown_note_source": "O*NET OnLine, Occupational Information Network Data (SOC 37-2011.00), 2026, https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/37-2011.00", "ai_resistant_work": "Physical on-site tasks requiring fine motor skills, tactile sensitivity, spatial dexterity, and adaptability in unpredictable environments remain highly resistant to AI and robotic replacement. These hard-to-automate activities include detailed wiping of irregular surfaces (desks, computer peripherals, light switches, door handles), high-dusting, window and glass partition cleaning, emptying varied or obstructed trash bins, cleaning tight stairwells, edge-and-corner floor care, and post-construction cleaning. According to McKinsey & Company (2025, https://www.mckinsey.com), physical work requiring fine motor manipulation, dexterity, and situational awareness in non-standardized spaces cannot yet be replicated reliably by technology. Additionally, a study by SourceAmerica (2020, https://www.sourceamerica.org) identified high technological barriers in multi-task restroom sanitization and trash collection due to the spatial dexterity required for fixtures and varied bins. Building Service Contractors Association International (BSCAI, 2025, https://www.bscai.org) leaders emphasize that while autonomous machines perform repetitive, open-floor care, human janitorial workers remain essential for detailed cleaning, edge work, emergency spill response, quality verification, and customer relations.", "ai_resistant_work_source": "McKinsey & Company (2025) - Agents, robots, and us: How automation will reshape work and the workforce - https://www.mckinsey.com | Building Service Contractors Association International (BSCAI) (2025) - Emerging Trends in Building Service Contracting - https://www.bscai.org | SourceAmerica (2020) - Robotics in Janitorial Services: The Horizon of Cleaning Technology - https://www.sourceamerica.org | SedonaTec (2026) - Airport Cleaning Robots in Action: Real-World Deployments - https://www.sedonatec.com | ISSA - The Worldwide Cleaning Industry Association (2026) - Robotics & Autonomous Cleaning Experience (R.A.C.E.) - https://www.issashow.com | CleansyAI (2026) - Janitorial Software for Multi-Site Management - https://www.cleansyai.com | Buildbite (2026) - Commercial Cleaning Software and Time Tracking - https://www.buildbite.com | SoftBank Robotics (2019) - How New Commercial Cleaning Technology Will Power the Future of Cleaning - https://www.softbankrobotics.com | AI Plus Info (2026) - SOMATIC Commercial Restroom Cleaning Robots Study - https://www.aiplusinfo.com | Level CFO (2026) - Cleaning Benchmarks 2026 - https://www.levelcfo.com", "ai_resistant_work_confidence": "low", "pct_physical_onsite_work_source_access": "url", "pct_cognitive_backoffice_work_source_access": "url", "task_breakdown_note_source_access": "url", "ai_resistant_work_source_access": "url" }, "automation_physical": { "sources": [ "Pudu Robotics (2026) - https://www.pudurobotics.com", "Gausium (2026) - https://www.gausium.com", "DataM Intelligence (2025) - https://www.datamintelligence.com", "ISSA - The Worldwide Cleaning Industry Association / McKinsey Global Institute (2024) - https://www.issa.com", "Clean Middle East / McKinsey Global Institute (2025) - https://www.cleanmiddleeast.ae", "Vanguard Cleaning Systems / McKinsey Global Institute (2025) - https://www.vanguardcleaning.com", "Brookings Institution (2019) - https://www.brookings.edu" ] }, "fsm_software": { "fsm_adoption_pct": 43, "fsm_adoption_pct_source": "Aspire Software, 2025, https://www.youraspire.com/blog/commercial-cleaning-insights-report (vendor-published industry report; software-adoption evidence, not independent benchmark research)", "fsm_adoption_pct_research_pass_count": 5, "fsm_adoption_pct_confidence": "med", "dominant_fsm_software": "Aspire, Janitorial Manager, Swept, Jobber, CleanTelligent, Housecall Pro, ServiceTitan", "dominant_fsm_software_source": "The Business Research Company, 2026, https://www.openpr.com/news/3866163/janitorial-management-software-market-size-share-growth", "fsm_adoption_year": "2025", "fsm_adoption_pct_source_access": "url", "dominant_fsm_software_source_access": "url" }, "accounting_tech": { "common_accounting_software": "Commercial cleaning and janitorial contractors predominantly use QuickBooks Online (the standard for small to midsize firms) alongside Sage Intacct (preferred by larger multi-entity commercial cleaning enterprises), Xero, and FreshBooks.", "common_accounting_software_source": "Janitorial Leads Pro, 2026, https://janitorialleadspro.com/best-janitorial-accounting-software", "common_accounting_software_source_access": "url" }, "ai_adoption": { "ai_adoption_rate_pct": 42, "ai_adoption_rate_pct_source": "CleanLink / Contracting Profits 2026 Building Service Contractor Market Study (2026): https://www.cleanlink.com/cp/article/2026-Building-Service-Contractor-Market-Study--31520", "ai_adoption_rate_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "ai_adoption_rate_pct_confidence": "med", "ai_adoption_year": "2026", "use_cases": "Office and back-of-house administrative support, marketing and sales copy generation, AI-generated avatar video platforms for multilingual safety and staff training, client correspondence alignment and tone management, AI-driven route optimization and scheduling, and autonomous AI floor cleaning robotics.", "use_cases_source": "BSCAI Inside Cleaning (2026): https://www.bscai.org/Inside-Cleaning/Inside-Cleaning-Article/how-contract-cleaners-are-using-ai-to-work-smarter-in-2026", "adoption_examples": "Documented industry studies and real-world deployments highlight substantial automation adoption in commercial cleaning: (1) Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMRs) for Floor Care: SoftBank Robotics and Brain Corp (2019, https://www.softbankrobotics.com) partnered on AI-driven floor-care platforms like the Whiz vacuum cobot. A study highlighted by SedonaTec (2026, https://www.sedonatec.com) detailed Flagship Facility Services deploying nearly 100 SoftBank cobots across 10 U.S. airports (15 locations), logging nearly 10,000 operating hours and cleaning over 35 million square feet, enabling human staff to focus on high-touch surface disinfection. (2) Autonomous Restroom Cleaning: Research cited by AI Plus Info (2026, https://www.aiplusinfo.com) details SOMATIC's autonomous office restroom cleaning robots, which utilize 3D mapping and touchless spray-rinse-vacuum systems for enterprise clients, addressing a key source of worker turnover. (3) Trade Association Data: The Worldwide Cleaning Industry Association (ISSA, 2026, https://www.issashow.com) launched the Robotics & Autonomous Cleaning Experience (R.A.C.E.), citing forecasts that the global cleaning robot market will expand from $14.8 billion in 2025 to $96.8 billion by 2035, propelled by persistent janitorial labor shortages and annual turnover rates averaging ~200% (BSCAI / Level CFO, 2026, https://www.levelcfo.com).", "adoption_examples_source": "McKinsey & Company (2025) - Agents, robots, and us: How automation will reshape work and the workforce - https://www.mckinsey.com | Building Service Contractors Association International (BSCAI) (2025) - Emerging Trends in Building Service Contracting - https://www.bscai.org | SourceAmerica (2020) - Robotics in Janitorial Services: The Horizon of Cleaning Technology - https://www.sourceamerica.org | SedonaTec (2026) - Airport Cleaning Robots in Action: Real-World Deployments - https://www.sedonatec.com | ISSA - The Worldwide Cleaning Industry Association (2026) - Robotics & Autonomous Cleaning Experience (R.A.C.E.) - https://www.issashow.com | CleansyAI (2026) - Janitorial Software for Multi-Site Management - https://www.cleansyai.com | Buildbite (2026) - Commercial Cleaning Software and Time Tracking - https://www.buildbite.com | SoftBank Robotics (2019) - How New Commercial Cleaning Technology Will Power the Future of Cleaning - https://www.softbankrobotics.com | AI Plus Info (2026) - SOMATIC Commercial Restroom Cleaning Robots Study - https://www.aiplusinfo.com | Level CFO (2026) - Cleaning Benchmarks 2026 - https://www.levelcfo.com", "adoption_examples_confidence": "low", "ai_adoption_rate_pct_source_access": "url", "use_cases_source_access": "url", "adoption_examples_source_access": "url" }, "leadgen_platforms": { "marketplace_penetration_pct": 1.5, "marketplace_penetration_pct_source": "Angi Inc. Q1 2026 Earnings Call Transcript (The Motley Fool, 2026, https://www.fool.com/earnings/call-transcripts/2026/05/06/angi-angi-q1-2026-earnings-call-transcript/) and Angi Inc. SEC Form 10-K Filings (2025, https://www.sec.gov)", "marketplace_penetration_pct_research_pass_count": 5, "marketplace_penetration_pct_confidence": "adjudicated", "platform_take_rate_pct": 10, "platform_take_rate_pct_source": "Angi Inc. Q1 2026 Investor Presentation & Earnings Report (2026), https://ir.angi.com", "platform_take_rate_pct_research_pass_count": 5, "platform_take_rate_pct_confidence": "high", "platforms_note": "In the commercial cleaning and janitorial trade, direct online marketplace penetration remains low (3-4% among small service providers) compared to residential services, as commercial accounts are predominantly B2B recurring contracts ($2,000-$20,000/month) acquired via facility walkthroughs and RFPs. Major platforms like Angi operate at a ~10% take rate on job value. Per 2026 trade press benchmarking, pay-per-lead pricing for commercial cleaning ranges from $37 to $120+ per lead across platforms, yielding an effective customer acquisition cost of $300 to $800 per booked commercial account.", "platforms_note_source": "CleanBizStack (2026), and 99 Calls (2026)", "marketplace_penetration_pct_shared_across": 11, "marketplace_penetration_pct_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 11 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "platform_take_rate_pct_shared_across": 13, "platform_take_rate_pct_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 13 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "marketplace_penetration_pct_source_access": "url", "platform_take_rate_pct_source_access": "url", "platforms_note_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "acquisition_mix": { "acquisition_year": "2026" }, "insurance_warranty": { "pct_insurance_channel": 6, "pct_insurance_channel_source": "IBISWorld / SBDCNet, US Janitorial Services Industry Analysis (2026), https://www.sbdcnet.org", "pct_insurance_channel_research_pass_count": 4, "pct_insurance_channel_confidence": "med", "home_warranty_penetration_pct": 0, "home_warranty_penetration_pct_source": "Frontdoor, Inc. Form 10-K SEC Filing (2025), https://www.sec.gov", "home_warranty_penetration_pct_research_pass_count": 4, "home_warranty_penetration_pct_confidence": "med", "intermediation_note": "In the commercial cleaning and janitorial trade, standard recurring cleaning operates through direct B2B facility contracts rather than warranty channels. In the specialty restoration cleaning sub-segment, insurance carriers and Third-Party Administrators (TPAs) intermediate the contractor-customer relationship by setting pre-approved billing rates, issuing job dispatches through preferred contractor networks, dictating scope of work, and managing direct payout claims.", "intermediation_note_source": "Restoration Industry Association (RIA) / PushLeads Industry Guide (2026), https://pushleads.com/how-to-start-a-restoration-company/ and Frontdoor, Inc. Form 10-K (2025), https://www.sec.gov", "pct_insurance_channel_source_access": "url", "home_warranty_penetration_pct_source_access": "url", "intermediation_note_source_access": "url" }, "recurring_mix": { "recurring_revenue_pct": 85, "recurring_revenue_pct_source": "CT Acquisitions (2026), Commercial Janitorial M&A Valuation Analysis, https://ctacquisitions.com; Grand View Research (2025) / Upmetrics (2026), U.S. Janitorial Market Breakdown, https://upmetrics.co", "recurring_revenue_pct_research_pass_count": 5, "recurring_revenue_pct_confidence": "med", "service_agreement_attach_pct": 25, "service_agreement_attach_pct_derived": true, "service_agreement_attach_pct_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 1 cited research input: The Alternative Board / Commercial Cleaning Growth Analysis (2026)", "service_agreement_attach_pct_research_pass_count": 1, "service_agreement_attach_pct_confidence": "med", "recurring_note": "In the US commercial cleaning and janitorial trade, recurring service contracts account for 80% to 90% of total revenue for established building service contractors (BSCs). Public filings from operators such as Healthcare Services Group, Inc. (2024 Form 10-K) and ABM Industries Inc. (2025 Form 10-K) demonstrate that core housekeeping and janitorial operations are structured around long-term, fixed-fee or cost-plus monthly service agreements. Industry benchmarking from BSCAI and IBISWorld confirms that contract customer retention typically spans 3 to 5 years, with specialized periodic maintenance add-ons (e.g., scheduled floor care) achieving an attach rate of approximately 30% across recurring client bases.", "recurring_note_source": "ABM Industries Incorporated Form 10-K (2025), https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/771497/000077149725000012/abm-20251031.htm; Healthcare Services Group, Inc. Form 10-K (2024), https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/792013/000079201325000009/hcsg-20241231.htm; IBISWorld Janitorial Services in the US Report / Upmetrics (2026), https://upmetrics.co/blog/cleaning-industry-statistics; BSCAI Industry Benchmarking (2026)", "recurring_revenue_pct_source_access": "url", "service_agreement_attach_pct_source_access": "citation-text-only", "recurring_note_source_access": "url" }, "contract_terms": { "typical_contract_length_months": 12, "typical_contract_length_months_source": "Healthcare Services Group, Inc. Form 10-K (2025) - https://www.sec.gov/edgar/browse/?CIK=0000043805", "typical_contract_length_months_research_pass_count": 5, "typical_contract_length_months_confidence": "high", "renewal_rate_pct": 73, "renewal_rate_pct_source": "BSCAI Market Study cited via Level Benchmarks (2026), https://www.levelcfo.com; cross-checked with ISSA Benchmark Data (2025), https://greenpointms.com", "renewal_rate_pct_research_pass_count": 5, "renewal_rate_pct_confidence": "med", "stickiness_note": "Service agreements typically feature a renewable one-year term that either party can cancel on short notice (30 to 90 days notice after an initial 60 to 120 day period), but contractors consistently maintain high long-term client retention rates.", "stickiness_note_source": "Healthcare Services Group, Inc. Form 10-K (2025) - https://www.sec.gov/edgar/browse/?CIK=0000043805", "typical_contract_length_months_shared_across": 8, "typical_contract_length_months_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 8 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "typical_contract_length_months_source_access": "url", "renewal_rate_pct_source_access": "url", "stickiness_note_source_access": "url" }, "cross_sell": { "upsell_attach_pct": 27.5, "upsell_attach_pct_confidence": "med", "cross_sell_note": "According to the Contracting Profits & BSCAI Market Study, 91% of building service contractors (BSCs) maintain client retention rates above 80%, driving operators to expand account value through add-on services rather than acquiring new accounts. Exterior maintenance (pressure washing, window washing, grounds care), hard floor care, and specialty disinfection are the most prevalent adjacent services added to standard janitorial contracts. Additionally, public filings from national facility services leaders like ABM Industries (Form 10-K) demonstrate an ongoing industry strategy to cross-sell technical solutions, such as HVAC, electrical contracting, energy management, and microgrid maintenance, into core commercial, aviation, and educational janitorial client bases.", "cross_sell_note_source": "Contracting Profits / BSCAI, 2024, https://www.cleanlink.com/cp/article/2024-BSC-Market-Report--31131; ABM Industries Incorporated Form 10-K, 2025, https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/771490/000077149025000080/abm-20251031.htm", "cross_sell_note_source_access": "url" }, "capital_intensity": { "startup_cost_usd": 23225, "startup_cost_usd_source": "International Janitorial Cleaning Services Association (IJCSA), cited by Insurance Canopy, 2026", "startup_cost_usd_research_pass_count": 4, "startup_cost_usd_confidence": "med", "capex_pct_of_revenue": 0.91, "capex_pct_of_revenue_source": "ABM Industries Incorporated Form 10-K Annual Report (2025), reporting $8.7 billion in total consolidated revenue and $79.3 million in additions to property, plant, and equipment (0.91% of revenue). URL: https://www.sec.gov/edgar/browse/?CIK=0000000771", "capex_pct_of_revenue_research_pass_count": 5, "capex_pct_of_revenue_confidence": "med", "equipment_note": "Commercial janitorial operations require industrial-grade floor scrubbers, commercial vacuums, carpet extractors, chemical solutions, and dedicated commercial vehicles (vans/trucks) for transport, while physical facility footprint remains minimal with most operators using modest storage or home-based administrative space.", "equipment_note_source": "Indeed / International Sanitary Supply Association (ISSA) Guide, 2025", "startup_cost_usd_source_access": "citation-text-only", "capex_pct_of_revenue_source_access": "url", "equipment_note_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "regulatory_burden": { "permit_burden_note": "Commercial cleaning and janitorial operators face detailed compliance burdens under OSHA General Industry standards (29 CFR Part 1910) and EPA chemical regulations. Key mandates include the Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200), which requires a written HazCom program, accessible GHS Safety Data Sheets (SDS) for all floor finishes and chemical agents, proper secondary-container labeling, and mandatory employee chemical hazard training. Operators servicing biohazard or healthcare-adjacent environments must comply with the Bloodborne Pathogens Standard (29 CFR 1910.1030), requiring written Exposure Control Plans, annual training, free Hepatitis B vaccination offerings, and compliant biohazard waste handling. Further rules mandate employer-provided PPE hazard assessments (29 CFR 1910.132) and walking-working surface hazard controls (29 CFR 1910.22/23), such as warning devices for wet floors.", "permit_burden_note_source": "Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) / Janitorial Authority, 2026, https://www.osha.gov", "compliance_cost_note": "Direct compliance costs for janitorial operators center on continuous training, safety equipment, workers' compensation, and regulatory penalty exposure. Documented OSHA compliance training (covering HazCom, bloodborne pathogens, PPE, and slip/fall safety) averages $150 to $500 per employee per year. Industry annual turnover rates of 50% to 200% compound these costs, requiring repeated onboarding and training expenses of $1,500 to $2,500 per replacement associate. Workers' compensation premiums for janitorial labor (Class Code 9015) represent 4% to 9% of gross wages. Financial exposure from non-compliance is substantial: OSHA maximum civil penalties stand at $16,550 per serious violation and $165,514 per willful or repeated violation.", "compliance_cost_note_source": "Millennial Facility Services / OSHA, 2026, https://www.osha.gov", "regulatory_tailwind_note": "Demand for professional commercial cleaning is driven by indoor air quality (IAQ) frameworks and sustainable building certifications. ASHRAE Standard 241-2023 ('Control of Infectious Aerosols') and the EPA Clean Air in Buildings Challenge establish technical guidelines for infection risk management in commercial facilities, expanding contract scope for surface and airborne pathogen mitigation. Concurrently, USGBC LEED v4.1 (Operations + Maintenance) awards rating points for implementing Green Seal (GS-37/GS-42) or EPA Safer Choice-certified products and certified green cleaning contractors. Driven by corporate ESG policies and state ingredient disclosure mandates like the California Cleaning Product Right to Know Act, certified green cleaning services now generate roughly 30% of commercial cleaning market revenue.", "regulatory_tailwind_note_source": "American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) / U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) / EPA, 2024, https://www.ashrae.org", "permit_burden_note_source_access": "url", "compliance_cost_note_source_access": "url", "regulatory_tailwind_note_source_access": "url" }, "data_assets": { "iot_telemetry_penetration_pct": 55, "iot_telemetry_penetration_pct_source": "WorldMetrics Commercial Cleaning Statistics Report (2026), (reporting 55% of industrial cleaning operations use IoT-enabled sensor tags to track equipment location and usage); cross-checked with CleanLink / Remi Network Survey (2026), https://www.cleanlink.com/news/article/CleanLink-Survey-Results-Reveal-2026-Industry-Trends--30777 (reporting 62% of commercial cleaning companies investing in IoT and smart sensor tools).", "iot_telemetry_penetration_pct_research_pass_count": 5, "iot_telemetry_penetration_pct_confidence": "med", "data_assets_note": "The US commercial cleaning and janitorial trade accumulates structured job and asset data from both equipment telemetry and workforce digital management platforms. Machine telematics and autonomous mobile robots (AMRs) capture real-time run hours, square footage cleaned/coverage maps, brush pressure, battery charge cycles, and chemical/water metering metrics. Facility-level IoT sensors track occupancy patterns, foot traffic, and dispenser supply levels. On the labor and operations side, building service contractors log digital time-clock timestamps, GPS workforce coordinates, work-order task completion logs, and photo-verified quality inspection and compliance audit scores.", "data_assets_note_source": "CleanLink / Contracting Profits (2026 BSCAI Market Study), 2026, https://www.cleanlink.com/cp/article/2026-Building-Service-Contractor-Market-Study--31792", "iot_telemetry_penetration_pct_source_access": "url", "data_assets_note_source_access": "url" }, "consolidation": { "consolidation_activity": "The US Commercial Cleaning & Janitorial trade is experiencing highly active and intense private equity roll-up and consolidation. The sector, estimated at over $100 billion annually in the US, is a prime target for private equity buy-and-build strategies due to extreme market fragmentation (thousands of small, independent operators), predictable contract-based recurring revenue, low capital intensity, and resilient commercial outsourcing demand. Sponsors are actively acquiring platform assets and pursuing programmatic bolt-on and tuck-in acquisitions to expand geographic footprints, build route density, centralize back-office functions, and layer in modern operational technologies.", "consolidation_activity_source": "CleanLink (2024), 'The Evolving Role of Private Equity in the Janitorial Services Sector' ; PE Hub (2026), 'O2-backed 4M acquires Bluegrass Commercial Cleaning and Rainbow Maintenance Services' (https://www.pehub.com/o2-backed-4m-acquires-bluegrass-commercial-cleaning-and-rainbow-maintenance-services/); PE Hub (2025), 'Janitorial services provider Kleen-Tech snags investment from Rainier Partners' (https://www.pehub.com/janitorial-services-provider-kleen-tech-snags-investment-from-rainier-partners/).", "notable_platforms": "Notable PE platforms and public consolidators in commercial cleaning and janitorial services include: (1) 4M Building Solutions / 4M Building Services - Backed by O2 Investment Partners, an active commercial janitorial platform that completed its 15th and 16th add-on acquisitions (Bluegrass Commercial Cleaning and Rainbow Maintenance Services) in July 2026. (2) Kleen-Tech Services - Backed by Rainier Partners (acquired September 2025), a national janitorial platform operating across 30+ states under 9 regional brands executing bolt-on growth. (3) The Facilities Group - Backed by Greenbriar Equity Group and Revolent Capital Solutions (with Morgan Stanley Private Credit), an active roll-up platform acquiring regional commercial cleaning firms nationwide. (4) Kellermeyer Bergensons Services (KBS) - Backed by KKR, Ares Management, BlackRock, and formerly Cerberus Capital Management, operating as one of North America's largest tech-enabled commercial janitorial platforms across 100,000+ customer locations. (5) Public Consolidators - ABM Industries Inc. (NYSE: ABM) and GDI Integrated Facility Services Inc. (TSX: GDI).", "notable_platforms_source": "PE Hub (2026), 'O2-backed 4M acquires Bluegrass Commercial Cleaning and Rainbow Maintenance Services' (https://www.pehub.com/o2-backed-4m-acquires-bluegrass-commercial-cleaning-and-rainbow-maintenance-services/); PE Hub (2025), 'Janitorial services provider Kleen-Tech snags investment from Rainier Partners' (https://www.pehub.com/janitorial-services-provider-kleen-tech-snags-investment-from-rainier-partners/); PE Hub (2022), 'PE-backed The Facilities Group acquires janitorial and facility maintenance firm Summit Service Group' (https://www.pehub.com/pe-backed-the-facilities-group-acquires-janitorial-and-facility-maintenance-firm-summit-service-group/); PitchBook (2026), 'Kellermeyer Bergensons Services Company Profile' (https://pitchbook.com/profiles/company/54881-22).", "sources": [ "", "https://www.pehub.com/o2-backed-4m-acquires-bluegrass-commercial-cleaning-and-rainbow-maintenance-services", "https://www.pehub.com/janitorial-services-provider-kleen-tech-snags-investment-from-rainier-partners", "https://www.pehub.com/pe-backed-the-facilities-group-acquires-janitorial-and-facility-maintenance-firm-summit-service-group", "https://pitchbook.com/profiles/company/54881-22" ], "consolidation_activity_source_access": "url", "notable_platforms_source_access": "url" }, "multiples": { "typical_ebitda_multiple_low": 3.5, "typical_ebitda_multiple_low_source": "Home Services Business Valuation Report (citing BizBuySell Insight Report, Pepperdine Private Capital Markets Survey, IBBA Market Pulse, DealStats), 2025, https://homeservicesbusinessvaluation.com/commercial-cleaning-business-valuation", "typical_ebitda_multiple_low_research_pass_count": 3, "typical_ebitda_multiple_low_confidence": "med", "typical_ebitda_multiple_high": 7, "typical_ebitda_multiple_high_source": "Home Services Business Valuation Report (citing BizBuySell Insight Report, Pepperdine Private Capital Markets Survey, IBBA Market Pulse, DealStats), 2025, https://homeservicesbusinessvaluation.com/commercial-cleaning-business-valuation", "typical_ebitda_multiple_high_research_pass_count": 5, "typical_ebitda_multiple_high_confidence": "med", "multiple_by_size_note": "Multiples increase significantly with enterprise size and EBITDA scale: sub-$500K SDE owner-operator shops trade at 2.0x-3.5x SDE; $500K-$2M EBITDA mid-market office and janitorial operators trade at 4.0x-6.0x EBITDA; $2M-$10M EBITDA multi-market regional or specialty industrial cleaning businesses trade at 5.0x-8.0x EBITDA; and $10M+ EBITDA national platforms command 7.0x-12.0x EBITDA.", "multiple_by_size_note_source": "CT Acquisitions Commercial Cleaning & Janitorial M&A Valuation Guide, 2026", "multiple_year": "2025-2026", "typical_ebitda_multiple_low_source_access": "url", "typical_ebitda_multiple_high_source_access": "url", "multiple_by_size_note_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "exit_environment": { "buyer_demand": "Buyer demand for US commercial cleaning and janitorial businesses is strong and characterized as a 'seller's market.' Active acquirers include private equity (PE) sponsors executing buy-and-build roll-up strategies, large strategic consolidators (e.g., ABM Industries, ServiceMaster Brands, ISS Facility Services, Marsden Services), and individual/first-time buyers. Buyers value most: (1) high-quality contracted recurring revenue (preferably 85%+ multi-year commercial agreements with CPI escalators), (2) low customer concentration (no single account exceeding 15% to 25% of revenue), (3) operational depth with documented SOPs, route density, and stable field supervisors with manageable employee turnover, and (4) specialized capabilities (such as medical, healthcare, or industrial cleaning) that command premium multiples.", "buyer_demand_source": "Caber Hill Advisors (2024) via CleanLink (https://www.cleanlink.com/), Align Business Advisory Services (2025) (https://alignba.com/), CT Acquisitions (2026) (https://ctacquisitions.com/), and BizBuySell Transaction Trends Report (2025) (https://www.bizbuysell.com/).", "exit_trend": "The exit environment is heating up. Driven by extreme market fragmentation (with the U.S. janitorial market estimated at $90B+ and top operators holding under 30% share) and founder retirements, M&A activity remains brisk. According to BizBuySell transaction data, median sale prices for cleaning and janitorial businesses surged 62.5% to $325,000 in 2025 compared to 2021 levels, with average SDE multiples rising from 2.0x to 2.3x (and larger platforms trading at 3.5x to 7.0x+ EBITDA). M&A advisory monitors project robust transaction volumes and consolidation runway to continue.", "exit_trend_source": "BizBuySell Janitorial & Cleaning Service Business Transaction Trends (2025) (https://www.bizbuysell.com/), CLA Meridian Capital Facility Maintenance and Janitorial Services Market Update (2025) (https://meridianib.com/), and Caber Hill Advisors M&A Janitorial Outlook (2024) via CleanLink (https://www.cleanlink.com/).", "sources": [ "https://www.bizbuysell.com", "https://www.cleanlink.com", "https://meridianib.com", "https://alignba.com", "https://ctacquisitions.com" ], "buyer_demand_source_access": "url", "exit_trend_source_access": "url" }, "demand_drivers": { "installed_base_units": 5909000, "installed_base_units_derived": true, "installed_base_units_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 2 cited research inputs: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), '2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS)' (2022), https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/reports/2018/buildchar/; cross-referenced with Real Estate Roundtable, 'CBECS Report Analysis' (2023) | U.S. Department of Energy / Energy Information Administration (EIA), Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) (2018 survey data, published Dec 2022), https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial", "installed_base_units_research_pass_count": 6, "installed_base_units_confidence": "high-primary", "replacement_vs_new_note": "Demand for commercial cleaning and janitorial services is overwhelmingly driven by recurring routine maintenance (daily, weekly, or multi-year janitorial contracts) for existing building stock, while new construction demand (one-time post-construction cleanup) represents a smaller, project-based segment tied directly to annual nonresidential construction spending ($743.8 billion in nonresidential spending in 2024).", "replacement_vs_new_note_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Monthly Construction Spending Report / Value of Construction Put in Place Survey, 2024, https://www.census.gov/construction/c30/c30index.html", "demand_drivers_note": "Primary demand drivers for US commercial cleaning and janitorial services include total active commercial building floor space, commercial business formation and employment levels, the rate of corporate outsourcing for non-core facility management services, heightened workplace health and hygiene standards, regulatory compliance in specialized sectors (such as healthcare and industrial facilities), and overall nonresidential construction activity.", "demand_drivers_note_source": "IBISWorld, Janitorial Services in the US Industry Report, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/janitorial-services-industry", "installed_base_units_source_access": "url", "replacement_vs_new_note_source_access": "url", "demand_drivers_note_source_access": "url" }, "macro_correlation": { "housing_correlation_note": "Commercial cleaning and janitorial demand correlates with housing starts and residential construction primarily through post-construction initial cleanup and multi-family residential unit maintenance. While janitorial services (NAICS 561720) derive most revenue from commercial nonresidential spaces, multi-family housing starts (5+ units) expand addressable surface area for contractor turnover cleaning and maid services. According to Census Bureau and HUD joint data (2026), U.S. housing starts reached a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 1.427 million units in June 2026, directly generating short-term post-construction turn cleaning volume across newly completed residential structures.", "housing_correlation_note_source": "U.S. Census Bureau & U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), New Residential Construction (2026), https://www.census.gov/construction/nrc/index.html", "commercial_correlation_note": "Commercial cleaning demand shows a direct positive correlation with nonresidential commercial construction spending (FRED / Census C30 series) and cumulative commercial floor space. According to the U.S. Census Bureau Monthly Construction Spending Report, U.S. nonresidential construction spending reached $743.8 billion in 2024 (a 5.3% increase from $706.1 billion in 2023) and maintained a $738.7 billion seasonally adjusted annual rate in May 2026. Nonresidential completions generate immediate specialized post-construction cleaning demand (removal of drywall dust, adhesives, overspray) and permanently increase cumulative commercial floorspace requiring ongoing contract janitorial maintenance.", "commercial_correlation_note_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Monthly Construction Spending Report (2024-2026)", "climate_sensitivity_note": "Commercial cleaning and janitorial demand exhibits significant climate and seasonal weather sensitivity. Winter conditions (snow, slush, ice, and road salt tracking) require increased mopping frequency, floor stripping/refinishing, entryway mat rotation, and carpet extraction to prevent structural surface damage and slip hazards. Spring and summer weather bring elevated pollen, dust, and humidity, driving demand for specialized window washing, allergen control, and high-temperature disinfectant treatments due to accelerated microbial growth. Extreme weather events also shift work schedules to off-peak hours and impact chemical dilution requirements.", "climate_sensitivity_note_source": "U.S. Energy Information Administration (DOE EIA) Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey & CleanLink / Ashkin Group (2019-2025), https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/ and https://www.cleanlink.com", "housing_correlation_note_source_access": "url", "commercial_correlation_note_source_access": "citation-text-only", "climate_sensitivity_note_source_access": "url" }, "search_interest": { "yoy_search_change_pct": 0, "yoy_search_change_pct_source": "Cleanfax (2024), https://cleanfax.com/online-lead-generation-commercial-cleaning", "yoy_search_change_pct_research_pass_count": 2, "yoy_search_change_pct_confidence": "med", "search_trend_note": "Google Search and Google Trends data for commercial cleaning and janitorial services show strong demand momentum, with overall search interest reaching historic highs and commercial cleaning representing one of the fastest relative search growth categories in the sector. While broad core keywords ('commercial cleaning', 'janitorial services') maintained consistent baseline search volumes year-over-year (0% YoY change), high-intent localized search terms ('commercial cleaning services near me', 'commercial cleaners near me') experienced a 900% growth surge.", "search_trend_note_source": "Cleanfax (2024), https://cleanfax.com/online-lead-generation-commercial-cleaning/ ; Skyrex Property Services (2025)", "yoy_search_change_pct_source_access": "url", "search_trend_note_source_access": "url" }, "cust_acquisition": { "typical_cac_usd": 600, "typical_cac_usd_source": "Elevate Clients Inc., 2026", "typical_cac_usd_research_pass_count": 5, "typical_cac_usd_confidence": "low", "avg_review_volume": 34, "avg_review_volume_source": "BrightLocal, Local Search Industry Report (2024)", "avg_review_volume_research_pass_count": 4, "avg_review_volume_confidence": "adjudicated", "complaint_categories": "Restroom cleanliness and stock (41%), pest/bug issues (23%), trash and recycling removal (22%), dirty carpet/floors (17%), and overall facility cleanliness/dusting (17%)", "complaint_categories_source": "Facility Cleaning Decisions, 2022 Complaints Survey Report (2022), https://www.cleanlink.com", "typical_cac_usd_source_access": "citation-text-only", "avg_review_volume_source_access": "citation-text-only", "complaint_categories_source_access": "url" } }, "subtrade": { "residential": { "bad_debt": { "bad_debt_write_off_pct": 4.5, "bad_debt_write_off_pct_source": "Healthcare Services Group, Inc. Annual Report on Form 10-K for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2025, https://www.sec.gov", "bad_debt_write_off_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "bad_debt_write_off_pct_confidence": "adjudicated", "bad_debt_year": "2023", "bad_debt_write_off_pct_source_access": "url" }, "cash_cycle_detail": { "dso_days": 60, "dso_days_source": "CSIMarket ABM Industries Inc. Accounts Receivable Collection Period Report (2026)", "dso_days_research_pass_count": 3, "dso_days_confidence": "med", "dpo_days": 18.5, "dpo_days_source": "ABM Industries Incorporated 10-K Financial Metrics Analysis Report (2024) - https://thecompoundfamily.com/stock/ABM", "dpo_days_research_pass_count": 2, "dpo_days_confidence": "med", "cash_conversion_cycle_days": 52, "cash_conversion_cycle_days_source": "Finbox Cash Conversion Cycle Metric for ABM Industries Incorporated (2024) - https://finbox.com/NYSE:ABM/0/cash_conversion_cycle", "cash_conversion_cycle_days_research_pass_count": 2, "cash_conversion_cycle_days_confidence": "low", "cash_cycle_year": "2024", "dso_days_source_access": "citation-text-only", "dpo_days_source_access": "url", "cash_conversion_cycle_days_source_access": "url" }, "cost_structure": { "labor_pct_of_revenue": 68, "labor_pct_of_revenue_source": "ABM Industries Incorporated 2025 Form 10-K (filed Dec 19, 2025), https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/77149/000007714925000038/abm-20251031.htm", "labor_pct_of_revenue_research_pass_count": 3, "labor_pct_of_revenue_confidence": "high-primary", "materials_pct_of_revenue": 7.4, "materials_pct_of_revenue_source": "Healthcare Services Group, Inc. 2024 Form 10-K (filed February 14, 2025, https://www.sec.gov/edgar/browse/?CIK=0000036047) reports Housekeeping supplies as 7.4% of Housekeeping segment revenue.", "materials_pct_of_revenue_research_pass_count": 3, "materials_pct_of_revenue_confidence": "high-primary", "sga_overhead_pct": 8.02, "sga_overhead_pct_source": "ABM Industries Incorporated Form 10-K (2025), https://www.sec.gov", "sga_overhead_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "sga_overhead_pct_confidence": "low", "cost_structure_year": "2025", "labor_pct_of_revenue_source_access": "url", "materials_pct_of_revenue_source_access": "url", "sga_overhead_pct_source_access": "url" }, "demand_drivers": { "installed_base_units": 5900000, "installed_base_units_source": "U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS), 2018, https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial", "installed_base_units_research_pass_count": 3, "installed_base_units_confidence": "low", "replacement_vs_new_note": "Demand for commercial cleaning and janitorial services is overwhelmingly driven by recurring operational maintenance of existing building stock (representing approximately 70% to 90% of revenue through master service agreements and ongoing cleaning cycles), with new construction accounting for a smaller fraction via post-construction final cleaning.", "replacement_vs_new_note_source": "ISSA & AACEM Industry Trends Report, 2018, https://www.issa.com and U.S. Census Bureau, Monthly Construction Spending (Value Put in Place), 2026, https://www.census.gov/construction/c30/c30index.html", "demand_drivers_note": "Primary demand drivers include overall commercial building floor space, business occupancy and employment levels, corporate pretax profits, commercial real estate growth, corporate outsourcing of soft facility services, and permanent post-pandemic standards for workplace hygiene and sanitation.", "demand_drivers_note_source": "IBISWorld, Janitorial Services in the US Industry Report, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/janitorial-services-industry", "installed_base_units_shared_across": 15, "installed_base_units_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 15 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "installed_base_units_source_access": "url", "replacement_vs_new_note_source_access": "url", "demand_drivers_note_source_access": "url" }, "macro_correlation": { "housing_correlation_note": "Demand for residential cleaning services positively correlates with U.S. housing starts and residential construction completions. New residential builds create an immediate surge in post-construction phase cleaning, while housing unit completions expand the long-term addressable market for recurring residential maid and deep-cleaning services.", "housing_correlation_note_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, 'Monthly New Residential Construction' (2026), https://www.census.gov/construction/nrc/ ; SBDCNet, 'Cleaning Services Business Forecast & Industry Report' (2024), https://www.sbdcnet.org", "housing_correlation_note_source_access": "url" }, "margins": { "gross_margin_pct": 12.4, "gross_margin_pct_source": "ABM Industries Incorporated Form 10-K (FY 2024, SEC Filing: https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0000000771/000000077124000035/abm-20241031.htm); cross-checked against small business medians in RMA Annual Statement Studies / Dun & Bradstreet NAICS 561720 reports (40.0%).", "gross_margin_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "gross_margin_pct_confidence": "med", "operating_margin_pct": 2.54, "operating_margin_pct_source": "ABM Industries Incorporated Form 10-K (2024), https://www.sec.gov", "operating_margin_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "operating_margin_pct_confidence": "low", "margin_year": "2024", "gross_margin_pct_source_access": "url", "operating_margin_pct_source_access": "url" }, "productivity": { "revenue_per_employee_usd": 45696, "revenue_per_employee_usd_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 Economic Census (NAICS 561720 - Janitorial Services), https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/economic-census.html", "revenue_per_employee_usd_research_pass_count": 3, "revenue_per_employee_usd_confidence": "adjudicated", "billable_utilization_pct": 72.5, "billable_utilization_pct_source": "BizMetrics HQ, Cleaning Business Benchmarks & Labor Efficiency Dashboard (2026), https://bizmetricshq.com", "billable_utilization_pct_research_pass_count": 2, "billable_utilization_pct_confidence": "low", "productivity_year": "2017", "revenue_per_employee_usd_source_access": "url", "billable_utilization_pct_source_access": "url" }, "retainage_liens": { "retainage_year": "2021" }, "search_interest": { "yoy_search_change_pct": 100, "yoy_search_change_pct_source": "Digital Marketing Company (2022), https://digitalmarketingcompany.com", "yoy_search_change_pct_research_pass_count": 2, "yoy_search_change_pct_confidence": "med", "search_trend_note": "Google search interest for residential cleaning services in the US demonstrated consistent upward momentum through 2025, peaking in September 2025 with a search interest index score of 96 out of 100, reflecting strong consumer demand for outsourced cleaning services over doing it themselves.", "search_trend_note_source": "Accio Market Insights (2025), https://www.accio.com", "yoy_search_change_pct_source_access": "url", "search_trend_note_source_access": "url" }, "seasonality_econ": { "peak_period_note": "Commercial janitorial and cleaning contracting revenue peaks in the second and third quarters (Q2 and Q3), driven by seasonal spring deep cleaning, floor care, window washing, and project-based maintenance for educational and commercial facilities ahead of the academic year.", "peak_period_note_source": "CT Acquisitions, Commercial Janitorial Industry Analysis (2026), https://www.ctacquisitions.com", "cyclicality_note": "The janitorial services industry demonstrates low cyclicality and strong recession resistance as a defensive sector, backed by essential hygiene needs and long-term recurring commercial contracts that represent approximately 89% of industry revenue.", "cyclicality_note_source": "IBISWorld, Janitorial Services in the US Report (2026)", "peak_period_note_source_access": "url", "cyclicality_note_source_access": "citation-text-only" } }, "commercial": { "bad_debt": { "bad_debt_write_off_pct": 2.7, "bad_debt_write_off_pct_source": "Healthcare Services Group, Inc. 2024 Form 10-K (https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/312040/000031204025000007/hcsg-20241231.htm) reports bad debt provisions at 2.7% of total revenues ($46.8 million); cross-checked against ABM Industries Incorporated 2024 Form 10-K (https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/771497/000077149724000049/abm-20241031.htm) reporting provision for bad debt at 0.08% of total revenues ($6.7 million provision on $8,302.3 million revenue).", "bad_debt_write_off_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "bad_debt_write_off_pct_confidence": "low", "bad_debt_year": "2025", "bad_debt_write_off_pct_source_access": "url" }, "cash_cycle_detail": { "dso_days": 61.4, "dso_days_source": "ABM Industries Incorporated SEC Form 10-K (2025), https://www.sec.gov/edgar/browse/?CIK=0000077149", "dso_days_research_pass_count": 3, "dso_days_confidence": "med", "dpo_days": 19, "dpo_days_source": "ABM Industries Incorporated SEC Form 10-K (2025), https://www.sec.gov/edgar/browse/?CIK=0000077149", "dpo_days_research_pass_count": 1, "dpo_days_confidence": "low", "cash_conversion_cycle_days": 54.2, "cash_conversion_cycle_days_derived": true, "cash_conversion_cycle_days_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 2 cited research inputs: Finbox Cash Conversion Cycle Analysis for Healthcare Services Group, Inc. (2024), https://finbox.com/NASDAQGS:HCSG/explore/ccc | ABM Industries Incorporated SEC Form 10-K (2025), https://www.sec.gov/edgar/browse/?CIK=0000077149", "cash_conversion_cycle_days_research_pass_count": 2, "cash_conversion_cycle_days_confidence": "low", "cash_cycle_year": "2025", "dso_days_source_access": "url", "dpo_days_source_access": "url", "cash_conversion_cycle_days_source_access": "url" }, "cost_structure": { "labor_pct_of_revenue": 68, "labor_pct_of_revenue_source": "ABM Industries Incorporated Form 10-K (2025) - https://www.sec.gov", "labor_pct_of_revenue_research_pass_count": 3, "labor_pct_of_revenue_confidence": "low", "materials_pct_of_revenue": 7.4, "materials_pct_of_revenue_source": "Healthcare Services Group, Inc. Form 10-K (2024) - https://www.sec.gov", "materials_pct_of_revenue_research_pass_count": 3, "materials_pct_of_revenue_confidence": "high-primary", "sga_overhead_pct": 10.1, "sga_overhead_pct_source": "Healthcare Services Group, Inc. Form 10-K (2024) - https://www.sec.gov", "sga_overhead_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "sga_overhead_pct_confidence": "high-primary", "cost_structure_year": "2024-2025", "labor_pct_of_revenue_source_access": "url", "materials_pct_of_revenue_source_access": "url", "sga_overhead_pct_source_access": "url" }, "demand_drivers": { "installed_base_units": 5918000, "installed_base_units_source": "U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS), 2018 (released 2022), https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/data/2018/bc/html/b1.php", "installed_base_units_research_pass_count": 3, "installed_base_units_confidence": "high-primary", "replacement_vs_new_note": "Demand in the commercial janitorial trade is overwhelmingly driven by recurring operational cleaning and maintenance of existing building stock, with post-construction cleanup for new commercial developments representing a small, project-based niche segment.", "replacement_vs_new_note_source": "IBISWorld, Janitorial Services in the US (NAICS 56172), 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/janitorial-services-industry", "demand_drivers_note": "Key demand drivers include corporate profits, the total number of active business establishments, non-residential commercial construction spending, workplace health and hygiene standards, and high outsourcing rates by facility managers.", "demand_drivers_note_source": "IBISWorld, Janitorial Services in the US (NAICS 56172), 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/janitorial-services-industry", "installed_base_units_source_access": "url", "replacement_vs_new_note_source_access": "url", "demand_drivers_note_source_access": "url" }, "macro_correlation": { "housing_correlation_note": "Demand for residential and multi-family janitorial services directly correlates with housing starts and residential real estate activity. Increases in single-family housing starts, multi-family unit completions, and new home sales generate immediate demand for post-construction cleanup and move-in/move-out turnover cleaning. Furthermore, household expenditure on recurring residential cleaning services closely parallels mortgage rates, housing turnover velocity, and disposable income growth.", "housing_correlation_note_source": "U.S. Census Bureau & Small Business Development Center Network (2024), 'Cleaning Services Market Research'", "commercial_correlation_note": "Commercial janitorial and contract cleaning demand strongly correlates with private nonresidential construction spending and commercial real estate development. Nonresidential construction spending serves as a primary leading macro indicator for the janitorial sector, as newly completed office buildings, healthcare facilities, educational institutions, warehouses, and retail spaces require post-construction cleaning before occupancy, subsequently driving long-term recurring contract janitorial services across expanded commercial floor space.", "commercial_correlation_note_source": "U.S. Census Bureau (2024), 'Monthly Construction Spending Report', https://www.census.gov/construction/c30/c30index.html", "housing_correlation_note_source_access": "citation-text-only", "commercial_correlation_note_source_access": "url" }, "margins": { "gross_margin_pct": 13.29, "gross_margin_pct_source": "Healthcare Services Group, Inc. Form 10-K for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2024 (Revenues: $1,715,682 thousand; Costs of services provided: $1,487,592 thousand; Gross Margin: 13.29%). URL: https://www.sec.gov/edgar/browse/?CIK=0000315259", "gross_margin_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "gross_margin_pct_confidence": "high-primary", "net_margin_pct": 6.3, "net_margin_pct_source": "IBISWorld Market Research Report: Janitorial Services in the US (NAICS 56172), 2024. URL: https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/janitorial-services-industry", "net_margin_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "net_margin_pct_confidence": "adjudicated", "margin_year": "2024", "gross_margin_pct_source_access": "url", "net_margin_pct_source_access": "url" }, "productivity": { "revenue_per_employee_usd": 69381, "revenue_per_employee_usd_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 Statistics of U.S. Businesses (SUSB) / Economic Census, NAICS 561720 Janitorial Services ($74.03B receipts / 1.067M paid employees), https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/susb.html", "revenue_per_employee_usd_research_pass_count": 3, "revenue_per_employee_usd_confidence": "med", "billable_utilization_pct": 85, "billable_utilization_pct_source": "CleanerHQ Commercial Cleaning Operator Benchmarks, 2026, https://cleanerhq.com", "billable_utilization_pct_research_pass_count": 2, "billable_utilization_pct_confidence": "low", "productivity_year": "2022", "revenue_per_employee_usd_source_access": "url", "billable_utilization_pct_source_access": "url" }, "retainage_liens": { "typical_retainage_pct": 5, "typical_retainage_pct_source": "CFMA (Construction Financial Management Association), 2022, https://cfma.org", "typical_retainage_pct_research_pass_count": 1, "typical_retainage_pct_confidence": "low", "retainage_year": "2022", "typical_retainage_pct_source_access": "url" }, "search_interest": { "yoy_search_change_pct": 0, "yoy_search_change_pct_source": "ISSA Canada (2025) - https://issa-canada.com", "yoy_search_change_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "yoy_search_change_pct_confidence": "med", "search_trend_note": "Search interest for US commercial cleaning and janitorial services exhibits strong upward momentum. According to a 2026 search-benchmark analysis by Skyrex Property Services (https://skyrexpropertyservices.ca), commercial cleaning search interest reached an all-time high benchmark score of 45 in 2026, accelerating from a range of 20-35 in 2024-2025 and 12-20 in 2020-2023. Additionally, an ISSA Canada (2025, https://issa-canada.com) search-volume study analyzing Google Keyword Planner data found that while broad head-term commercial search volume held steady at a baseline of 50,000 monthly searches, high-intent localized commercial queries like 'commercial cleaning services near me' experienced a 900% surge in monthly search volume.", "search_trend_note_source": "Skyrex Property Services (2026) - https://skyrexpropertyservices.ca", "yoy_search_change_pct_source_access": "url", "search_trend_note_source_access": "url" }, "seasonality_econ": { "revenue_seasonality_amplitude_pct": 27.27, "revenue_seasonality_amplitude_pct_source": "ServiceMaster Global Holdings, Inc. Form 10-K for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2014", "revenue_seasonality_amplitude_pct_research_pass_count": 1, "revenue_seasonality_amplitude_pct_confidence": "low", "peak_period_note": "In commercial cleaning and facility service public disclosures, revenue experiences minor-to-moderate seasonality with peak performance in the second quarter (Q2), accounting for approximately 28% of annual revenue (followed closely by Q3 at 27%), driven by seasonal facility deep cleaning and spring/summer project demand, while the first quarter (Q1) represents the seasonal trough at 22%.", "peak_period_note_source": "ServiceMaster Global Holdings, Inc. Form 10-K for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2014", "cyclicality_note": "The US commercial cleaning and janitorial contracting sector is recognized as relatively recession-resistant and defensive due to continuous baseline facility hygiene requirements and recurring contract bases. However, it retains moderate cyclical exposure during macro downturns, as commercial property vacancies, tenant budget cuts, and reduced client headcount can lead to renegotiated contract scopes, reduced cleaning frequencies, or deferred discretionary/specialty cleaning services.", "cyclicality_note_source": "IBISWorld, 'Janitorial Services in the US' Industry Report (2024) and ABM Industries Incorporated Form 10-K for the Fiscal Year Ended October 31, 2025 (https://www.sec.gov/edgar/browse/?CIK=0000771497)", "revenue_seasonality_amplitude_pct_source_access": "citation-text-only", "peak_period_note_source_access": "citation-text-only", "cyclicality_note_source_access": "url" } }, "industrial": { "bad_debt": { "bad_debt_write_off_pct": 0.08, "bad_debt_write_off_pct_source": "ABM Industries Incorporated SEC Form 10-K for the Fiscal Year Ended October 31, 2025 (https://www.sec.gov/edgar/searchedgar/companysearch)", "bad_debt_write_off_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "bad_debt_write_off_pct_confidence": "adjudicated", "bad_debt_year": "2025", "bad_debt_write_off_pct_source_access": "url" }, "cash_cycle_detail": { "dso_days": 78, "dso_days_source": "Healthcare Services Group, Inc. Q1 2025 Financial Results Press Release (April 23, 2025), https://www.hcsgcorp.com", "dso_days_research_pass_count": 3, "dso_days_confidence": "med", "dpo_days": 18.75, "dpo_days_derived": true, "dpo_days_source": "Trade Economy Index research synthesis: median of 2 cited research inputs: ABM Industries Incorporated 2024 Form 10-K (https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0000000771/000000077124000038/abm-20241031.htm) cross-checked with Healthcare Services Group, Inc. 2025 Form 10-K via GuruFocus (https://www.gurufocus.com/stock/HCSG/summary) | Healthcare Services Group, Inc. 2023 Form 10-K - https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/60349/000006034924000008/hcsg-20231231.htm", "dpo_days_research_pass_count": 2, "dpo_days_confidence": "high-primary", "cash_conversion_cycle_days": 56, "cash_conversion_cycle_days_source": "Healthcare Services Group, Inc. 2025 Form 10-K via Finbox (https://finbox.com/NASDAQ:HCSG/explorer/cash_conversion_cycle/) cross-checked with ABM Industries Incorporated Financial Reports via Eulerpool (https://eulerpool.com)", "cash_conversion_cycle_days_research_pass_count": 3, "cash_conversion_cycle_days_confidence": "med", "cash_cycle_year": "2025", "dso_days_source_access": "url", "dpo_days_source_access": "url", "cash_conversion_cycle_days_source_access": "url" }, "cost_structure": { "labor_pct_of_revenue": 41.6, "labor_pct_of_revenue_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Statistics of U.S. Businesses (SUSB) (2022)", "labor_pct_of_revenue_research_pass_count": 3, "labor_pct_of_revenue_confidence": "adjudicated", "materials_pct_of_revenue": 9.9, "materials_pct_of_revenue_source": "IBISWorld, NAICS 56172 Janitorial Services in the US (2024), https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/janitorial-services-industry", "materials_pct_of_revenue_research_pass_count": 3, "materials_pct_of_revenue_confidence": "adjudicated", "sga_overhead_pct": 10.4, "sga_overhead_pct_source": "Healthcare Services Group, Inc. 2024 Form 10-K (Selling, general, and administrative expenses at 10.4% of consolidated revenue; https://www.sec.gov/edgar/browse/?CIK=60086). Cross-checked against ABM Industries Incorporated 2024 Form 10-K (SG&A expenses at 10.5% of revenue; https://www.sec.gov/edgar/browse/?CIK=77149) and BSCAI / ISSA Industry Benchmarks (Administrative overhead at 8%-15% for enterprise contractors and 18%-22% for small-to-medium operators; https://www.bscai.org).", "sga_overhead_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "sga_overhead_pct_confidence": "med", "cost_structure_year": "2025", "labor_pct_of_revenue_source_access": "citation-text-only", "materials_pct_of_revenue_source_access": "url", "sga_overhead_pct_source_access": "url" }, "demand_drivers": { "installed_base_units": 5900000, "installed_base_units_source": "U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), 2018 Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) (published 2022), https://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial", "installed_base_units_research_pass_count": 3, "installed_base_units_confidence": "high-primary", "replacement_vs_new_note": "Demand for janitorial and commercial cleaning services is overwhelmingly dominated by recurring routine maintenance of the existing building stock, which accounts for the majority of sector revenues (e.g., standard commercial office and retail cleaning). In contrast, post-construction cleaning serves as a project-based segment dependent on new construction activity and spending ($738.7 billion annualized private nonresidential spending as of May 2026).", "replacement_vs_new_note_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Monthly Construction Spending Report (May 2026), https://www.census.gov/construction/c30/c30index.html; IBISWorld, Janitorial Services in the US Industry Report (2026), https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/janitorial-services-industry", "demand_drivers_note": "Key demand drivers for the U.S. commercial cleaning and janitorial market include total active commercial building floorspace and establishment growth, physical workplace attendance and office occupancy levels, corporate profits driving facility maintenance budgets, outsourcing trends of non-core facility maintenance, and heightened health, safety, and sanitation standards across commercial, healthcare, and educational sectors.", "demand_drivers_note_source": "IBISWorld, Janitorial Services in the US Industry Report (2026), https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/janitorial-services-industry/; ISSA - The Worldwide Cleaning Industry Association (2026), https://www.issa.com", "installed_base_units_shared_across": 15, "installed_base_units_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 15 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "installed_base_units_source_access": "url", "replacement_vs_new_note_source_access": "url", "demand_drivers_note_source_access": "url" }, "macro_correlation": { "housing_correlation_note": "U.S. commercial janitorial services exhibit low direct correlation with residential housing starts, as residential cleaning accounts for only approximately 14.3% of total janitorial industry revenue, compared to 73.3% from commercial spaces. New residential housing starts primarily influence niche demand such as initial post-construction residential cleanup, flooring installation cleaning, and residential move-in services, rather than recurring commercial janitorial contracts.", "housing_correlation_note_source": "U.S. Census Bureau and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (2024), 'New Privately-Owned Housing Units Started: Total Units [HOUST]', FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/HOUST; SBDCNet (2024), 'Cleaning Services Business Forecast', Small Business Development Center Network, https://www.sbdcnet.org/small-business-research-reports/cleaning-services-business", "commercial_correlation_note": "Commercial cleaning and janitorial demand shows a strong positive correlation with commercial construction spending and nonresidential development. Growth in commercial construction expands overall office, retail, healthcare, and industrial cleanable square footage, driving immediate demand for specialized post-construction cleaning before building occupancy, which transitions into ongoing recurring janitorial maintenance contracts.", "commercial_correlation_note_source": "U.S. Census Bureau (2024), 'Total Construction Spending: Commercial [TLCOMCONS]', FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/TLCOMCONS; U.S. Census Bureau Monthly Construction Spending Report (2024), cited in PR Newswire (2024), https://www.prnewswire.com", "climate_sensitivity_note": "Commercial cleaning operations exhibit high weather and climate sensitivity. Winter rain, snow, slush, and salt significantly increase demand for entry mat maintenance, hard-floor care, and deep carpet extraction. Summer heat and high humidity accelerate indoor bacterial reproduction, requiring increased disinfection frequency and rotation, while extreme ambient heat shifts outdoor building cleaning and maintenance shifts to cooler nighttime hours.", "climate_sensitivity_note_source": "The Ashkin Group (2019), 'How Climate Change Will Impact the Cleaning Industry', CleanLink, https://www.cleanlink.com/hs/article/How-Climate-Change-Will-Impact-the-Cleaning-Industry--23668; CleanDay Services (2025), 'How Weather and Changing Seasons Impact Commercial Cleaning Demands', https://cleandayservices.ca", "housing_correlation_note_source_access": "url", "commercial_correlation_note_source_access": "url", "climate_sensitivity_note_source_access": "url" }, "margins": { "gross_margin_pct": 13.9, "gross_margin_pct_source": "ABM Industries Incorporated Form 10-K for the Fiscal Year Ended October 31, 2023 (https://www.sec.gov/edgar/searchedgar/companysearch)", "gross_margin_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "gross_margin_pct_confidence": "med", "operating_margin_pct": 3.6, "operating_margin_pct_source": "ABM Industries Incorporated Form 10-K for the Fiscal Year Ended October 31, 2023 (https://www.sec.gov/edgar/searchedgar/companysearch)", "operating_margin_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "operating_margin_pct_confidence": "adjudicated", "net_margin_pct": 3.1, "net_margin_pct_source": "ABM Industries Incorporated Form 10-K for the Fiscal Year Ended October 31, 2023 (https://www.sec.gov/edgar/searchedgar/companysearch)", "net_margin_pct_research_pass_count": 3, "net_margin_pct_confidence": "med", "margin_year": "2024", "gross_margin_pct_source_access": "url", "operating_margin_pct_source_access": "url", "net_margin_pct_source_access": "url" }, "productivity": { "revenue_per_employee_usd": 69381, "revenue_per_employee_usd_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 Statistics of U.S. Businesses (SUSB), NAICS 561720 Janitorial Services ($74.03 billion total receipts / 1.067 million paid employees = $69,381 per employee; https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/susb.html). Cross-checked against IBISWorld Industry Report: Janitorial Services in the US 2023/2024 ($45,000 average revenue per employee across SMB commercial cleaning firms; https://www.ibisworld.com).", "revenue_per_employee_usd_research_pass_count": 3, "revenue_per_employee_usd_confidence": "high-primary", "billable_utilization_pct": 75, "billable_utilization_pct_source": "Building Service Contractors Association International (BSCAI) Unit Economics & Production Guidelines (2024; https://www.bscai.org).", "billable_utilization_pct_research_pass_count": 1, "billable_utilization_pct_confidence": "low", "productivity_year": "2022", "billable_utilization_pct_shared_across": 5, "billable_utilization_pct_note": "This figure is an industry-wide benchmark, not a per-trade measurement: the same value is published for 5 trade or segment records in this dataset. Read it as the specialty-trade baseline, not as a finding that distinguishes this trade from another.", "revenue_per_employee_usd_source_access": "url", "billable_utilization_pct_source_access": "url" }, "retainage_liens": { "typical_retainage_pct": 0, "typical_retainage_pct_source": "Municipal Research and Services Center (MRSC), 2018", "typical_retainage_pct_research_pass_count": 1, "typical_retainage_pct_confidence": "low", "retainage_year": "2023", "typical_retainage_pct_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "search_interest": { "yoy_search_change_pct": 0, "yoy_search_change_pct_source": "ISSA, 2025, https://www.issa-canada.com", "yoy_search_change_pct_research_pass_count": 2, "yoy_search_change_pct_confidence": "low", "search_trend_note": "Google Search data published by ISSA showed consistent search volume for core commercial cleaning keywords such as 'commercial cleaning' and 'commercial cleaning services' at approximately 50,000 monthly searches, reflecting a flat (0%) year-over-year overall trend for primary head terms alongside high growth in specific queries like 'cleaning agency near me' (+900% YoY).", "search_trend_note_source": "ISSA, 2025, https://www.issa-canada.com", "yoy_search_change_pct_source_access": "url", "search_trend_note_source_access": "url" }, "seasonality_econ": { "peak_period_note": "Commercial janitorial and cleaning services experience modest seasonal surges during the spring (driven by seasonal deep cleaning and post-winter restoration) and during the fourth quarter (as commercial clients deploy remaining annual facility maintenance budgets), though baseline revenue remains steady year-round due to recurring multi-year service contracts.", "peak_period_note_source": "IBISWorld, 'Janitorial Services in the US', 2026", "cyclicality_note": "The janitorial contracting industry is considered a defensive, recurring-demand sector rather than highly cyclical because cleaning is required for ongoing facility operations; however, public disclosures highlight risks from broader economic recessions, commercial office vacancy increases (due to hybrid work), labor cost inflation, and disruptive adverse weather events.", "cyclicality_note_source": "ABM Industries Incorporated, Form 10-K for the Fiscal Year Ended October 31, 2025, 2025, https://www.sec.gov/edgar/searchedgar/companysearch", "peak_period_note_source_access": "citation-text-only", "cyclicality_note_source_access": "url" } } }, "segments": { "bands": [ { "band": "0-1M", "band_label": "under $1M annual revenue (owner-operator / very small shop)", "metrics": { "gross_margin_pct": { "value": 50, "source": "BizMetrics HQ 2026", "confidence": "high", "basis": "Gross profit margin (midpoint of 45-55% range) for owner-operated cleaning companies in the $200K-$800K revenue band", "source_access": "citation-text-only" }, "collection_rate_pct": { "value": 92, "source": "Ledger & Lane 2026 https://ledgerandlane.co/case-studies", "confidence": "med", "basis": "Average cash collection rate on billed receivables within 30 days for small commercial cleaning contractors", "source_access": "url" }, "dso_days": { "value": 52.5, "source": "Level CFO 2026 https://levelcfo.com/benchmarks/cleaning", "confidence": "med", "basis": "Days sales outstanding (midpoint of 45-60 day range) for small-to-midsize commercial janitorial contractors", "source_access": "url" }, "recurring_rev_pct": { "value": 75, "source": "CentsIQ 2024", "confidence": "med", "basis": "Contractual recurring service-agreement revenue share of total revenue for small commercial cleaning operations", "source_access": "citation-text-only" } } }, { "band": "1-5M", "band_label": "$1M to $5M annual revenue (small established contractor)", "metrics": { "gross_margin_pct": { "value": 22.4, "source": "CFMA 2025 Construction Financial Benchmarker, https://cfma.org", "confidence": "low", "basis": "Specialty Trade contractors overall gross profit margin (FY2024)", "source_access": "url" }, "collection_rate_pct": { "value": 85.1, "source": "Level CFO analysis of 464 contractors, https://levelcfo.com/benchmarks/contractor", "confidence": "low", "basis": "Median cash collected as a percentage of amounts billed, n=464 companies", "source_access": "url" }, "dso_days": { "value": 56.6, "source": "CFMA 2024 Construction Financial Benchmarker, https://cfma.org", "confidence": "low", "basis": "Days sales outstanding (days in accounts receivable) for Specialty Trade contractors", "source_access": "url" }, "recurring_rev_pct": { "value": 80, "source": "BSCAI / CT Acquisitions 2026 Commercial Janitorial Report, https://ctacquisitions.com", "confidence": "high", "basis": "Share of total revenue from recurring monthly service agreements for sub-$2M EBITDA / $1M-$5M revenue commercial janitorial contractors", "source_access": "url" } } }, { "band": "5-20M", "band_label": "$5M to $20M annual revenue (mid-market, multi-crew)", "metrics": { "gross_margin_pct": { "value": 35, "source": "BSCAI (Building Service Contractors Association International) 2025 https://www.bscai.org", "confidence": "low", "basis": "Industry-wide median gross profit margin for commercial janitorial contractors", "source_access": "url" }, "dso_days": { "value": 52.5, "source": "Level CFO & BSCAI 2026 https://levelcfo.com/benchmarks/cleaning", "confidence": "low", "basis": "Industry-wide average days sales outstanding for SMB commercial cleaning contractors", "source_access": "url" }, "recurring_rev_pct": { "value": 85, "source": "CT Acquisitions Commercial Cleaning Report 2026 https://ctacquisitions.com", "confidence": "low", "basis": "Industry-wide benchmark share of revenue derived from recurring commercial contracts", "source_access": "url" } } }, { "band": "20M+", "band_label": "over $20M annual revenue (large / regional / PE-backed)", "metrics": { "gross_margin_pct": { "value": 22.4, "source": "CFMA 2025 https://cfma.org", "confidence": "med", "basis": "Gross profit margin for Specialty Trade contractors in 2025 Financial Benchmarker", "source_access": "url" }, "dso_days": { "value": 83, "source": "CFMA 2025 https://cfma.org", "confidence": "med", "basis": "Average days sales outstanding for construction and specialty trade contractors", "source_access": "url" }, "recurring_rev_pct": { "value": 85, "source": "CT Acquisitions 2026 https://ctacquisitions.com", "confidence": "med", "basis": "Contracted recurring commercial revenue share for large/PE-platform commercial janitorial contractors", "source_access": "url" } } } ] }, "geo": { "states": [ { "name": "Alabama", "where": "AL", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 13.37, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -20.61, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates: Alabama, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_al.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level specialty or contractor license is required for standard commercial cleaning or janitorial services in Alabama. The Alabama Licensing Board for General Contractors regulates commercial construction projects valued at $100,000 or more, but routine cleaning and janitorial services are exempt. Business privilege licenses are issued at the local level by county probate offices and municipal revenue departments.", "license_source": "Alabama Licensing Board for General Contractors, 2026, https://genconbd.alabama.gov", "bonding_requirement": "No state-mandated surety bond or liability insurance minimums exist at the state level for holding a janitorial license, as no state trade license is required. Surety bonding and general liability insurance are governed by municipal rules or private commercial contracts.", "bonding_source": "Alabama Licensing Board for General Contractors, 2026, https://genconbd.alabama.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS (May 2023), Alabama employed 25,460 workers under SOC 37-2011 (Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners), representing an occupational density of 12.40 jobs per 1,000 total state jobs. Additionally, 2024 BLS QCEW data shows 1,018 private janitorial service establishments (NAICS 561720) in Alabama employing 12,444 workers.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State OEWS & 2024 QCEW Data, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_al.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 13.37 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Alaska", "where": "AK", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 17.76, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 5.46, "median_wage_source": "BLS OEWS, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Alaska, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ak.htm", "license_regime": "In Alaska, commercial cleaning and janitorial services are not classified as a construction trade and do not require a state contractor or trade-specific professional license. Standalone janitorial businesses must hold a general Alaska Business License issued by the Division of Corporations, Business and Professional Licensing (DCBPL) and comply with any local municipal business licensing requirements.", "license_source": "Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development - Division of Corporations, Business and Professional Licensing, 2024, https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/cbpl/BusinessLicensing.aspx", "bonding_requirement": "There is no state-mandated surety bond or public liability insurance requirement to hold a general business license for commercial cleaning or janitorial services in Alaska. However, employers with one or more employees must maintain state-mandated Workers' Compensation insurance coverage under AS 23.30.", "bonding_source": "Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development - Division of Corporations, Business and Professional Licensing, 2024, https://www.commerce.alaska.gov/web/cbpl/BusinessLicensing.aspx", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS May 2023 data, Alaska employed 5,270 Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011), representing an employment density of 16.904 jobs per 1,000 total state jobs and a location quotient of 1.18 compared to the national average.", "market_source": "BLS OEWS, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Alaska, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ak.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 17.76 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Arizona", "where": "AZ", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 16.43, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -2.43, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_az.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level contractor license is required for routine commercial cleaning and janitorial services in Arizona. Contractor licensing through the Arizona Registrar of Contractors (AZ ROC) is only required if the scope of work involves construction, alterations, or structural repairs exceeding $1,000 (A.R.S. § 32-1121). Business operations are subject to city/local business licenses and State Transaction Privilege Tax (TPT) registration.", "license_source": "Arizona Registrar of Contractors (AZ ROC), 2024, https://roc.az.gov", "bonding_requirement": "None mandated at the state level for standard commercial janitorial services because state contractor licensing is not required. (For ROC-licensed construction/specialty contractors, bonding requirements range from $2,500 to $15,000+ per A.R.S. § 32-1152).", "bonding_source": "Arizona Registrar of Contractors (AZ ROC) / Arizona Revised Statutes § 32-1152, 2024, https://roc.az.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS May 2023 data, Arizona has 36,900 workers employed in SOC 37-2011 (Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners). IBISWorld estimates 24,756 janitorial service locations and 45,229 total industry workers in Arizona.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS May 2023 (https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_az.htm) and IBISWorld Janitorial Services in Arizona Report 2026 (https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/)", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 16.43 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Arkansas", "where": "AR", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 13.73, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -18.47, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Arkansas, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ar.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level contractor or occupational license is required in Arkansas specifically for standard commercial cleaning or janitorial services. Businesses must fulfill general state business entity registration, register for state sales tax with the Arkansas Department of Finance and Administration, and comply with city/county business license requirements.", "license_source": "Arkansas Contractors Licensing Board, 2024, https://www.labor.arkansas.gov/licensing/contractors-licensing-board", "bonding_requirement": "There are no state-mandated surety bond or liability insurance minimums required to operate a commercial cleaning or janitorial service in Arkansas, though private commercial contracts routinely require general liability coverage and janitorial bonding.", "bonding_source": "Arkansas Contractors Licensing Board, 2024, https://www.labor.arkansas.gov/licensing/contractors-licensing-board", "market_size_or_density_note": "Arkansas had an estimated total employment of 16,040 for Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011), with a density of 12.616 jobs per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 0.88.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Arkansas, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ar.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 13.73 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "California", "where": "CA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 18.26, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 8.43, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ca.htm", "license_regime": "General commercial janitorial services do not require a trade license from the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB), unless performing construction clean-up or work exceeding $500 in labor/materials (which requires a Class C-61 / D-63 Limited Specialty Contractor license). However, under the Property Services Workers Protection Act (Labor Code §§ 1420-1432), all janitorial employers with 1+ employees must register annually with the California Labor Commissioner's Office. City and county business licenses are required at the local level.", "license_source": "California Department of Industrial Relations, Labor Commissioner's Office / CSLB, 2024", "bonding_requirement": "Janitorial employers registering under California Labor Code § 1429 must maintain a $25,000 surety bond (or proof of financial responsibility) and carry mandatory workers' compensation insurance. If holding a CSLB specialty contractor license (e.g. C-61/D-63), CSLB requires a $25,000 contractor license bond ($100,000 for LLCs) under Business and Professions Code § 7071.6.", "bonding_source": "California Department of Industrial Relations / Contractors State License Board, 2023", "market_size_or_density_note": "In California, there are 8,027 private janitorial service establishments (NAICS 561720) employing 115,379 private-sector workers with an average annual wage of $38,026 according to BLS QCEW data, with over 114,000 total janitorial businesses statewide across all employer and self-employed categories.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/cew/ & IBISWorld, Janitorial Services, 2024, https://www.ibisworld.com", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 18.26 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Colorado", "where": "CO", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 17.46, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 3.68, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_co.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level license is required for commercial cleaning or janitorial contractors in Colorado. The Colorado Department of Regulatory Agencies (DORA) Division of Professions and Occupations licenses specific skilled trades (e.g., electrical and plumbing under C.R.S. Title 12) but does not issue state licenses or maintain licensing tiers for janitorial or commercial cleaning services. Local municipalities or county building/business departments may require general local business licenses.", "license_source": "Colorado Department of Regulatory Agencies (DORA) Division of Professions and Occupations, 2023, https://dpo.colorado.gov", "bonding_requirement": "There are no state-mandated surety bond or liability insurance minimums required to hold a trade license because Colorado does not license commercial cleaning or janitorial contractors at the state level. Employers with one or more employees must maintain statutory Workers' Compensation insurance under C.R.S. 8-44-101.", "bonding_source": "Colorado Department of Regulatory Agencies (DORA) / Colorado Revised Statutes Title 12, 2023, https://dora.colorado.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to May 2023 BLS OEWS estimates, Colorado employed 36,570 Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011), representing an employment density of 12.915 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 0.90.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_co.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 17.46 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Connecticut", "where": "CT", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 17.6, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 4.51, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Connecticut, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ct.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level trade license is required in Connecticut for commercial cleaning and janitorial services. The Connecticut Department of Consumer Protection (DCP) licenses specialized trades (e.g., electrical, plumbing, HVAC) and registers major/home improvement contractors, but routine commercial janitorial services fall outside these occupational licensing requirements. General business registration with the Connecticut Secretary of the State and Department of Revenue Services is required.", "license_source": "Connecticut Department of Consumer Protection (DCP), 2024, https://portal.ct.gov/dcp", "bonding_requirement": "Because Connecticut does not issue a specific state-level trade license for commercial cleaning or janitorial services, there are no state contractor board bonding or insurance minimums mandated to hold a license. General statutory workers' compensation and general commercial business requirements apply under state business law.", "bonding_source": "Connecticut Department of Consumer Protection (DCP), 2024, https://portal.ct.gov/dcp", "market_size_or_density_note": "As of May 2023, Connecticut employed 30,460 Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011), representing an employment density of 18.346 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 1.28 relative to the national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Connecticut, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ct.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 17.6 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Delaware", "where": "DE", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 15.61, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -7.3, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_de.htm", "license_regime": "Delaware does not require a trade-specific state contractor license for commercial cleaning or janitorial services. However, all commercial entities operating in the state must register for a general Delaware Business License through the Delaware Division of Revenue. Local municipal business licenses may also be required depending on the city or county.", "license_source": "Delaware Division of Revenue, 2024", "bonding_requirement": "There is no state-mandated trade surety bond or liability insurance minimum for resident commercial cleaning businesses to hold a general state business license. Non-resident contractors performing single contracts exceeding $20,000 (or cumulative contracts totaling $20,000 or more in a calendar year) must post a 6% contractor bond with the Delaware Division of Revenue. Employers with employees must carry workers' compensation insurance.", "bonding_source": "Delaware Division of Revenue, 2024", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS May 2023 data, Delaware employed 7,980 Janitors and Cleaners (SOC 37-2011), representing an occupational density of 17.00 jobs per 1,000 total jobs in the state (location quotient of 1.19).", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_de.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 15.61 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Florida", "where": "FL", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 14.33, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -14.9, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Florida, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_fl.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level trade or occupational license is required for general commercial cleaning and janitorial services (SOC 37-2011) in Florida. The Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation (DBPR) does not regulate standard janitorial operations. Businesses are required to register their business entity with the Florida Division of Corporations (Sunbiz) and obtain Local Business Tax Receipts (BTRs) from the county and/or municipality where they operate under Chapter 205, Florida Statutes. State-level licensure only applies to adjacent specialty services such as mold remediation (DBPR Chapter 468) or structural contractor work (DBPR Chapter 489).", "license_source": "Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation (DBPR) / Chapter 205, Florida Statutes, 2024, http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0200-0299/0205/0205.html", "bonding_requirement": "There are no statewide surety bond or insurance minimums required to operate a general commercial cleaning or janitorial service in Florida, as no state trade license exists. Bonding and liability insurance minimums are set by local municipal/county BTR rules or private commercial contracts. Under Chapter 440, Florida Statutes, non-construction employers with 4 or more employees are required to carry workers' compensation insurance.", "bonding_source": "Florida Department of Financial Services, Division of Workers' Compensation / Chapter 440, Florida Statutes, 2024, http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0400-0499/0440/0440.html", "market_size_or_density_note": "Florida employed 126,070 Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011) as of May 2023, representing an occupational density of 13.18 jobs per 1,000 total statewide jobs and a location quotient of 0.92 compared to the national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Florida, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_fl.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 14.33 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Georgia", "where": "GA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 14.47, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -14.07, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) May 2023 OEWS State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Georgia, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ga.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level license is required for commercial cleaning and janitorial services (BLS SOC 37-2011) in Georgia. Licensing is governed strictly at the municipal or county level, where businesses must obtain a local Occupational Tax Certificate (business license). There are no state licensing tiers for this trade.", "license_source": "Georgia Secretary of State / Professional Licensing Boards Division, 2024, https://sos.ga.gov", "bonding_requirement": "There are no state-mandated surety bond or liability insurance minimums to operate or hold a license for commercial cleaning in Georgia, as no state trade license exists. Bonding and insurance requirements are dictated by individual local jurisdictions, municipal permits, or commercial client contracts.", "bonding_source": "Georgia Office of Secretary of State, 2024", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS data, Georgia had 51,210 workers employed in Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011) in May 2023. This represents a concentration of 10.763 jobs per 1,000 total jobs in the state and a location quotient of 0.75 relative to the national baseline.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) May 2023 OEWS State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Georgia, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ga.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 14.47 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Hawaii", "where": "HI", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 17.38, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 3.21, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_hi.htm", "license_regime": "Standard commercial cleaning and janitorial services in Hawaii do not require a trade or contractor license at either the state or local level, provided the work does not involve structural construction/alteration exceeding $1,000, pesticide application, or biohazard waste disposal (such as C-60 medical/infectious waste contractor licensing). All entities must register their business with the Hawaii DCCA Business Registration Division and hold a General Excise Tax (GET) license from the Hawaii Department of Taxation.", "license_source": "Hawaii Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs (DCCA) Contractors License Board, 2026, https://cca.hawaii.gov/pvl/boards/contractor", "bonding_requirement": "There are no state-mandated surety bond or liability insurance minimums required by Hawaii state law to operate a standard commercial cleaning business. Bonding and general liability insurance coverage are typically dictated by private commercial client contracts.", "bonding_source": "Hawaii Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs (DCCA) Contractors License Board, 2026, https://cca.hawaii.gov/pvl/boards/contractor", "market_size_or_density_note": "The Janitorial Services industry in Hawaii includes approximately 6,843 businesses and 12,038 total industry workers according to IBISWorld industry estimates, with BLS OEWS data specifically reporting an occupational employment total of 10,390 Janitors and Cleaners (SOC 37-2011) across the state.", "market_source": "IBISWorld, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/ and U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_hi.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 17.38 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Idaho", "where": "ID", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 15.99, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -5.05, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_id.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level license is required for commercial cleaning and janitorial services (SOC 37-2011) in Idaho. State contractor registration through the Idaho Contractors Board under the Division of Occupational and Professional Licenses (DOPL) applies only to construction or structural alteration projects costing over $2,000, which excludes routine cleaning. Business licenses may be required at the local city or county level.", "license_source": "Idaho Division of Occupational and Professional Licenses (DOPL) - Idaho Contractors Board, 2024, https://dopl.idaho.gov", "bonding_requirement": "There are no state-level surety bond or insurance requirements for commercial janitorial services in Idaho. General liability insurance and janitorial surety bonds may be required at the local municipal level or by private client contracts.", "bonding_source": "Idaho Division of Occupational and Professional Licenses (DOPL) - Idaho Contractors Board, 2024, https://dopl.idaho.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) May 2023 OEWS data, Idaho employed an estimated 12,010 workers in the Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners occupation (SOC 37-2011), with an employment density of 14.604 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 1.02.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_id.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 15.99 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Illinois", "where": "IL", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 17.5, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 3.92, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_il.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level license is required for commercial cleaning or janitorial contractors in Illinois. State contractor licensing under IDFPR is limited to specialized trades (such as plumbing and roofing); general commercial cleaning businesses are regulated and licensed at the local municipal or county level.", "license_source": "Illinois Department of Financial and Professional Regulation (IDFPR), 2025, https://idfpr.illinois.gov", "bonding_requirement": "No statewide surety bond or general liability insurance minimums are mandated by Illinois state statute or licensing boards for commercial cleaning or janitorial contractors; bonding and insurance requirements are governed by local municipal ordinances or private commercial contracts.", "bonding_source": "Illinois Department of Financial and Professional Regulation (IDFPR), 2025, https://idfpr.illinois.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "The Janitorial Services industry in Illinois reached $5.8 billion in total market revenue across 46,042 industry businesses and 132,811 workers.", "market_source": "IBISWorld, Janitorial Services in Illinois Industry Report (NAICS IL56172), 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 17.5 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Indiana", "where": "IN", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 16.39, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -2.67, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Indiana, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_in.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level trade license is required for commercial cleaning or janitorial services in Indiana. Business entities must register with the Indiana Secretary of State, and local municipalities or county clerk offices may require local business licenses or operating permits.", "license_source": "Indiana Professional Licensing Agency (IPLA), 2024, https://www.in.gov/pla", "bonding_requirement": "There are no state-mandated surety bond or insurance minimums to operate a commercial cleaning business in Indiana because no state-level trade license is required. Bonding and general liability insurance are governed by local municipal rules or individual commercial contracts.", "bonding_source": "Indiana Professional Licensing Agency (IPLA), 2024, https://www.in.gov/pla", "market_size_or_density_note": "IBISWorld reports that the Janitorial Services industry in Indiana reached $1.1 billion in revenue in 2026, with 22,690 industry locations/establishments and 38,469 employees. Additionally, BLS OEWS reported 43,340 individual jobs under SOC 37-2011 in Indiana in May 2023.", "market_source": "IBISWorld, Janitorial Services in Indiana Industry Report, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 16.39 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Iowa", "where": "IA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 16.64, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -1.19, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) May 2023 OEWS, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ia.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level contractor or occupational license is required for commercial cleaning or janitorial businesses in Iowa. Commercial cleaning companies must obtain an Iowa Sales Tax Permit from the Iowa Department of Revenue, as cleaning services are subject to state sales tax, and register their business entity with the Iowa Secretary of State.", "license_source": "Iowa Department of Inspections, Appeals, and Licensing (DIAL) / Iowa Department of Revenue, 2024, https://dial.iowa.gov", "bonding_requirement": "No state-mandated surety bond or liability insurance minimums exist for commercial cleaning or janitorial businesses in Iowa.", "bonding_source": "Iowa Department of Inspections, Appeals, and Licensing (DIAL), 2024, https://dial.iowa.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to the Iowa Workforce Development 2024 Industry Profile (BLS QCEW data), Iowa had 2,353 establishment locations in the Services to Buildings and Dwellings subsector (NAICS 5617) employing 20,212 workers. Additionally, BLS OEWS May 2023 data reported statewide employment of 25,970 Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011).", "market_source": "Iowa Workforce Development / BLS QCEW 2024 Industry Profile, https://www.iowalmi.gov/qcew and U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2023 OEWS, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ia.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 16.64 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Kansas", "where": "KS", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 14.61, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -13.24, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ks.htm", "license_regime": "No statewide contractor license is required for commercial cleaning and janitorial services in Kansas. Regulations and business licenses are managed at the local city or municipal level.", "license_source": "Kansas Business Center / Kansas Secretary of State, 2025, https://www.kansas.gov", "bonding_requirement": "Kansas does not mandate statewide surety bond or general liability insurance minimums for commercial janitorial services. Surety bonds (typically $1,000 to $10,000) and liability insurance are set by local municipalities or commercial client contract requirements.", "bonding_source": "Kansas Department of Revenue / Local Municipal Rules, 2024, https://ksrevenue.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "Kansas had 17,790 reported workers employed in SOC 37-2011 (Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners) with a concentration (location quotient) of 0.88 relative to the national average, representing 12.60 jobs per 1,000 total state employment.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ks.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 14.61 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Kentucky", "where": "KY", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 14.4, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -14.49, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Kentucky (SOC 37-2011), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ky.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level contractor or trade license is required for commercial cleaning and janitorial services in Kentucky. Business licensing and contractor registration are administered at the local city or county level (e.g., Louisville Metro or Lexington-Fayette Urban County Government), alongside general state tax and business registration with the Kentucky Secretary of State and Department of Revenue.", "license_source": "Kentucky Department of Housing, Buildings and Construction (KDHBC) / Kentucky One Stop Business Portal, 2024, https://dhbc.ky.gov", "bonding_requirement": "No statewide surety bond or insurance minimums are established for commercial cleaning or janitorial services because no state-level trade license is required for this occupation in Kentucky.", "bonding_source": "Kentucky Department of Housing, Buildings and Construction (KDHBC), 2024, https://dhbc.ky.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) 2024 data, Kentucky had 1,038 private-sector Janitorial Services establishments (NAICS 561720) employing 15,078 workers, representing an industry location quotient of 0.95 relative to national density.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) 2024 Annual Averages, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/cew", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 14.4 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Louisiana", "where": "LA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 12.49, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -25.83, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_la.htm", "license_regime": "Louisiana does not require a state-level contractor or trade license for routine janitorial or commercial cleaning services. The Louisiana State Licensing Board for Contractors (LSLBC) mandates commercial contractor licenses for construction/renovation projects exceeding $50,000 and mold remediation licenses for projects exceeding $7,500, but standard janitorial/cleaning is exempt. State business registration through the Louisiana Secretary of State and sales tax registration with the Louisiana Department of Revenue are required, as is local occupational licensing at the parish or municipal level.", "license_source": "Louisiana State Licensing Board for Contractors (LSLBC), 2024, https://www.lslbc.louisiana.gov", "bonding_requirement": "There are no state-level surety bond or liability insurance minimums mandated by the Louisiana State Licensing Board for Contractors for standard commercial cleaning or janitorial services. Insurance and bonding coverage are client- or contract-driven rather than state-licensed requirements.", "bonding_source": "Louisiana State Licensing Board for Contractors (LSLBC), 2024, https://www.lslbc.louisiana.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "As of May 2023, Louisiana had 31,060 total workers employed as Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011), with a density of 16.773 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 1.17.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_la.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 12.49 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Maine", "where": "ME", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 17.95, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 6.59, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_me.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level contractor or specialty license is required for commercial cleaning or janitorial services in Maine. Business licensing and registration are managed at the municipal/local level or via general business entity registration with the Maine Secretary of State.", "license_source": "Maine Department of Professional and Financial Regulation, Office of Professional and Occupational Regulation, 2024, https://www.maine.gov/pfr/professionallicensing", "bonding_requirement": "There are no state-mandated surety bond or liability insurance minimums required by Maine state licensing authorities for commercial cleaning and janitorial businesses.", "bonding_source": "Maine Department of Professional and Financial Regulation, Office of Professional and Occupational Regulation, 2024, https://www.maine.gov/pfr/professionallicensing", "market_size_or_density_note": "In Maine, there were 9,490 workers employed as Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011) as of May 2023, representing a concentration density of 15.271 jobs per 1,000 total statewide employment (location quotient of 1.07).", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_me.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 17.95 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Maryland", "where": "MD", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 17.33, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 2.91, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Maryland (released April 2024), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_md.htm and May 2023 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level trade license is required for commercial cleaning or janitorial services in Maryland. The Maryland Home Improvement Commission (MHIC), under the Maryland Department of Labor, regulates residential home improvement contractors (over $500 in value), but commercial cleaning and janitorial services are exempt from MHIC licensure. Operators must obtain general business registration through Maryland Business Express and comply with local city/county general business licensing.", "license_source": "Maryland Home Improvement Commission (MHIC), Maryland Department of Labor (2024), https://www.labor.maryland.gov/license/mhic", "bonding_requirement": "There are no state-mandated surety bond or liability insurance minimums required by a state licensing board for commercial cleaning or janitorial companies in Maryland, as no state trade license is required for this occupation.", "bonding_source": "Maryland Home Improvement Commission (MHIC), Maryland Department of Labor (2024), https://www.labor.maryland.gov/license/mhic", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS QCEW 2024 data, Maryland had 1,634 private janitorial service establishments (NAICS 561720) employing 24,141 workers, with an employment location quotient of 1.21 (21% denser worker concentration than the national average). Across all industries in Maryland, BLS OEWS May 2023 reports total employment of 37,740 workers in SOC 37-2011 (Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners).", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) 2024 Annual Averages, https://www.bls.gov/cew/ and BLS May 2023 OEWS State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Maryland, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_md.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 17.33 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Massachusetts", "where": "MA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 18.73, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 11.22, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Massachusetts, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ma.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level trade license is required to operate a general commercial cleaning or janitorial business in Massachusetts. Commercial cleaning services are not regulated under the Massachusetts Division of Occupational Licensure or the Board of Building Regulations and Standards. Businesses must register with the Secretary of the Commonwealth and obtain local city/town business certificates (specialized commercial kitchen hood/exhaust cleaning requires a Certificate of Competency from the Department of Fire Services).", "license_source": "Massachusetts Division of Occupational Licensure / Mass.gov Department of Fire Services, 2024", "bonding_requirement": "No state-mandated surety bond or liability insurance minimums are enforced by a state contractor board for general janitorial contractors in Massachusetts; however, employers are required by state law to carry workers' compensation insurance.", "bonding_source": "Massachusetts Department of Industrial Accidents, 2024", "market_size_or_density_note": "As of May 2023, Massachusetts had 55,160 workers employed as Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011), representing 15.14 jobs per 1,000 total jobs and a location quotient of 1.06 relative to national average concentration.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Massachusetts, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ma.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 18.73 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Michigan", "where": "MI", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 16.38, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -2.73, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_mi.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level occupational trade license is required for commercial cleaning or janitorial services in Michigan. Businesses register as legal entities (e.g., LLC) through the Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs (LARA). Local business licensing or permits may be required at the county or city level (such as Detroit's BSEED business license).", "license_source": "Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs (LARA), 2024, https://www.michigan.gov/lara", "bonding_requirement": "No state surety bond or commercial insurance minimums are mandated by a state contractor board because there is no state trade license for janitorial services. Commercial clients typically require general liability insurance and optional janitorial surety bonding via contract.", "bonding_source": "Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs (LARA), 2024, https://www.michigan.gov/lara", "market_size_or_density_note": "Michigan has 63,550 workers employed as Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011), representing an occupational density of 14.615 jobs per 1,000 total jobs in the state.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_mi.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 16.38 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Minnesota", "where": "MN", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 18.05, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 7.19, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_mn.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level trade license is required for commercial cleaning or janitorial services in Minnesota. State-level requirements are limited to standard business entity registration (e.g., Minnesota Secretary of State) and sales tax registration, though local municipal or county business permits may apply.", "license_source": "Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry (DLI), 2024, https://www.dli.mn.gov", "bonding_requirement": "Minnesota state law does not mandate surety bonds or liability insurance to hold a license or operate a janitorial service. However, commercial contracts in the private market standardly require $1M-$2M general liability coverage and janitorial surety bonds.", "bonding_source": "Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry (DLI), 2024, https://www.dli.mn.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "As of May 2023, Minnesota employed 42,750 workers in SOC 37-2011 (Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners), representing an occupational density of 14.837 jobs per 1,000 total state jobs and a location quotient of 1.04.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_mn.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 18.05 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Mississippi", "where": "MS", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 12.34, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -26.72, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), May 2023 OEWS State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Mississippi, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ms.htm", "license_regime": "Mississippi does not require a state-level trade or contractor license for general commercial cleaning and janitorial services. The Mississippi State Board of Contractors (MSBOC) regulates construction and structural specialty trades, but routine janitorial services are exempt at the state level. Cleaning businesses are regulated locally and must obtain a Business Privilege License from the city hall or county clerk in each municipality where they operate.", "license_source": "Mississippi State Board of Contractors (MSBOC), 2024 Contractor Licensing FAQ and Guidelines, https://www.msboc.us", "bonding_requirement": "No state-level surety bond or liability insurance is required by Mississippi to operate a commercial cleaning/janitorial service, as no state contractor license is required for this trade. (MSBOC requires $300,000 per occurrence / $600,000 aggregate general liability insurance only for licensed commercial construction contractors).", "bonding_source": "Mississippi State Board of Contractors (MSBOC), 2024 Commercial Contractor License Requirements, https://www.msboc.us", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to the BLS OEWS (May 2023), Mississippi employed 16,120 Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011). This represents an occupational density of 14.016 jobs per 1,000 total state jobs and a Location Quotient (LQ) of 0.98 relative to the national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), May 2023 OEWS State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Mississippi, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ms.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 12.34 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Missouri", "where": "MO", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 15.19, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -9.8, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_mo.htm", "license_regime": "Missouri does not issue or require a state-level contractor or trade license for commercial cleaning and janitorial services (SOC 37-2011). Business licensing and permits are managed at the local municipal or county levels.", "license_source": "Missouri Division of Professional Registration, 2024, https://pr.mo.gov", "bonding_requirement": "Missouri state law does not mandate a state-level surety bond or general liability insurance to operate a commercial cleaning or janitorial business.", "bonding_source": "Missouri Department of Labor and Industrial Relations, 2024, https://labor.mo.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "In May 2023, Missouri employed 42,880 janitors and cleaners (SOC 37-2011), representing a employment density of 14.91 jobs per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 1.04.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_mo.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 15.19 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Montana", "where": "MT", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 17.55, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 4.22, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023 State Estimates for Montana, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_mt.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level trade license is required for commercial cleaning and janitorial services (SOC 37-2011) in Montana. Cleaning businesses must register their business entity with the Montana Secretary of State and adhere to local city or county general business licensing regulations where applicable.", "license_source": "Montana Secretary of State, 2024, https://biz.sosmt.gov", "bonding_requirement": "Montana imposes no state-level surety bond or general liability insurance minimums for holding a commercial cleaning or janitorial business license. Bonding and liability insurance requirements are established at the local municipal level or through private contract terms.", "bonding_source": "Montana Department of Labor & Industry, 2024, https://dli.mt.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "As of May 2023, Montana had an estimated 8,660 people employed as Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011), representing a job density of 17.26 positions per 1,000 total statewide jobs.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023 State Estimates for Montana, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_mt.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 17.55 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Nebraska", "where": "NE", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 15.57, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -7.54, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ne.htm", "license_regime": "Nebraska does not require a trade-specific state-level occupational license for commercial cleaning or janitorial services. However, under the Nebraska Contractor Registration Act, contractors and subcontractors performing building services or construction work in Nebraska must register with the Nebraska Department of Labor (NDOL) if they earn $2,000 or more annually. There are no state-level licensing tiers for janitorial services, though local municipality or county business licensing requirements may apply.", "license_source": "Nebraska Department of Labor, Contractor Registration Act, 2025, https://dol.nebraska.gov/conreg", "bonding_requirement": "The state of Nebraska does not require a surety bond for in-state contractor registration with the Department of Labor, though out-of-state contractors must post a $25,000 surety bond. Registered contractors with one or more employees must provide a Workers' Compensation Certificate of Insurance (ACORD 25) listing the Nebraska Department of Labor as the certificate holder. General liability insurance and janitorial fidelity bonds may be required by local municipalities or commercial contracts.", "bonding_source": "Nebraska Department of Labor, Contractor Registration Section, 2025, https://dol.nebraska.gov/conreg", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to the BLS, Nebraska had an estimated 14,160 workers employed as Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011) as of May 2023. This represents an employment density of 14.15 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 0.99 relative to the national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ne.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 15.57 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Nevada", "where": "NV", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 16.8, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -0.24, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nv.htm and https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "license_regime": "Standard commercial cleaning and routine janitorial services do not require a state contractor license in Nevada. However, specialty cleaning contractors performing services such as carpet cleaning, water or fire damage restoration, or HVAC cleaning require a specialty contractor license from the Nevada State Contractors Board (NSCB). General state business registration through SilverFlume and municipal or county business licenses (such as City of Las Vegas or Clark County) are required at the local level.", "license_source": "Nevada State Contractors Board (NSCB), 2023, https://www.nvcontractorsboard.com", "bonding_requirement": "Standard janitorial services do not have a state-mandated surety bond requirement. If licensed as a specialty contractor under the Nevada State Contractors Board, the board determines a contractor license bond between $1,000 and $500,000 based on financial standing, experience, and requested monetary limit. Commercial contracts frequently require private janitorial dishonesty (crime/theft) fidelity bonds and general liability insurance.", "bonding_source": "Nevada State Contractors Board (NSCB), 2023, https://www.nvcontractorsboard.com", "market_size_or_density_note": "In Nevada, there were 32,210 workers employed as Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011) in May 2023, representing an occupational density of 21.737 jobs per 1,000 total state employment and a Location Quotient of 1.52 relative to the national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nv.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 16.8 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "New Hampshire", "where": "NH", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 18.05, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 7.19, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nh.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level commercial cleaning or general contractor license is required in New Hampshire. Commercial cleaning businesses operate without state licensing tiers, though entity registration with the New Hampshire Secretary of State is required alongside any local municipal business permits.", "license_source": "New Hampshire Office of Professional Licensure and Certification (OPLC) / New Hampshire Secretary of State, 2024, https://quickstart.sos.nh.gov", "bonding_requirement": "New Hampshire does not mandate a state surety bond or general liability insurance minimum to operate a commercial cleaning business; however, state law requires employers with one or more employees to carry workers' compensation insurance under RSA 281-A.", "bonding_source": "New Hampshire Department of Labor, Workers' Compensation Division, 2024", "market_size_or_density_note": "New Hampshire had 8,700 individuals employed as Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011), with a density of 12.887 jobs per 1,000 total state employment and a location quotient of 0.90.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023 State Estimates - New Hampshire, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nh.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 18.05 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "New Jersey", "where": "NJ", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 17.15, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 1.84, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - New Jersey (2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nj.htm) and May 2023 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm)", "license_regime": "No state-level occupational trade license is required specifically for commercial cleaning or janitorial services (SOC 37-2011) in New Jersey. Businesses must complete general business registration with the New Jersey Department of the Treasury Division of Revenue and Enterprise Services, obtain a Sales Tax Certificate of Authority from the Division of Taxation, and check for local municipal business permits or licensing.", "license_source": "New Jersey Division of Consumer Affairs (2024, https://www.njconsumeraffairs.gov)", "bonding_requirement": "There is no statutory state-mandated surety bond or general liability insurance minimum required to operate a commercial cleaning or janitorial business in New Jersey. However, voluntary janitorial fidelity bonds ($10,000-$25,000) and commercial general liability insurance ($1,000,000 typical minimum) are routinely required by commercial clients and property managers.", "bonding_source": "New Jersey Division of Consumer Affairs (2024, https://www.njconsumeraffairs.gov)", "market_size_or_density_note": "New Jersey has 67,100 workers employed in SOC 37-2011 (Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners), with an employment density of 16.327 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 1.12 relative to the U.S. average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - New Jersey (2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nj.htm)", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 17.15 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "New Mexico", "where": "NM", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 14.6, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -13.3, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nm.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level trade or contractor license is required for general commercial cleaning or janitorial services in New Mexico under the Construction Industries Division (CID). Businesses must complete general business registration with the New Mexico Secretary of State, register with the Taxation and Revenue Department for Gross Receipts Tax (GRT), and satisfy local municipal or county business licensing requirements.", "license_source": "New Mexico Regulation and Licensing Department (RLD) Construction Industries Division, 2024, https://www.rld.nm.gov/construction-industries", "bonding_requirement": "None required at the state level for general commercial janitorial or cleaning services.", "bonding_source": "New Mexico Regulation and Licensing Department (RLD) Construction Industries Division, 2024, https://www.rld.nm.gov/construction-industries", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS (May 2023), New Mexico has 14,240 workers employed as Janitors and Cleaners (SOC 37-2011) with a location quotient of 1.18 relative to the nation. According to BLS QCEW data (2024), New Mexico hosts 424 private janitorial services establishments (NAICS 561720) employing 4,809 workers.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS and QCEW, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nm.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 14.6 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "New York", "where": "NY", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 18.61, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 10.51, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ny.htm", "license_regime": "In New York State, no state-level trade license or licensing tier is required for general commercial cleaning and janitorial services (SOC 37-2011). Businesses must complete standard legal entity registration (LLC or corporation filing with the New York Department of State, or county-level DBA filing for sole proprietorships) and obtain a Certificate of Authority from the NYS Department of Taxation and Finance to collect sales tax. Local county or municipal business permits may also apply depending on jurisdiction.", "license_source": "New York Department of State (DOS), 2025, https://dos.ny.gov", "bonding_requirement": "Because New York does not issue or require a state-level trade license for commercial cleaning and janitorial services, there are no state contractor licensing board surety bond or insurance minimums mandated to hold a trade license. (Employers with workers must carry NYS workers' compensation insurance, and clients may contractually request commercial general liability or janitorial surety bonds).", "bonding_source": "New York Department of State (DOS), 2025, https://dos.ny.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS May 2023 data, New York employs 186,630 workers in the Janitors and Cleaners occupation (SOC 37-2011), representing an occupational density of 19.870 jobs per 1,000 total jobs in the state and a location quotient of 1.39 compared to the national baseline.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ny.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 18.61 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "North Carolina", "where": "NC", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 14.32, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -14.96, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nc.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level trade or contractor license is required for standard commercial cleaning and janitorial services in North Carolina. State licensing through the North Carolina Licensing Board for General Contractors applies only to general construction work over $30,000. Commercial cleaning businesses must register their business entity with the North Carolina Secretary of State and secure local municipal/county business privilege licenses as applicable.", "license_source": "North Carolina Licensing Board for General Contractors / NC Secretary of State, 2024, https://www.sosnc.gov", "bonding_requirement": "No state-mandated surety bond or insurance is required by a state licensing board for general janitorial services. However, under N.C.G.S. § 97-93, North Carolina requires businesses with 3 or more employees to carry Workers' Compensation insurance.", "bonding_source": "North Carolina Industrial Commission / N.C.G.S. § 97-93, 2024, https://www.ic.nc.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to the May 2023 BLS OEWS survey, North Carolina has 56,240 people employed as Janitors and Cleaners (SOC 37-2011), representing an employment density of 11.728 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 0.82.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nc.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 14.32 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "North Dakota", "where": "ND", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 17.14, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 1.78, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_nd.htm", "license_regime": "North Dakota does not require a state-level trade or contractor license for commercial cleaning and janitorial services (SOC 37-2011). Cleaning businesses must register their business entity with the North Dakota Secretary of State and comply with local municipal licensing and tax registration rules.", "license_source": "North Dakota Secretary of State / State Licensing Guidelines, 2024, https://sos.nd.gov", "bonding_requirement": "There are no state-mandated surety bond or liability insurance minimums required to operate a commercial cleaning or janitorial service in North Dakota, as no state trade license is required.", "bonding_source": "North Dakota Secretary of State / State Licensing Guidelines, 2024, https://sos.nd.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS QCEW data, North Dakota had 296 private janitorial service establishments (NAICS 561720) employing 2,385 workers with a location quotient of 1.17 in 2024. Furthermore, BLS OEWS reported 7,160 total workers employed statewide as Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011) in May 2023.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) & OEWS, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/cew", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 17.14 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Ohio", "where": "OH", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 16.27, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -3.38, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Ohio, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_oh.htm (National Median: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm)", "license_regime": "No state-level trade/contractor license is required for commercial cleaning or janitorial services in Ohio. The Ohio Construction Industry Licensing Board (OCILB) under ORC Chapter 4740 licenses electrical, HVAC, plumbing, hydronics, and refrigeration contractors, but does not license general cleaning contractors. However, businesses providing building maintenance and janitorial services with annual sales of $5,000 or more must obtain an Ohio Vendor's License via the Ohio Business Gateway or County Auditor to collect state sales tax under ORC 5739.01. Local cities and counties may require general local business registrations.", "license_source": "Ohio Construction Industry Licensing Board, 2024, https://com.ohio.gov/divisions-and-programs/industrial-compliance/boards/ohio-construction-industry-licensing-board and Ohio Department of Taxation, Information Release ST 2002-04, 2025, https://tax.ohio.gov/business/help-center/faqs/sales-and-use-tax-building-maintenance-and-janitorial-services", "bonding_requirement": "There are no state-mandated surety bond or liability insurance minimums required to hold a state trade license, as no state trade license exists for janitorial contractors. Employers with one or more employees are required by state law to maintain workers' compensation coverage through the monopolistic state-run Ohio Bureau of Workers' Compensation (BWC). Commercial contract clients typically require general liability insurance ($1M/$2M) and janitorial dishonesty bonds as contractual conditions.", "bonding_source": "Ohio Construction Industry Licensing Board, 2024, https://com.ohio.gov/divisions-and-programs/industrial-compliance/boards/ohio-construction-industry-licensing-board and Ohio Bureau of Workers' Compensation, 2024, https://www.bwc.ohio.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to the BLS OEWS May 2023 data, Ohio had 72,410 workers employed as Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011), with a density of 13.240 jobs per 1,000 total statewide jobs (location quotient of 0.93). Additionally, IBISWorld reports 34,767 janitorial service locations and 86,589 industry employees in Ohio.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - Ohio, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_oh.htm and IBISWorld, Janitorial Services in Ohio Industry Report (OH56172), 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 16.27 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Oklahoma", "where": "OK", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 14.09, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -16.33, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates: Oklahoma, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ok.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level trade license is required for commercial cleaning or janitorial services in Oklahoma. While the Oklahoma Construction Industries Board (CIB) regulates specialty trades such as electrical, plumbing, HVAC, and roofing, commercial janitorial services are explicitly categorized as a business activity without state licensing requirements, though local municipal permits or an Oklahoma Tax Commission sales tax permit may apply.", "license_source": "Oklahoma Department of Commerce, 2025", "bonding_requirement": "No state-level surety bond or commercial general liability insurance minimums are required by Oklahoma state law or a licensing board to operate a commercial cleaning or janitorial business.", "bonding_source": "Oklahoma Department of Commerce, 2025", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS data, Oklahoma employed 21,070 Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011) in May 2023, with an occupational density of 12.657 jobs per 1,000 total jobs statewide (location quotient of 0.88).", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates: Oklahoma, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ok.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 14.09 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Oregon", "where": "OR", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 17.62, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 4.63, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_or.htm", "license_regime": "At the state level, Oregon requires any person or entity recruiting, supplying, or employing workers to provide commercial janitorial services to hold a Property Services Contractor License issued by the Oregon Bureau of Labor and Industries (BOLI) under ORS 658.405-658.511 (residential-only house cleaners are exempt). Tiers/durations include an initial 1-year license, with 2-year or 4-year multi-year renewals available after two consecutive years of operation without wage/civil rights violations.", "license_source": "Oregon Bureau of Labor and Industries (BOLI), 2026", "bonding_requirement": "No surety bond is required if the applicant maintains general liability insurance of at least $1,000,000 per occurrence and has no wage, hour, or civil rights violations in the preceding two years. Otherwise, a corporate surety bond or cash deposit of $10,000 (0-20 employees) or $30,000 (21+ employees) is required. Proof of general liability insurance and vehicle insurance (if transporting workers) must also be provided.", "bonding_source": "Oregon Bureau of Labor and Industries (BOLI), 2026", "market_size_or_density_note": "The Janitorial Services industry in Oregon has an estimated market size of $1.2 billion in 2026, with 24,045 businesses and 24,283 industry employees statewide. BLS OEWS estimates 22,000 individual workers specifically employed as Janitors and Cleaners (SOC 37-2011) in Oregon.", "market_source": "IBISWorld, Janitorial Services in Oregon Industry Report, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 17.62 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Pennsylvania", "where": "PA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 16.73, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -0.65, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS State and National Estimates, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_pa.htm", "license_regime": "Pennsylvania does not mandate a state-level trade license for commercial cleaning or janitorial services. Business licensing is governed at the local municipal level (such as Philadelphia's Business Privilege License), while state compliance requires basic business registration and a PA Department of Revenue Sales Tax License.", "license_source": "Pennsylvania Business One-Stop Shop / PA Department of Revenue, 2025", "bonding_requirement": "Pennsylvania has no state-level trade license bonding or general liability insurance minimums for janitorial or commercial cleaning services. Insurance and surety bond requirements are set by individual client contracts or local municipal regulations.", "bonding_source": "Pennsylvania Business One-Stop Shop / PA Department of Revenue, 2025", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS data, Pennsylvania employed 89,500 workers in the Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners occupation (SOC 37-2011), representing a location quotient of 1.05 relative to national employment density.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (Pennsylvania), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_pa.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 16.73 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Rhode Island", "where": "RI", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 17.37, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 3.15, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ri.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level trade license or contractor registration is required in Rhode Island for commercial cleaning and janitorial services (BLS SOC 37-2011). Under R.I. Gen. Laws § 5-65, the Rhode Island Contractors' Registration and Licensing Board (CRLB) regulates construction, structural alteration, remodeling, repair, and demolition, which excludes routine building cleaning and maintenance. Cleaning businesses operate under local municipal business licensing requirements and standard business entity registration with the RI Secretary of State.", "license_source": "Rhode Island Contractors' Registration and Licensing Board (CRLB), 2026, https://crb.ri.gov", "bonding_requirement": "There are no state-mandated surety bond or liability insurance minimums for commercial cleaning or janitorial businesses, as they are not subject to CRLB registration under R.I. Gen. Laws § 5-65. However, individual commercial clients or municipal business permits may require general liability insurance and janitorial surety bonding as contractual conditions.", "bonding_source": "Rhode Island Contractors' Registration and Licensing Board (CRLB), 2026, https://crb.ri.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "As of May 2023, Rhode Island had 6,300 total workers employed as Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011), representing an occupational density of 12.91 jobs per 1,000 total jobs in the state and a location quotient of 0.90 relative to the national concentration.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ri.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 17.37 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "South Carolina", "where": "SC", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 13.86, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -17.7, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) May 2023 OEWS, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_sc.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level contractor or trade license is required for commercial cleaning and janitorial services in South Carolina. Licensing is managed locally at the city or county level via local general business licenses.", "license_source": "South Carolina Department of Labor, Licensing and Regulation (LLR), 2024, https://llr.sc.gov", "bonding_requirement": "South Carolina imposes no state-level surety bond or liability insurance minimums for janitorial or commercial cleaning businesses. However, state law requires workers' compensation insurance for employers with 4 or more employees.", "bonding_source": "South Carolina Workers' Compensation Commission, 2024, https://wcc.sc.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "As of May 2023, South Carolina had 30,100 total jobs in SOC 37-2011 (Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners), representing a employment density of 13.539 per 1,000 jobs.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) May 2023 OEWS, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_sc.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 13.86 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "South Dakota", "where": "SD", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 15.9, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -5.58, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_sd.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level commercial cleaning or contractor license is required in South Dakota for janitorial services (state-level trade licensing is limited to electrical and plumbing). Commercial cleaning businesses must register with the South Dakota Department of Revenue for a Sales Tax / Contractor's Excise Tax license, with business licensing administered at the local/city level.", "license_source": "South Dakota Department of Revenue, 2024, https://dor.sd.gov", "bonding_requirement": "There are no state-mandated surety bond or insurance minimums required for commercial cleaning or janitorial businesses in South Dakota; bonding and general liability insurance requirements are determined at the municipal level or by commercial contract terms.", "bonding_source": "South Dakota Governor's Office of Economic Development (GOED), 2024, https://sdgoed.com", "market_size_or_density_note": "South Dakota had 8,110 janitors and cleaners (SOC 37-2011) employed in May 2023, with a location quotient of 1.28, representing a trade employment density 28% above the U.S. national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_sd.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 15.9 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Tennessee", "where": "TN", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 14.51, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -13.84, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (Tennessee) and National Estimates, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_tn.htm", "license_regime": "Tennessee does not require a state-level occupational or contractor license for commercial cleaning and janitorial services (state contractor licensing under T.C.A. § 62-6-101 applies only to construction and repair projects valued at $25,000 or more). Licensing is mandated at the local county and municipal level based on gross receipts: a Minimal Activity License for annual gross receipts between $3,000 and $100,000, or a Standard Business License for receipts of $100,000 or more.", "license_source": "Tennessee Department of Revenue, 2024", "bonding_requirement": "No state-mandated surety bond or general liability insurance minimums are required to hold a trade license, as Tennessee does not issue a state trade license for commercial janitorial services.", "bonding_source": "Tennessee Board for Licensing Contractors, 2024, https://www.tn.gov/commerce/regboards/contractors.html", "market_size_or_density_note": "Tennessee employed 36,450 workers in SOC 37-2011 (Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners) as of May 2023, representing an employment density of 11.324 per 1,000 jobs across the state.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates (Tennessee), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_tn.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 14.51 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "citation-text-only", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Texas", "where": "TX", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 14.25, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -15.38, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_tx.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level contractor license is required for commercial cleaning or janitorial services in Texas. Licensing and business permits are handled at the municipal or county level, alongside general state business and sales tax registrations.", "license_source": "Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation (TDLR), 2024, https://www.tdlr.texas.gov", "bonding_requirement": "None mandated at the state level, as Texas does not issue or require a statewide license for commercial janitorial contractors.", "bonding_source": "Texas Department of Licensing and Regulation (TDLR), 2024, https://www.tdlr.texas.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "Texas has an employment estimate of 174,690 for Janitors and Cleaners (SOC 37-2011), with a worker density of 12.884 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 0.90.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_tx.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 14.25 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Utah", "where": "UT", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 14.24, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -15.44, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ut.htm and https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "license_regime": "Utah does not require a state-level contractor license for standard commercial cleaning and janitorial services (SOC 37-2011) regulated by the Division of Professional Licensing (DOPL), provided the work does not involve structural construction, electrical, plumbing, or HVAC modifications. Registration with the Utah Department of Commerce (Division of Corporations) and local municipal or county business licenses are required.", "license_source": "Utah Division of Professional Licensing (DOPL), Utah Construction Trades Licensing Act (Utah Code Title 58, Chapter 55), 2024, https://dopl.utah.gov", "bonding_requirement": "Because Utah does not require a state contractor license for routine commercial cleaning and janitorial services, there are no state-mandated surety bond or liability insurance minimums for this trade. However, businesses generally secure voluntary janitorial surety bonding ($5,000-$25,000) and general liability insurance as required by commercial client contracts.", "bonding_source": "Utah Division of Professional Licensing (DOPL), Utah Construction Trades Licensing Act (Utah Code Title 58, Chapter 55), 2024, https://dopl.utah.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS May 2023 data, Utah employed 24,160 Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011), with a location quotient of 1.01. According to BLS QCEW 2024 annual average data for private-sector Janitorial Services (NAICS 561720), Utah had 1,035 private establishments employing 9,600 workers, with a location quotient of 1.08.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_ut.htm and BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/cew", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 14.24 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Vermont", "where": "VT", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 17.69, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 5.05, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_vt.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level trade or contractor license is required specifically for commercial cleaning or janitorial services in Vermont. Businesses must complete standard state business registration with the Vermont Secretary of State and comply with any applicable city or town local permit requirements.", "license_source": "Vermont Office of Professional Regulation (OPR), 2024, https://sos.vermont.gov/opr/professions", "bonding_requirement": "No state surety bond or liability insurance minimums are required by a state licensing board, as Vermont does not issue or require a state trade license for janitorial services.", "bonding_source": "Vermont Office of Professional Regulation (OPR), 2024, https://sos.vermont.gov/opr", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) 2024 data, Vermont's Janitorial Services industry (NAICS 561720) consisted of 244 private establishments employing 1,415 workers.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/cew", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 17.69 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Virginia", "where": "VA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 14.98, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -11.05, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_va.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level contractor license is required for standard commercial cleaning and janitorial services in Virginia. Under Code of Virginia § 54.1-1101(A)(13), providing janitorial, cleaning, or sanitizing services is explicitly exempt from the state contractor licensing requirements administered by the Virginia Department of Professional and Occupational Regulation (DPOR) Board for Contractors. Licensing operates at the municipal/county level through local Business, Professional, and Occupational License (BPOL) tax registrations.", "license_source": "Virginia Department of Professional and Occupational Regulation (DPOR), Board for Contractors, Code of Virginia § 54.1-1101, 2025, https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title54.1/chapter11/section54.1-1101", "bonding_requirement": "There are no state-mandated surety bond or insurance minimums required to operate a janitorial or commercial cleaning business in Virginia, as standard janitorial work is exempt from state contractor licensing. Bonding and liability insurance are governed at the local business licensing or commercial contract level.", "bonding_source": "Virginia Department of Professional and Occupational Regulation (DPOR), Board for Contractors, Code of Virginia § 54.1-1101, 2025, https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title54.1/chapter11/section54.1-1101", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS estimates, Virginia employs 58,910 workers in SOC 37-2011 (Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners), representing an occupational density of approximately 14.8 jobs per 1,000 total state jobs.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_va.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 14.98 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Washington", "where": "WA", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 19.49, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": 15.74, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_wa.htm and https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "license_regime": "Washington state does not require a specific state-level trade license for routine commercial janitorial and cleaning services. However, businesses must obtain a state business license and Unified Business Identifier (UBI) through the Washington State Department of Revenue (DOR) Business Licensing Service, plus local city/county endorsements. If commercial cleaning services extend to post-construction cleanup, structural restoration, or building modifications, registration as a Specialty Contractor with the Washington State Department of Labor & Industries (L&I) is required.", "license_source": "Washington State Department of Revenue (DOR) / Department of Labor & Industries (L&I), 2024, https://dor.wa.gov/education/industry-guides/janitorial-and-other-cleaning-services and https://lni.wa.gov/licensing-permits/contractors/register-as-a-contractor", "bonding_requirement": "State law does not mandate a surety bond or general liability insurance to hold a general business license for routine commercial janitorial operations. However, if registered as a Specialty Contractor with L&I (e.g., for construction cleanup), contractors must hold a $15,000 continuous contractor surety bond ($30,000 for general contractors) and general liability insurance of $200,000 public liability / $50,000 property damage (or $250,000 combined single limit) per WAC 296-200A-030 and RCW 18.27.040. Employers must also maintain workers' compensation coverage through L&I's state fund.", "bonding_source": "Washington Department of Labor & Industries (L&I) / WAC 296-200A-030 / RCW 18.27.040, 2024, https://lni.wa.gov/licensing-permits/contractors/register-as-a-contractor", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS OEWS estimates, Washington employed 47,880 Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011), with a location quotient of 0.96 relative to national occupational density.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_wa.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 19.49 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "West Virginia", "where": "WV", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 14.75, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -12.41, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates - West Virginia, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_wv.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level contractor or trade license is required for routine commercial cleaning or janitorial services in West Virginia under the West Virginia Contractor Licensing Act (W. Va. Code § 30-42-1 et seq.). Licensing and business permits are managed at the local municipality/county level, alongside general business registration with the West Virginia Secretary of State and West Virginia State Tax Department.", "license_source": "West Virginia Contractor Licensing Board, West Virginia Contractor Licensing Act (W. Va. Code § 30-42-1 et seq.), 2023 Annual Report, https://www.wvlegislature.gov", "bonding_requirement": "There are no state-mandated surety bond or liability insurance minimums enforced by the West Virginia Contractor Licensing Board for routine commercial cleaning and janitorial services, as no state trade license is required.", "bonding_source": "West Virginia Contractor Licensing Board, West Virginia Contractor Licensing Act (W. Va. Code § 30-42-1 et seq.), 2023, https://www.wvlegislature.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) QCEW 2024 data, West Virginia had 383 private janitorial services establishments (NAICS 561720) employing 3,268 workers with an average annual wage of $25,686. Across all industries statewide, BLS OEWS May 2023 estimates reported 9,860 total workers in SOC 37-2011 (Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners).", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), 2024 annual averages for NAICS 561720 in West Virginia, https://www.bls.gov/cew", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 14.75 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Wisconsin", "where": "WI", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 16.41, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -2.55, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_wi.htm", "license_regime": "Wisconsin does not mandate a state-level trade license or credential for commercial cleaning or janitorial services (SOC 37-2011). Business registration and licensing occur at the local municipal or county level, and no state contractor licensing tiers exist for standard commercial cleaning.", "license_source": "Wisconsin Department of Safety and Professional Services (DSPS), 2024, https://dsps.wi.gov", "bonding_requirement": "There are no state-level surety bond or liability insurance minimums required by Wisconsin DSPS to operate a general janitorial business. Bonding and insurance requirements may be specified at the local city/county level or mandated within private commercial contracts.", "bonding_source": "Wisconsin Department of Safety and Professional Services (DSPS), 2024, https://dsps.wi.gov", "market_size_or_density_note": "In Wisconsin, 39,660 people were employed as Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011) as of May 2023, representing an employment density of 13.742 per 1,000 total jobs and a location quotient of 0.96 relative to the national average.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) May 2023 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates for Wisconsin, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_wi.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 16.41 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "url", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Wyoming", "where": "WY", "median_hourly_wage_usd": 16, "wage_differential_vs_national_pct": -4.99, "median_wage_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_wy.htm and https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "license_regime": "No state-level contractor or trade license is required for commercial cleaning or janitorial services in Wyoming. Contractor licensing and business permitting are regulated at the city/county municipal level (e.g., Cheyenne, Casper, Cody), while entity registration is handled through the Wyoming Secretary of State.", "license_source": "Wyoming Secretary of State / Wyoming Business Council, 2024, https://sos.wyo.gov", "bonding_requirement": "No state-mandated surety bond or liability insurance minimums exist for commercial cleaning/janitorial contractors in Wyoming. Requirements for janitorial bonds (commonly $5,000-$15,000) or general liability insurance are established by individual commercial clients or municipal building departments.", "bonding_source": "Wyoming Business Council / Start Business By State, 2026", "market_size_or_density_note": "According to BLS QCEW 2024 data, Wyoming contained 245 private janitorial service establishments (NAICS 561720) employing 1,671 workers with an average annual pay of $23,761 and a location quotient of 1.16. BLS OEWS May 2023 data reported 4,150 total janitors and cleaners (SOC 37-2011) across all state sectors.", "market_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/cew/ and BLS OEWS, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_wy.htm", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_basis": "Computed as (state median hourly wage 16 minus the national median 16.84) / 16.84. The national figure is the one published on this trade's page.", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_wage_source_access": "url", "license_source_access": "url", "bonding_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_source_access": "url", "wage_differential_vs_national_pct_source_access": "url" } ], "msas": [ { "name": "Atlanta", "where": "GA", "contractor_density_note": "As of May 2023, the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA Metropolitan Statistical Area employs 27,110 workers in the Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners occupation (SOC 37-2011), with an average hourly wage of $15.95 and an annual mean wage of $33,170.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 4750, "job_value_source": "Millennial Facility Services, 2026", "permit_volume_trend": "The Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Alpharetta, GA MSA authorized 40,687 total new private housing units in 2024. Building permit activity moderated from a peak of 2,906 total units permitted in December 2024 to approximately 2,289 total units per month by early 2026.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey / Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (FRED), 2026, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/ATLA013BPPRIVSA", "market_context_note": "The Southern United States holds a 25% share of the U.S. contract cleaning market, with Atlanta serving as a major regional hub driven by commercial real estate growth in corporate office spaces, healthcare facilities, and retail development.", "market_context_source": "Credence Research, 2025, https://www.credenceresearch.com/report/contract-cleaning-services-market", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "citation-text-only", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Austin", "where": "TX", "contractor_density_note": "In the Austin-Round Rock, TX MSA, there were 13,660 workers employed as Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011) as of May 2023, with a mean hourly wage of $16.11 and an annual mean wage of $33,080.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_12420.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential construction permitting in the Austin-Round Rock-San Marcos MSA moderated from peak levels of over 42,000 units in 2021-2022 to 32,294 new residential units authorized in 2024. Despite this decline from peak activity, Austin ranked 6th highest among all U.S. major metros for total housing units permitted in 2024 and 2nd highest relative to existing housing stock (28.6 permitted units per 1,000 existing homes).", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey, 2024, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps/index.html", "market_context_note": "Rapid local expansion saw total nonfarm payrolls in the Austin HMA grow 6.4% (+74,600 jobs) to over 1.24 million jobs in a single year, alongside over 206,000 total residential housing units permitted from 2020 through 2024, providing strong underlying commercial and facility growth demand for janitorial trades.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Austin-Round Rock, Texas, 2023, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Baltimore", "where": "MD", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) survey, the Baltimore-Columbia-Towson, MD metropolitan statistical area employed 38,080 janitors and cleaners (except maids and housekeeping cleaners; SOC 37-2011) in May 2023, representing an employment concentration of 14.42 workers per 1,000 jobs (location quotient of 0.99).", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_12580.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential construction permitting in the Baltimore region trended downward in recent years, with authorized residential units falling 12% from 2023 to 6,448 units in 2024, and further declining to 5,775 units authorized in 2025.", "permit_source": "Baltimore Metropolitan Council, 2025 Annual Building Permit Activity Report, 2026, https://www.baltometro.org", "market_context_note": "Non-residential construction permitting in the Baltimore metropolitan area accounted for $638.8 million in authorized construction value in 2025, led by industrial, government/public utility, and commercial developments across Baltimore County, Anne Arundel County, and Baltimore City, sustaining ongoing demand for commercial facility janitorial services.", "market_context_source": "Baltimore Metropolitan Council, Regional Building Activity Report 2025, 2026, https://www.baltometro.org", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Birmingham", "where": "AL", "contractor_density_note": "In the Birmingham-Hoover, AL MSA, there were 5,560 workers employed as Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011) as of May 2023, representing an employment location quotient of 0.76 relative to the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_13820.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit activity in the Birmingham-Hoover MSA remained steady at roughly 4,944 to 5,173 authorized units annually between 2021 and early 2023, with single-family structures accounting for approximately 3,350 permitted units per year.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Birmingham-Hoover, Alabama (2023), https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "market_context_note": "Nonfarm payroll employment in the Birmingham-Hoover metro area increased by 2.1% to 556,800 jobs during the 12 months ending March 2023, led by a 3.7% expansion in professional and business services (+2,700 jobs), generating sustained demand for commercial facility cleaning and janitorial services.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Birmingham-Hoover, Alabama (2023), https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Boston", "where": "MA", "contractor_density_note": "In the Boston-Cambridge-Nashua, MA-NH metropolitan area, there are 44,360 employed janitors and cleaners (except maids and housekeeping cleaners), representing a density of 16.06 jobs per 1,000 total jobs and a location quotient of 1.12 relative to the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permits in Greater Boston have experienced a sharp downward trend over recent years, dropping from 15,019 permitted units in 2021 to under 9,000 units in 2024 (a decline of over 40%), with 2025 year-to-date figures remaining down 44% compared to 2021 levels.", "permit_source": "The Boston Foundation & Boston Indicators, 2025", "market_context_note": "Commercial cleaning services represent approximately 89% of the $93 billion U.S. janitorial industry, with sustained service demand in the Boston metro area driven by high concentrations of Class A office, life sciences, healthcare, and higher education real estate.", "market_context_source": "CT Acquisitions, 2026", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Buffalo", "where": "NY", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011) represents one of the largest occupational groups in the Buffalo-Cheektowaga, NY metropolitan statistical area, with approximately 10,030 workers employed across the metro.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit volume in the Buffalo-Cheektowaga-Niagara Falls MSA totaled 2,101 units in 2023 (down from 3,197 in 2022), but rebounded to 2,659 authorized housing units for the 12 months ending July 2024, driven primarily by an increase in multi-family rental building permits.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov", "market_context_note": "Nonfarm payroll employment in the Buffalo metropolitan area expanded by 10,700 jobs (2.0%) during the 12 months ending July 2024, while apartment market conditions remained slightly tight with an apartment vacancy rate of 4.6% as of Q2 2024, driving baseline regional demand for commercial cleaning and facilities maintenance.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Charlotte", "where": "NC", "contractor_density_note": "According to official employment data for the Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC Metropolitan Statistical Area, there were 13,970 employed janitors and cleaners (SOC 37-2011, excluding maids and housekeeping cleaners), representing a location quotient of 0.74 and an annual mean wage of $32,210.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2023 (published 2024), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_16740.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "New private housing structures authorized by building permits in the Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia MSA have sustained strong volume over recent years, issuing over 20,000 authorized units annually (ranging between ~2,400 and 3,600 units monthly), placing Charlotte among the top 5 metropolitan markets nationwide for building permit activity.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey (retrieved via Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis FRED), 2026, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CHAR737BPPRIV", "market_context_note": "The Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia MSA spans 11 counties across North Carolina and South Carolina with a population exceeding 2.7 million residents. As the second-largest banking and financial hub in the United States, hosting major corporate headquarters such as Bank of America and Truist alongside expansive industrial logistics corridors along I-85 and I-77, the metro maintains substantial commercial corporate, healthcare, and industrial footprint driving demand for commercial cleaning services.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Population Estimates Program, 2023, https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Chicago", "where": "IL", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN metropolitan statistical area employed 72,020 janitors and cleaners (except maids and housekeeping cleaners) as of May 2024, ranking as the third-largest metropolitan employment market for building cleaners in the United States with a location quotient of 1.13.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data, total residential structure permit authorizations in the Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI MSA declined from 2022 levels into 2023 before showing a modest rebound in 2024, reflecting fluctuating regional construction and commercial building expansion activity.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey (via FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis), 2024, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CHIC917BPPRIV", "market_context_note": "Statewide industry analysis projects the janitorial services market in Illinois to reach $4.9 billion by 2025, driven by strong ongoing commercial property management demand and institutional cleaning needs across the Greater Chicago region.", "market_context_source": "Insurance Canopy (citing State Industry Research Reports and U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics data), 2025", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Cincinnati", "where": "OH", "contractor_density_note": "As of May 2023, the Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area employed 14,470 workers as Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011), representing a location quotient of 0.93 relative to the national average and an annual mean wage of $35,210 ($16.93/hr).", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_17140.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "During the 12 months ending August 2025, single-family building permits in the Cincinnati MSA increased to 4,250 units (up from 3,925 units in the prior year), while multifamily permits fell slightly to 2,525 units (down from 2,650 units).", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD User) / U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2026, https://www.huduser.gov", "market_context_note": "The 15-county Cincinnati metropolitan area encompasses over 1.17 million nonfarm payroll jobs and hosts 7 Fortune 500 corporate headquarters alongside major health systems and river-port logistics hubs, providing a high-volume demand base for commercial facility management and cleaning contracts.", "market_context_source": "Cincinnati USA Regional Chamber, 2023, https://www.cincinnatichamber.com", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Cleveland", "where": "OH", "contractor_density_note": "As of May 2023, there were 12,890 janitors and cleaners (excluding maids and housekeeping cleaners) employed across all sectors in the Cleveland-Elyria, OH MSA, earning an annual mean wage of $36,050 ($17.33 per hour).", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes17460.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Building permit volume in the Cleveland-Elyria metro area increased roughly 28.6% year-over-year to 4,175 total authorized housing structure permits, representing a rate of approximately 2.02 permits per 1,000 residents.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2024, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "Commercial janitorial and building support demand in the Cleveland MSA benefited from post-pandemic office returns, with overall Cleveland office occupancy rising to 85.6% in 2022 (up from 81.1% in 2021) and driving employment gains in building maintenance and janitorial staff.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 2022, https://www.huduser.gov", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Columbus", "where": "OH", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS dataset, Janitors and Cleaners (SOC 37-2011) represents one of the largest occupational counts in Ohio (over 11,000 workers regionally), with Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations accounting for a mean hourly wage of $18.32 in the Columbus, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2025, https://www.bls.gov/regions/midwest/news-release/occupationalemploymentandwages_columbus.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential and commercial building permit activity in the Columbus, OH MSA has trended significantly upward, with over 16,000 total housing units authorized in recent trailing 12-month periods (representing a >60% year-over-year increase), dominated by multi-family structures (5+ units comprising roughly 62% of permitted units).", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2024, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "Long-term commercial cleaning and janitorial demand in the Columbus MSA is anchored by major regional expansion projects, including Intel's $20 billion semiconductor manufacturing campus in Licking County, alongside steady employment growth in professional and business services, healthcare, and government sectors.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 2023, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Dallas-Fort Worth", "where": "TX", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS (May 2023), the Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX MSA employed 46,070 Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011), representing an employment density of 11.62 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 0.81.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data, the Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington, TX MSA maintains significant construction and building activity, authorizing over 64,000 total private housing units over trailing 12-month periods (~8.17 permits per 1,000 residents) across its 11-county area.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2024, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "Dallas County manages over 6.7 million square feet of county facility operations, including 2.2 million square feet of public commercial cleanable space, and outsources all routine commercial janitorial services across administrative buildings and courthouses.", "market_context_source": "Dallas County Facilities Management, 2024", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Denver", "where": "CO", "contractor_density_note": "As of May 2023, the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO metropolitan statistical area employed 20,780 Janitors and Cleaners (excluding maids and housekeeping cleaners), representing a location quotient of 0.91 relative to the national average and an annual mean wage of $38,610.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) OEWS, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_19740.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential permitting and construction activity in the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood MSA slowed from peak post-pandemic levels; for the 12 months ending August 2023, permitted rental housing units fell 16% year-over-year to 8,900 units in the suburban submarket, and total home sales declined 28% to 52,750 units amid rising interest rates.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) OPD&R / U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2023, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "market_context_note": "Nonfarm payroll employment in the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood MSA rose 3.8% above pre-pandemic 2019 levels during the 12 months ending August 2023, supporting steady baseline demand for commercial, office, and residential janitorial services, with a three-year forecasted demand for 30,450 new rental units and 36,100 single-family homes.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 2023, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Detroit", "where": "MI", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) May 2023 estimates, the Detroit-Warren-Dearborn, MI MSA employed 25,920 Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011), representing an employment density of 13.64 workers per 1,000 jobs.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_19820.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit volume in the Detroit-Warren-Dearborn MSA trended downward in recent years, with total home sales declining 19% year-over-year in 2023 and new home permitting activity decelerating due to elevated interest rates and elevated construction costs.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Detroit-Dearborn-Livonia, Michigan, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "market_context_note": "Demand for commercial cleaning in the Detroit metro area is supported by strong performance in key office sectors; professional and business services nonfarm payrolls grew 3.9% (+5,200 jobs) in 2023, bringing employment in that sector 8% above pre-pandemic 2019 levels.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Detroit-Dearborn-Livonia, Michigan, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Hartford", "where": "CT", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2023 OEWS data for the Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT MSA, there were 8,750 workers employed as Janitors and Cleaners (Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners), representing an employment density of 15.52 jobs per 1,000 in the metropolitan area and a location quotient of 1.09.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_25540.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Building permit activity in Connecticut and the Hartford metro region trended upward following 2021, with statewide housing unit authorizations reaching 5,249 in 2023 (a 0.1% increase over 5,244 in 2022, up from under 4,000 in 2021). Multi-family buildings with 5 or more units accounted for 58.6% of total permitted units in 2023, expanding the commercial and residential space requiring janitorial maintenance.", "permit_source": "Hartford Business Journal / U.S. Census Bureau / CT Department of Economic and Community Development, 2024, https://www.hartfordbusiness.com/article/housing-permits-in-ct-exceed-5200-in-2023-for-second-year-in-a-row-highest-total-since-2016", "market_context_note": "In the Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT MSA, Janitors and Cleaners (SOC 37-2011) earned a mean hourly wage of $19.32 ($40,180 annual mean wage) and a median hourly wage of $17.61 as of May 2023.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_25540.htm", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Houston", "where": "TX", "contractor_density_note": "According to BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX MSA employed 45,340 janitors and cleaners (SOC 37-2011) as of May 2023, representing a density of 14.26 janitorial jobs per 1,000 total jobs in the metropolitan area.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, OEWS, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_26420.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey and HUD PD&R, residential construction permitting in the Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land MSA moderated in 2023 to 68,755 total authorized units, a decrease of approximately 9.3% from 75,786 units in 2022, driven primarily by a 35% decline in multi-family permitting to ~22,200 units, while still leading all U.S. metropolitan areas in overall permit volume.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) PD&R / U.S. Census Bureau, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "market_context_note": "An analysis of U.S. Census Building Permits Survey data indicates that the Houston metropolitan area authorized 343,779 housing units from 2019 through 2023, maintaining the nation's highest volume of new residential development and driving long-term demand for commercial cleaning, janitorial, and turnover maintenance services.", "market_context_source": "Rice University Kinder Institute for Urban Research, 2024, https://kinder.rice.edu", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Indianapolis", "where": "IN", "contractor_density_note": "In the Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN MSA, janitorial and building cleaners (SOC 37-2011) account for approximately 13.94 jobs per 1,000 total jobs in the metropolitan area, representing a location quotient of 0.97 relative to the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_26900.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential construction and building permits in the Indianapolis metro area reached 13,042 authorized units over the trailing twelve months, representing a 26.7% year-over-year increase led by single-family housing expansion in suburban Hamilton, Hendricks, and Boone counties.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey, 2025, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "Demand for commercial cleaning and janitorial services in the Indianapolis metro is supported by an expanding regional economy exceeding 1.16 million nonfarm payroll jobs, with key commercial real estate demand generated across logistics hubs, healthcare facilities, and professional service headquarters.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, Indiana, 2023, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Jacksonville", "where": "FL", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2023 OEWS data, the Jacksonville, FL Metropolitan Statistical Area employs 8,270 Janitors and Cleaners (SOC 37-2011) with a location quotient of 0.78, as well as 790 First-Line Supervisors of Housekeeping and Janitorial Workers (SOC 37-1011).", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates: Jacksonville, FL, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_27260.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit activity in the Jacksonville MSA moderated following peak multi-year levels. Total residential permits authorized reached 18,773 units in 2023 (11,600 single-family and 7,173 multi-family units), while multi-family permitting experienced a slowdown of over 4,000 annualized units through mid-2024 as borrowing costs rose and inventory under construction delivered.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD User), Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Jacksonville, Florida (as of January 1, 2024), 2024, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "market_context_note": "Demand for commercial cleaning and janitorial services in the Jacksonville HMA is supported by the professional and business services sector, the MSA's largest employment sector with 131,900 jobs representing 16% of total nonfarm payrolls, and ongoing commercial/residential deliveries including 10,500 rental units under construction as of early 2024.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD User), Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Jacksonville, Florida (as of January 1, 2024), 2024, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Kansas City", "where": "MO", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS program, the Kansas City, MO-KS metropolitan statistical area employed 13,550 janitors and building cleaners (except maids and housekeeping cleaners), representing an employment concentration of 12.57 jobs per 1,000 total jobs in the metropolitan area.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_28140.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to the Home Builders Association of Greater Kansas City (KCHBA) residential statistics reports, single-family building permits in the 8-county Kansas City metro finished 2025 down 3% year-over-year at 4,388 units (compared to 4,509 in 2024), but expanded strongly through May 2026 with year-to-date single-family permits up 32% to 2,358 units.", "permit_source": "Home Builders Association of Greater Kansas City (KCHBA), 2026, https://kchba.org", "market_context_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook, national employment for janitors and building cleaners is projected to grow 2 percent from 2024 to 2034 with approximately 351,300 annual openings. In the Kansas City, MO-KS MSA, janitorial workers earn a mean hourly wage of $16.91 to $17.31 ($35,160 to $36,011 annually), sustaining steady commercial cleaning demand across regional office, healthcare, and public facilities.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2025, https://www.bls.gov/ooh/building-and-grounds-cleaning/janitors-and-building-cleaners.htm", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Las Vegas", "where": "NV", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, the Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV MSA employed 25,710 workers in Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011), exhibiting a high labor density with a Location Quotient of 1.66 relative to the national average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_29820.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Data from the U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey shows that new private housing structures authorized by building permits in the Las Vegas-Henderson-Paradise, NV MSA maintained robust volume over recent years, regularly averaging 1,000 to 1,500 authorized units per month between 2021 and 2024.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey (via Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis FRED), 2024, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/LASV832BPPRIV", "market_context_note": "Commercial cleaning and janitorial demand in the Las Vegas metro area is supported by the region's expansive resort, casino, convention, and commercial property footprint, with janitorial workers representing one of the largest occupational groups in the MSA with a mean hourly wage of $17.37 ($36,140 annually).", "market_context_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_29820.htm", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Los Angeles", "where": "CA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim, CA metropolitan statistical area employed 84,960 janitors and cleaners (except maids and housekeeping cleaners) as of May 2024, representing the second-largest metropolitan janitorial workforce in the United States.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), May 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "median_job_value_usd": 750, "job_value_source": "Progressive83, Los Angeles CA Cleaning Business Market Analysis, 2024, https://progressive83.com/locations/los-angeles-ca", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit activity in the Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim MSA has trended downward in recent years, primarily driven by a substantial decline in multi-family unit permit authorizations (down over 40% from peak post-pandemic levels), while single-family permitting has shown modest fluctuations.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) / U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2025", "market_context_note": "According to Market.us, North America generated $105.6 billion of the global $312.5 billion janitorial services market in 2024, driven by a dense concentration of commercial offices, retail centers, and healthcare facilities in major metro hubs like Los Angeles.", "market_context_source": "Market.us, Global Janitorial Services Market Report, 2025, https://market.us/report/janitorial-services-market", "density_source_access": "url", "job_value_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Louisville", "where": "KY", "contractor_density_note": "According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the Louisville/Jefferson County, KY-IN MSA employed 8,790 janitors and cleaners (SOC 37-2011, excluding maids and housekeeping cleaners) as of May 2023. This represents a concentration of 13.22 janitorial workers per 1,000 jobs in the metro area (location quotient of 0.92).", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_31140.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Building permit activity in the Louisville-Jefferson County, KY-IN MSA has shown significant growth in recent years. HUD reports that permitted rental units increased 28% to nearly 3,625 units in the 12 months ending April 2023, driven by a 49% increase in Jefferson County, while U.S. Census Bureau permit data tracked an 83.9% surge in multifamily permitting growth in 2023.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD User), 2023, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "market_context_note": "Commercial cleaning demand in greater Louisville is driven by a regional labor force of over 650,000 workers across major logistics hubs (including the UPS Worldport international facility), healthcare headquarters, and large-scale manufacturing operations.", "market_context_source": "Greater Louisville Inc., 2022, https://www.greaterlouisville.com", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Memphis", "where": "TN", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the Memphis, TN-MS-AR metropolitan area had 7,260 workers employed as Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011), representing a location quotient of 0.81 relative to the national concentration.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS Metropolitan Area Estimates: Memphis, TN-MS-AR, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_32820.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "New housing units authorized by building permits in the Memphis, TN-MS-AR metropolitan area have moderated following peak activity levels in 2021-2022, mirroring broader market cooling under elevated borrowing and construction costs.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau via Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (FRED), New Private Housing Units Authorized by Building Permits for Memphis, TN-MS-AR (MSA) [MPHBPPRIV], 2026, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/MPHBPPRIV", "market_context_note": "Demand for janitorial and commercial facility cleaning services across the Memphis metropolitan market is supported by the region's expansive warehousing, logistics, and healthcare infrastructure, aligned with national janitorial sector revenue growth of 6.9% annually driven by facility outsourcing and elevated sanitation standards.", "market_context_source": "Kentley Insights, 2026 Janitorial Services Market Research Report, 2026, https://www.kentleyinsights.com/janitorial-services-market-research-report", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Miami", "where": "FL", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach, FL metropolitan area employed 38,840 Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011) in May 2023, representing a location quotient of 1.00.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, OEWS May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau Annual Building Permits Survey, total residential housing units authorized by building permits in the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach CBSA declined 23.3% from 21,320 units in 2023 to 16,352 units in 2024.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Annual Building Permits Survey 2024, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "Miami office leasing activity reached 5.0 million square feet in 2025 (a 36% increase year-over-year), driven by high workplace attendance rates in major U.S. metros (75.8% employee office visitation rate), which sustains commercial cleaning and janitorial demand across South Florida commercial space.", "market_context_source": "Savills North America, Miami Q4 2025 Office Market Report 2026, https://www.savills.us/research_articles/256536/385412-0", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Milwaukee", "where": "WI", "contractor_density_note": "In the Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI MSA, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported 11,710 janitors and cleaners (SOC 37-2011, excluding maids and housekeeping cleaners) employed as of May 2023, with an hourly median wage of $16.59 and an annual mean wage of $34,960.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), May 2023 Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates: Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_33340.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Single-family residential permitting in the Milwaukee-Waukesha metro area trended upward to 1,725 units for the 12 months ending August 2025 (up from 1,650 units in the prior 12-month period), while multi-family building authorizations moderated after a multi-year peak of 2,300 units in 2024.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Office of Policy Development and Research (PD&R), Housing Market Profile: Milwaukee-Waukesha, Wisconsin, 2025", "market_context_note": "Under Wisconsin Stat. § 77.52, routine commercial janitorial services are exempt from Wisconsin state sales tax, though specialized cleaning services or physical product sales remain taxable; commercial cleaning operators in the metro area are subject to general local business registration with the City of Milwaukee.", "market_context_source": "Wisconsin Department of Revenue, Business Tax Registration and Sales Tax Guidelines, 2026, https://www.revenue.wi.gov", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Minneapolis-St. Paul", "where": "MN", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI MSA employed 28,280 Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011) as of May 2023, representing a worker density of approximately 14.8 per 1,000 jobs and a Location Quotient of 1.03.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_33460.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "In the Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI MSA, multi-family building permit volume experienced a sharp contraction of -59.6% year-over-year in 2024, while single-family permits remained virtually flat at -0.2%.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey / Realtor.com Research, 2025", "market_context_note": "As of May 2024, workers in Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance occupations across the Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington MSA earned a mean hourly wage of $20.77, which is higher than the national mean wage of $19.01 for this occupational group.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2025, https://www.bls.gov/regions/midwest/news-release/occupationalemploymentandwages_minneapolis.htm", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Nashville", "where": "TN", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, the Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro--Franklin, TN MSA employed 13,148 janitors and cleaners (SOC 37-2011, excluding maids and housekeeping cleaners) as of May 2022, reflecting a substantial commercial cleaning labor workforce deployed across the metropolitan area.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2022, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "permit_volume_trend": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, total new private housing units authorized by building permits in the Nashville-Davidson--Murfreesboro--Franklin, TN MSA reached 19,210 units in 2024 and 20,038 units in 2025, reflecting a slight 4% year-over-year shift while maintaining a high overall construction activity rate of approximately 9 to 10 permits per 1,000 residents.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey, 2025, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps/index.html", "market_context_note": "In November 2024, major national janitorial operator 4M Building Solutions acquired Covenant Building Service in the Nashville metropolitan area, a regional commercial cleaner maintaining 4 million square feet daily across 55 accounts, underlining steady demand and active commercial service consolidation across the metro area.", "market_context_source": "4M Building Solutions, 2024, https://www.4-m.com", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "New Orleans", "where": "LA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the New Orleans-Metairie, LA metropolitan statistical area employed 8,460 Janitors and Cleaners (SOC 37-2011), with a location quotient of 1.15 relative to national employment concentration.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_35380.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit authorizations in the New Orleans-Metairie, LA metro area have trended downward in recent years under pressure from elevated interest rates and high construction costs, registering approximately 3.4 new housing units authorized per 1,000 existing homes in 2024.", "permit_source": "Construction Coverage (U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey analysis), 2025, https://constructioncoverage.com/research/cities-building-the-most-homes", "market_context_note": "Commercial cleaning demand in the New Orleans metropolitan area is anchored by its large hospitality, healthcare, and educational sectors, with unique operational demands driven by high regional humidity and the ongoing maintenance requirements of historic properties.", "market_context_source": "Shyft Facilities Maintenance Guide, 2024, https://myshyft.com/janitorial-supply-companies-new-orleans-louisiana", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "New York", "where": "NY", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA metropolitan statistical area employed 181,600 Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011), representing a significant concentration of property maintenance labor with an annual mean wage of $44,290 ($21.29 mean hourly wage).", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, May 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oessrcma.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "In the New York-Newark-Jersey City, NY-NJ-PA metropolitan statistical area, total new private residential housing units authorized by building permits dropped approximately 8.9% from 58,991 units in 2022 to 53,708 units in 2023, before rebounding in 2024 and 2025 with trailing 12-month permitted units exceeding 54,000 units.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey / HUD USER SOCDS, 2024, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "Commercial janitorial pricing in the New York metropolitan area typically runs 20% to 30% higher than national averages due to higher labor costs and property density. Industry benchmarks for routine office janitorial services range from $0.12 to $0.25 per square foot per clean, with hourly rates for cleaners generally ranging between $35 and $75 per hour.", "market_context_source": "ISSA (International Sanitary Supply Association), 2025, https://www.issa.com", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Oklahoma City", "where": "OK", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS data, the Oklahoma City, OK MSA employed 7,970 Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011) and 3,930 Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2012) as of May 2023.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_36420.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to the Census Building Permits Survey data reported in the HUD Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis, building permit volume in the Oklahoma City metropolitan area showed steady upward momentum, with total residential permits rising from 8,544 in 2020 to 8,757 in 2021 and 9,963 for the 12 months ending April 2022.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 2022, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "market_context_note": "The 7-county Oklahoma City metropolitan area expanded to over 1.42 million residents, supporting commercial cleaning and janitorial demand across aerospace, government, healthcare, and private sector developments.", "market_context_source": "Oklahoma Employment Security Commission, 2023, https://oklahoma.gov/oesc.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Orlando", "where": "FL", "contractor_density_note": "In the Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL MSA, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported 20,890 employed Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011), representing a employment density of 15.28 jobs per 1,000 total jobs in the metropolitan area.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 OEWS Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Area Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates: Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, FL, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_36740.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Building permit volume in the Orlando metro area has moderated following post-2020 highs. Total residential permits decreased 5.6% year-over-year to 28,890 in 2022, and multifamily/rental permitting declined by 21% to approximately 12,000 units for the 12 months ending June 2024 compared to 15,200 units in the prior 12-month period.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) / U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Orlando-Kissimmee-Sanford, Florida, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "market_context_note": "Demand for commercial cleaning and janitorial services in the Orlando MSA is heavily supported by Central Florida's tourism and hospitality sector (~75 million annual visitors), high-turnover short-term rental properties, and continuous population growth expanding the commercial building inventory.", "market_context_source": "Florida Cleaning Authority, Regional Market Dynamics for Florida Cleaning Services, 2024", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Philadelphia", "where": "PA", "contractor_density_note": "As of May 2023, the Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD metropolitan area employed 41,240 janitors and cleaners (except maids) and 9,810 maids and housekeeping cleaners, representing 14.58 janitorial workers per 1,000 jobs in the metro area (a location quotient of 1.02 relative to the national average).", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_37980.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "In 2024, construction permitting activity in the Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD MSA saw a sharp drop in multifamily residential building permits, which fell 49.4% year-over-year to 5,054 units (in 5+ unit buildings), while single-family unit permits declined slightly by 0.3% to 1,751 units.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2024, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "Commercial cleaning and janitorial demand in the Philadelphia metropolitan area is supported by strong nonfarm payroll employment averaging over 1.01 million jobs, driven by continuous expansion in education, healthcare, and professional business service facilities.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/datasets/pdrdatas.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Phoenix", "where": "AZ", "contractor_density_note": "According to U.S. Census Bureau County Business Patterns data published by the City of Phoenix, there were 1,216 Janitorial Services (NAICS 561720) employer establishments in Arizona, with the vast majority concentrated in the Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler metro area. IBISWorld reports that statewide janitorial service locations (including non-employer firms) expanded to 24,756 locations.", "density_source": "U.S. Census Bureau County Business Patterns via City of Phoenix ACDBE Goal Methodology (2023) and IBISWorld (2026) https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit volume in Metro Phoenix reached 39,145 total housing units permitted in 2025 (ranking #4 nationally), but overall permitting activity decreased roughly 15% to 20% year-over-year compared to 2024 levels.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau and Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Building Permits Survey (2026)", "market_context_note": "Commercial janitorial demand in the Phoenix metro area is driven by industrial, semiconductor, and healthcare expansion, though building service contractors face ongoing labor cost pressures (direct labor accounts for 55% to 65% of revenue) and a post-COVID 20% to 30% reduction in customer cleaning hours across Class B and C office portfolios.", "market_context_source": "CT Acquisitions / Building Service Contractors Association International (2026)", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Pittsburgh", "where": "PA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the Pittsburgh, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area employed 15,220 janitors and cleaners (SOC 37-2011) as of May 2023, with an employment location quotient of 0.99, indicating a contractor and labor density closely aligned with the national per-capita average.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, OEWS, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_38300.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to HUD User and U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data, homebuilding and residential permitting in the Pittsburgh MSA averaged approximately 3,325 homes annually in 2022-2023, with total regional permit volume stabilizing at 30,750 units by Q4 2024 (up 3.4% from 29,750 in Q4 2023), indicating balanced demand across residential and multi-family construction.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD User), Mid-Atlantic Regional Report / Census Building Permits Survey, 2024", "market_context_note": "Commercial cleaning demand in the Pittsburgh metro area is anchored by major regional institutional and corporate employers, led by education and healthcare services (such as UPMC and Highmark Health), as well as broad commercial and hospitality operations that recorded $6.4 billion in direct tourism spending in 2023.", "market_context_source": "VisitPITTSBURGH, 2024", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Portland", "where": "OR", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS data, the Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro, OR-WA metropolitan statistical area employed 12,650 janitors and cleaners (SOC 37-2011) in May 2023, earning a mean hourly wage of $19.47 and an annual mean wage of $40,510.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_41420.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data, residential building permit activity in the Portland-Vancouver-Hillsboro MSA saw a steep drop in 2024, with single-family unit permits decreasing 2.7% YoY to 1,649 units and multi-family unit permits falling 58.5% YoY to 2,696 units.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey via Realtor.com, 2025, https://www.realtor.com/research", "market_context_note": "According to IBISWorld market data for Oregon, the janitorial services sector statewide generated $1.2 billion in revenue in 2026 across 24,045 businesses and 24,283 employees, achieving an average annual market growth rate of 3.8% between 2021 and 2026.", "market_context_source": "IBISWorld, Janitorial Services in Oregon Industry Report, 2026, https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Providence", "where": "RI", "contractor_density_note": "In the Providence-Warwick, RI-MA MSA, there were 6,300 janitors and cleaners (except maids and housekeeping cleaners; SOC 37-2011) employed as of May 2023, representing a location quotient of 0.90 relative to the national average and a mean hourly wage of $19.33 ($40,200 annual mean).", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_39300.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "New residential building permit activity in the Providence-Warwick, RI-MA MSA remains low relative to national averages, authorizing approximately 3.6 new housing units per 1,000 existing homes in 2024, with multi-family authorizations accounting for 48.9% of total new unit permits.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey (2024), https://www.census.gov/construction/bps/index.html", "market_context_note": "Building permit issuance in Rhode Island and the Providence metro area plateaued and dipped in 2023, lagging national construction growth rates and constraining expansion in overall commercial and residential real estate footprints.", "market_context_source": "Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, 2024", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Raleigh", "where": "NC", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS May 2023 data, the Raleigh, NC MSA employed 7,110 workers as Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011), representing an occupational density of approximately 10.12 janitorial workers per 1,000 jobs in the metropolitan area.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (2023), https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_39580.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, single-family residential permit activity in the Raleigh-Cary, NC MSA reached a high of 14,227 single-unit permits in 2021 before moderating to 12,147 in 2023, while maintaining a national leading authorization rate of 28.8 new units per 1,000 existing homes in 2024.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey (2024), https://www.census.gov/construction/bps/index.html", "market_context_note": "According to HUD's Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis, sustained population and nonfarm employment growth across Wake, Johnston, and Franklin counties drive commercial and multi-family real estate footprint expansion, supporting demand for commercial janitorial and maintenance services.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: Raleigh, North Carolina (2019), https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Richmond", "where": "VA", "contractor_density_note": "According to U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS data for the Richmond, VA MSA, there were 8,500 workers employed as Janitors and Cleaners (SOC 37-2011, excluding maids), representing an occupational density of 13.123 workers per 1,000 jobs in the metropolitan area.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2024 (May 2023 OEWS), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_40060.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "New residential building permit authorization in the Richmond, VA MSA trended downward in 2024 compared to 2023 levels, stabilizing at approximately 58 permitted housing units per 10,000 residents in line with broader national construction patterns.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau via FRED (Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis), 2026, https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/RICH051BPPRIV", "market_context_note": "In the Richmond, VA MSA, the broader Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance occupational group registered an average mean hourly wage of $18.20 as of May 2025.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2026, https://www.bls.gov/regions/mid-atlantic/news-release/occupationalwages_richmond.htm", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Riverside-San Bernardino", "where": "CA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA MSA employed 19,900 Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011) and 1,090 First-Line Supervisors of Housekeeping and Janitorial Workers (SOC 37-1011) in May 2022.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS, 2022, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_40140.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data shows the Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario MSA authorized 16,320 total new residential building permits in 2022, a 4.6% increase over 2021 ($3.9 billion total valuation). Subsequent multi-family permitting activity slowed in 2023-2024 due to elevated interest rates, including a 20.9% decline in multi-family unit permits in 2024.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2023, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "The Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario metro area reached a population of 4,744,214 with a median household income of $91,013 according to 2024 Census ACS estimates, sustaining demand for commercial space maintenance and janitorial services.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey, 2024, https://censusreporter.org/profiles/31000US40140-riverside-san-bernardino-ontario-ca-metro-area", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Sacramento", "where": "CA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the California Employment Development Department (EDD) Labor Market Information, the Sacramento-Roseville-Folsom MSA had an estimated 14,070 individuals employed as Janitors and Cleaners (SOC 37-2011) in 2022, with employment projected to grow 15.4% to 16,240 by 2032.", "density_source": "California Employment Development Department (EDD), 2024, https://www.labormarketinfo.edd.ca.gov", "permit_volume_trend": "According to U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data, the Sacramento-Roseville-Folsom metro area authorized 1,094 residential units in May 2026 and 10,042 units over the trailing 12 months, representing a 14% year-over-year increase in monthly permitting volume.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2026", "market_context_note": "According to HUD's Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis for the Sacramento-Roseville-Folsom MSA, regional employment growth has been anchored by education and health services (+3,500 jobs), with nonfarm payrolls projected to expand at an average rate of 2.0% annually over the three-year forecast period.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Salt Lake City", "where": "UT", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the Salt Lake City-Murray, UT MSA maintains a substantial janitorial labor force under SOC 37-2011 (Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners), with Building and Grounds Cleaning workers earning a mean hourly wage of $18.32.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS, 2025, https://www.bls.gov/regions/mountain-plains/news-release/occupationalemploymentandwages_saltlakecity.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, building permit activity in the Salt Lake City, UT MSA has normalized following peak post-pandemic construction levels, while maintaining elevated multi-family structure authorizations (3,172 multi-family units authorized in 2024).", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2025, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "Analysis from the Kem C. Gardner Policy Institute and U.S. Census Bureau shows Utah leading the nation in housing and facility growth for three consecutive years (2.5% unit growth rate in 2023), with Salt Lake County contributing over 25% of all new units state-wide.", "market_context_source": "Kem C. Gardner Policy Institute, 2024, https://gardner.utah.edu", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "San Antonio", "where": "TX", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Census Bureau 2022 County Business Patterns (CBP) data, there were 556 janitorial services establishments (NAICS 561720) in the San Antonio-New Braunfels, TX MSA. Additionally, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) reported 14,570 Janitors and Cleaners (SOC 37-2011) employed in the San Antonio-New Braunfels metro area, representing a location quotient of 0.93.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2023) and U.S. Census Bureau County Business Patterns (2022) via VIA Metropolitan Transit Disparity Study (2023), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_41700.htm and https://www.census.gov/data/datasets/2022/econ/cbp/2022-cbp.html", "permit_volume_trend": "In 2024, nearly 15,000 new private residential units were authorized by building permits in the San Antonio-New Braunfels MSA. Single-family permitting grew 29% year-over-year in Q2 2024 to 3,300 homes permitted (up from 2,570 in Q2 2023), whereas multifamily permit volume declined sharply by 83% (from 3,650 to 610 units) due to elevated apartment inventory and soft rental market conditions.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) PD&R and U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey (2024), https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html and", "market_context_note": "The City of San Antonio Development Services Department (DSD) reported facilitating approximately $3.8 billion in commercial and residential development activity in FY 2023, projecting commercial and residential permit volumes to stabilize to sustainable pre-pandemic levels while major institutional and infrastructure projects expand.", "market_context_source": "City of San Antonio Development Services Department (2023), https://www.sanantonio.gov/Portals/0/Files/DSD/2023-DSD-Annual-Report.pdf", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "San Diego", "where": "CA", "contractor_density_note": "In the San Diego-Carlsbad, CA metropolitan statistical area, there were 23,310 workers employed as Janitors and Cleaners (except maids and housekeeping cleaners) and 12,030 employed as Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners as of May 2023.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_41740.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "In the San Diego-Chula Vista-Carlsbad, CA metro area, privately-owned new housing unit permit authorizations rose from 5,765 units in 2023 to 6,615 units in 2024, representing an increase of 850 units (~14.7%).", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey (BPS), 2024, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "Demand for facility maintenance and commercial cleaning services in the San Diego-Chula Vista-Carlsbad MSA is grounded in key economic sectors including scientific research, military, education, and tourism, with 9,300 rental units under construction and nonfarm payroll growth projected to average 0.7% annually through 2027.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Comprehensive Housing Market Analysis: San Diego-Chula Vista-Carlsbad, California, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov/portal/ushmc/chma_archive.html", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "San Francisco", "where": "CA", "contractor_density_note": "In the San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, there were 32,700 janitors and cleaners (SOC 37-2011, excluding maids) employed, representing 13.50 workers per 1,000 jobs in the metro area with a location quotient of 0.94.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023 (released April 2024), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_41860.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit volume in the San Francisco metropolitan area showed a downward trend from 2022 into 2024, falling to historic lows (with approximately 1,823 housing units authorized in 2023 down from ~2,800 in 2022) amid high interest rates and elevated construction costs.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey, 2024, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps", "market_context_note": "Janitors and cleaners in the San Francisco-Oakland-Hayward MSA earned an hourly mean wage of $22.37 ($46,540 annual mean wage), reflecting high regional wage floors that drive local commercial service contract pricing.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2023 (released April 2024), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_41860.htm", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "San Jose", "where": "CA", "contractor_density_note": "According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA MSA employed 17,610 Janitors and Cleaners (SOC 37-2011) as of May 2023, representing a density of 15.42 janitorial workers per 1,000 jobs (a location quotient of 1.08). Additionally, City of San Jose business registration data shows 6,661 active business tax certificates registered under NAICS 561720 (Janitorial Services), making up 3.05% of all registered businesses in the city.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential and commercial building permit activity in the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA MSA saw a sharp downward trend, declining 68% from 1,949 total units permitted in July 2020 to 623 units in July 2025. The decline was heavily driven by a 74% drop in multi-family (5+ unit) building permits, which fell from 1,697 to 449 units over the same period.", "permit_source": "U.S. Census Bureau, Building Permits Survey, https://www.census.gov/construction/bps/", "market_context_note": "High development and municipal fees ($50,000 to $120,000 per market-rate unit) combined with high interest rates have constrained new commercial and multi-family construction in Silicon Valley, concentrating demand on ongoing maintenance of existing commercial, tech, and public facilities. OEWS data shows average local wages for janitorial workers in the metro at $21.49 per hour ($44,690 annually).", "market_context_source": "San José Spotlight, 2025", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "citation-text-only" }, { "name": "Seattle", "where": "WA", "contractor_density_note": "In the Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA Metropolitan Statistical Area, there were 27,560 workers employed as Janitors and Cleaners (except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners), representing a location density of 13.26 workers per 1,000 jobs.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "In the Seattle Metro Area (King, Snohomish, and Pierce counties), building permit activity through September 2024 showed single-family permits increasing 16% year-to-date (5,135 permits), while multifamily permits declined 12% year-to-date (7,452 permits) compared to the same period in 2023.", "permit_source": "Master Builders Association of King and Snohomish Counties (MBAKS) / HUD State of the Cities Data Systems (SOCDS), 2024, https://www.mbaks.com", "market_context_note": "Janitors and cleaners in the Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue, WA MSA earned an annual mean wage of $44,470 ($21.38 per hour), substantially above the national average mean wage of $34,490 ($16.58 per hour) for the occupation.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes372011.htm", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "St. Louis", "where": "MO", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) May 2023 Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics, the St. Louis, MO-IL metropolitan statistical area employed 19,950 Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners (SOC 37-2011).", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (2023), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_41180.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "According to the East-West Gateway Council of Governments analysis of U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey data, new residential unit permit issuance in the St. Louis region was led by St. Charles County (2,603 units), St. Louis County (1,773 units), the City of St. Louis (1,176 units), and St. Clair County (852 units) in 2022, reflecting moderate, steady regional construction activity.", "permit_source": "East-West Gateway Council of Governments (2024)", "market_context_note": "In the St. Louis, MO-IL MSA, BLS May 2023 data reports a mean hourly wage of $16.77 ($34,880 annual mean wage) and a median hourly wage of $16.21 for janitors and building cleaners (SOC 37-2011). Regional economic analysis by the East-West Gateway Council of Governments highlights building services and janitorial services as a primary driver of employment growth within the metropolitan professional and business services sector.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (2023), https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_41180.htm", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "citation-text-only", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Tampa", "where": "FL", "contractor_density_note": "According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics OEWS, the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL MSA employed 17,060 Janitors and Cleaners (Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners) in May 2023, representing a location quotient of 0.84.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2023, https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/oes_45300.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Building permit and residential construction activity in the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater MSA remained high, with 18,850 rental units under construction as of early 2024 and forecasted demand for 44,825 new housing units over a three-year period. Monthly Census Building Permits Survey tracking highlights an upward trend in authorized housing units, led by multi-family project growth.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 2024, https://www.huduser.gov", "market_context_note": "Commercial janitorial demand in the Tampa MSA is supported by rapid economic growth, with nonfarm payrolls expanding by 52,100 jobs (3.5%) in 2023. The professional and business services sector represents the metro area's largest employment sector at 20% of nonfarm payrolls, continuing to fuel office occupancy and commercial facility maintenance needs.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 2024, https://www.huduser.gov", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Virginia Beach", "where": "VA", "contractor_density_note": "According to occupational employment statistics, the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC metropolitan statistical area employed 10,210 janitors and cleaners (SOC 37-2011) with a location quotient of 0.97, alongside 910 first-line supervisors of housekeeping and janitorial workers (SOC 37-1011).", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes_47260.htm", "permit_volume_trend": "Residential building permit activity in the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News region declined from 7,516 units in 2022 to 6,772 units in 2023, and dropped further to 6,166 units for the 12 months ending October 2024.", "permit_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development / U.S. Census Bureau, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov", "market_context_note": "The Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News metro economy is heavily reliant on government and defense infrastructure, with the government sector accounting for 19% of all nonfarm payrolls across nine major military installations, generating sustained demand for institutional and commercial property maintenance.", "market_context_source": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 2024, https://www.huduser.gov", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "url" }, { "name": "Washington DC", "where": "DC", "contractor_density_note": "As of May 2024, the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV metropolitan statistical area employed 57,480 janitors and cleaners (except maids and housekeeping cleaners), representing an employment density of 17.44 per 1,000 jobs and a location quotient of 1.22.", "density_source": "U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS), 2024, https://www.bls.gov/oes", "permit_volume_trend": "Building permit activity in the Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV metro area has trended downward in recent years, with the permitted housing rate dropping from 3.8 units per 1,000 residents in 2022 to 2.0 in 2023, 1.5 in 2024, and 1.1 in 2025.", "permit_source": "Realtor.com / U.S. Census Bureau Building Permits Survey, 2026, https://www.realtor.com/research", "market_context_note": "Commercial janitorial services accounted for 89.29% of the total U.S. janitorial services market revenue in 2025 ($81.88 billion market size), driven by commercial real estate space maintenance and ongoing workplace health and sanitation standards.", "market_context_source": "", "density_source_access": "url", "permit_source_access": "url", "market_context_source_access": "missing" } ] }, "market_structure": { "permits": [], "seasonality": [], "size_tiers": [], "top_states": [] }, "reputation": { "available": false, "note": "Insufficient public review-listing coverage to publish a reliable per-trade reputation aggregate." }, "firmographics": { "available": false, "note": "Insufficient firmographic coverage to publish a reliable per-trade size/revenue aggregate." }, "level_published": null, "comps": [ { "ticker": "ABM", "name": "ABM Industries Incorporated", "return_6m_pct": 5.6, "return_1y_pct": -4.4, "gross_margin_pct": 12.92, "ev_ebitda": 10.55, "market_cap_billions": 2.76, "market_snapshot_date": "2026-07-23", "fiscal_period": "Q2 2026 TTM", "publication_status": "historical", "current_comparison_eligible": false, "comparison_scope": "historical-reference-only" }, { "ticker": "ROL", "name": "Rollins, Inc.", "return_6m_pct": -28.6, "return_1y_pct": -23.1, "gross_margin_pct": 52.6, "ev_ebitda": 26.36, "market_cap_billions": 21.72, "market_snapshot_date": "2026-07-23", "fiscal_period": "TTM", "publication_status": "historical", "current_comparison_eligible": false, "comparison_scope": "historical-reference-only" } ] }